# HG changeset patch
# User Jaroslav Tulach <jaroslav.tulach@apidesign.org>
# Date 1378554684 -7200
# Node ID 724f3e1ea53ed21e14190ae6c91d448c1aca9357
# Parent  0035ab74249f21f87423100e6b381db8f8134d36
Additional set of classes to make porting of lookup library more easier

diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/BufferedWriter.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/BufferedWriter.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+
+/**
+ * Writes text to a character-output stream, buffering characters so as to
+ * provide for the efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and strings.
+ *
+ * <p> The buffer size may be specified, or the default size may be accepted.
+ * The default is large enough for most purposes.
+ *
+ * <p> A newLine() method is provided, which uses the platform's own notion of
+ * line separator as defined by the system property <tt>line.separator</tt>.
+ * Not all platforms use the newline character ('\n') to terminate lines.
+ * Calling this method to terminate each output line is therefore preferred to
+ * writing a newline character directly.
+ *
+ * <p> In general, a Writer sends its output immediately to the underlying
+ * character or byte stream.  Unless prompt output is required, it is advisable
+ * to wrap a BufferedWriter around any Writer whose write() operations may be
+ * costly, such as FileWriters and OutputStreamWriters.  For example,
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * PrintWriter out
+ *   = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("foo.out")));
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * will buffer the PrintWriter's output to the file.  Without buffering, each
+ * invocation of a print() method would cause characters to be converted into
+ * bytes that would then be written immediately to the file, which can be very
+ * inefficient.
+ *
+ * @see PrintWriter
+ * @see FileWriter
+ * @see OutputStreamWriter
+ * @see java.nio.file.Files#newBufferedWriter
+ *
+ * @author      Mark Reinhold
+ * @since       JDK1.1
+ */
+
+public class BufferedWriter extends Writer {
+
+    private Writer out;
+
+    private char cb[];
+    private int nChars, nextChar;
+
+    private static int defaultCharBufferSize = 8192;
+
+    /**
+     * Line separator string.  This is the value of the line.separator
+     * property at the moment that the stream was created.
+     */
+    private String lineSeparator;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a buffered character-output stream that uses a default-sized
+     * output buffer.
+     *
+     * @param  out  A Writer
+     */
+    public BufferedWriter(Writer out) {
+        this(out, defaultCharBufferSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new buffered character-output stream that uses an output
+     * buffer of the given size.
+     *
+     * @param  out  A Writer
+     * @param  sz   Output-buffer size, a positive integer
+     *
+     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException  If sz is <= 0
+     */
+    public BufferedWriter(Writer out, int sz) {
+        super(out);
+        if (sz <= 0)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Buffer size <= 0");
+        this.out = out;
+        cb = new char[sz];
+        nChars = sz;
+        nextChar = 0;
+
+        lineSeparator = java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
+            new sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction("line.separator"));
+    }
+
+    /** Checks to make sure that the stream has not been closed */
+    private void ensureOpen() throws IOException {
+        if (out == null)
+            throw new IOException("Stream closed");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the output buffer to the underlying character stream, without
+     * flushing the stream itself.  This method is non-private only so that it
+     * may be invoked by PrintStream.
+     */
+    void flushBuffer() throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            ensureOpen();
+            if (nextChar == 0)
+                return;
+            out.write(cb, 0, nextChar);
+            nextChar = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a single character.
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(int c) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            ensureOpen();
+            if (nextChar >= nChars)
+                flushBuffer();
+            cb[nextChar++] = (char) c;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Our own little min method, to avoid loading java.lang.Math if we've run
+     * out of file descriptors and we're trying to print a stack trace.
+     */
+    private int min(int a, int b) {
+        if (a < b) return a;
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a portion of an array of characters.
+     *
+     * <p> Ordinarily this method stores characters from the given array into
+     * this stream's buffer, flushing the buffer to the underlying stream as
+     * needed.  If the requested length is at least as large as the buffer,
+     * however, then this method will flush the buffer and write the characters
+     * directly to the underlying stream.  Thus redundant
+     * <code>BufferedWriter</code>s will not copy data unnecessarily.
+     *
+     * @param  cbuf  A character array
+     * @param  off   Offset from which to start reading characters
+     * @param  len   Number of characters to write
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(char cbuf[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            ensureOpen();
+            if ((off < 0) || (off > cbuf.length) || (len < 0) ||
+                ((off + len) > cbuf.length) || ((off + len) < 0)) {
+                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+            } else if (len == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (len >= nChars) {
+                /* If the request length exceeds the size of the output buffer,
+                   flush the buffer and then write the data directly.  In this
+                   way buffered streams will cascade harmlessly. */
+                flushBuffer();
+                out.write(cbuf, off, len);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int b = off, t = off + len;
+            while (b < t) {
+                int d = min(nChars - nextChar, t - b);
+                System.arraycopy(cbuf, b, cb, nextChar, d);
+                b += d;
+                nextChar += d;
+                if (nextChar >= nChars)
+                    flushBuffer();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a portion of a String.
+     *
+     * <p> If the value of the <tt>len</tt> parameter is negative then no
+     * characters are written.  This is contrary to the specification of this
+     * method in the {@linkplain java.io.Writer#write(java.lang.String,int,int)
+     * superclass}, which requires that an {@link IndexOutOfBoundsException} be
+     * thrown.
+     *
+     * @param  s     String to be written
+     * @param  off   Offset from which to start reading characters
+     * @param  len   Number of characters to be written
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(String s, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            ensureOpen();
+
+            int b = off, t = off + len;
+            while (b < t) {
+                int d = min(nChars - nextChar, t - b);
+                s.getChars(b, b + d, cb, nextChar);
+                b += d;
+                nextChar += d;
+                if (nextChar >= nChars)
+                    flushBuffer();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a line separator.  The line separator string is defined by the
+     * system property <tt>line.separator</tt>, and is not necessarily a single
+     * newline ('\n') character.
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void newLine() throws IOException {
+        write(lineSeparator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the stream.
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void flush() throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            flushBuffer();
+            out.flush();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (out == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+            try {
+                flushBuffer();
+            } finally {
+                out.close();
+                out = null;
+                cb = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/File.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/File.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,2076 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
+import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;
+
+/**
+ * An abstract representation of file and directory pathnames.
+ *
+ * <p> User interfaces and operating systems use system-dependent <em>pathname
+ * strings</em> to name files and directories.  This class presents an
+ * abstract, system-independent view of hierarchical pathnames.  An
+ * <em>abstract pathname</em> has two components:
+ *
+ * <ol>
+ * <li> An optional system-dependent <em>prefix</em> string,
+ *      such as a disk-drive specifier, <code>"/"</code>&nbsp;for the UNIX root
+ *      directory, or <code>"\\\\"</code>&nbsp;for a Microsoft Windows UNC pathname, and
+ * <li> A sequence of zero or more string <em>names</em>.
+ * </ol>
+ *
+ * The first name in an abstract pathname may be a directory name or, in the
+ * case of Microsoft Windows UNC pathnames, a hostname.  Each subsequent name
+ * in an abstract pathname denotes a directory; the last name may denote
+ * either a directory or a file.  The <em>empty</em> abstract pathname has no
+ * prefix and an empty name sequence.
+ *
+ * <p> The conversion of a pathname string to or from an abstract pathname is
+ * inherently system-dependent.  When an abstract pathname is converted into a
+ * pathname string, each name is separated from the next by a single copy of
+ * the default <em>separator character</em>.  The default name-separator
+ * character is defined by the system property <code>file.separator</code>, and
+ * is made available in the public static fields <code>{@link
+ * #separator}</code> and <code>{@link #separatorChar}</code> of this class.
+ * When a pathname string is converted into an abstract pathname, the names
+ * within it may be separated by the default name-separator character or by any
+ * other name-separator character that is supported by the underlying system.
+ *
+ * <p> A pathname, whether abstract or in string form, may be either
+ * <em>absolute</em> or <em>relative</em>.  An absolute pathname is complete in
+ * that no other information is required in order to locate the file that it
+ * denotes.  A relative pathname, in contrast, must be interpreted in terms of
+ * information taken from some other pathname.  By default the classes in the
+ * <code>java.io</code> package always resolve relative pathnames against the
+ * current user directory.  This directory is named by the system property
+ * <code>user.dir</code>, and is typically the directory in which the Java
+ * virtual machine was invoked.
+ *
+ * <p> The <em>parent</em> of an abstract pathname may be obtained by invoking
+ * the {@link #getParent} method of this class and consists of the pathname's
+ * prefix and each name in the pathname's name sequence except for the last.
+ * Each directory's absolute pathname is an ancestor of any <tt>File</tt>
+ * object with an absolute abstract pathname which begins with the directory's
+ * absolute pathname.  For example, the directory denoted by the abstract
+ * pathname <tt>"/usr"</tt> is an ancestor of the directory denoted by the
+ * pathname <tt>"/usr/local/bin"</tt>.
+ *
+ * <p> The prefix concept is used to handle root directories on UNIX platforms,
+ * and drive specifiers, root directories and UNC pathnames on Microsoft Windows platforms,
+ * as follows:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *
+ * <li> For UNIX platforms, the prefix of an absolute pathname is always
+ * <code>"/"</code>.  Relative pathnames have no prefix.  The abstract pathname
+ * denoting the root directory has the prefix <code>"/"</code> and an empty
+ * name sequence.
+ *
+ * <li> For Microsoft Windows platforms, the prefix of a pathname that contains a drive
+ * specifier consists of the drive letter followed by <code>":"</code> and
+ * possibly followed by <code>"\\"</code> if the pathname is absolute.  The
+ * prefix of a UNC pathname is <code>"\\\\"</code>; the hostname and the share
+ * name are the first two names in the name sequence.  A relative pathname that
+ * does not specify a drive has no prefix.
+ *
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p> Instances of this class may or may not denote an actual file-system
+ * object such as a file or a directory.  If it does denote such an object
+ * then that object resides in a <i>partition</i>.  A partition is an
+ * operating system-specific portion of storage for a file system.  A single
+ * storage device (e.g. a physical disk-drive, flash memory, CD-ROM) may
+ * contain multiple partitions.  The object, if any, will reside on the
+ * partition <a name="partName">named</a> by some ancestor of the absolute
+ * form of this pathname.
+ *
+ * <p> A file system may implement restrictions to certain operations on the
+ * actual file-system object, such as reading, writing, and executing.  These
+ * restrictions are collectively known as <i>access permissions</i>.  The file
+ * system may have multiple sets of access permissions on a single object.
+ * For example, one set may apply to the object's <i>owner</i>, and another
+ * may apply to all other users.  The access permissions on an object may
+ * cause some methods in this class to fail.
+ *
+ * <p> Instances of the <code>File</code> class are immutable; that is, once
+ * created, the abstract pathname represented by a <code>File</code> object
+ * will never change.
+ *
+ * <h4>Interoperability with {@code java.nio.file} package</h4>
+ *
+ * <p> The <a href="../../java/nio/file/package-summary.html">{@code java.nio.file}</a>
+ * package defines interfaces and classes for the Java virtual machine to access
+ * files, file attributes, and file systems. This API may be used to overcome
+ * many of the limitations of the {@code java.io.File} class.
+ * The {@link #toPath toPath} method may be used to obtain a {@link
+ * Path} that uses the abstract path represented by a {@code File} object to
+ * locate a file. The resulting {@code Path} may be used with the {@link
+ * java.nio.file.Files} class to provide more efficient and extensive access to
+ * additional file operations, file attributes, and I/O exceptions to help
+ * diagnose errors when an operation on a file fails.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+
+public class File
+    implements Serializable, Comparable<File>
+{
+
+    /**
+     * The FileSystem object representing the platform's local file system.
+     */
+    static private FileSystem fs = FileSystem.getFileSystem();
+
+    /**
+     * This abstract pathname's normalized pathname string.  A normalized
+     * pathname string uses the default name-separator character and does not
+     * contain any duplicate or redundant separators.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private String path;
+
+    /**
+     * The length of this abstract pathname's prefix, or zero if it has no
+     * prefix.
+     */
+    private transient int prefixLength;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of this abstract pathname's prefix.
+     * For use by FileSystem classes.
+     */
+    int getPrefixLength() {
+        return prefixLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The system-dependent default name-separator character.  This field is
+     * initialized to contain the first character of the value of the system
+     * property <code>file.separator</code>.  On UNIX systems the value of this
+     * field is <code>'/'</code>; on Microsoft Windows systems it is <code>'\\'</code>.
+     *
+     * @see     java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public static final char separatorChar = fs.getSeparator();
+
+    /**
+     * The system-dependent default name-separator character, represented as a
+     * string for convenience.  This string contains a single character, namely
+     * <code>{@link #separatorChar}</code>.
+     */
+    public static final String separator = "" + separatorChar;
+
+    /**
+     * The system-dependent path-separator character.  This field is
+     * initialized to contain the first character of the value of the system
+     * property <code>path.separator</code>.  This character is used to
+     * separate filenames in a sequence of files given as a <em>path list</em>.
+     * On UNIX systems, this character is <code>':'</code>; on Microsoft Windows systems it
+     * is <code>';'</code>.
+     *
+     * @see     java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public static final char pathSeparatorChar = fs.getPathSeparator();
+
+    /**
+     * The system-dependent path-separator character, represented as a string
+     * for convenience.  This string contains a single character, namely
+     * <code>{@link #pathSeparatorChar}</code>.
+     */
+    public static final String pathSeparator = "" + pathSeparatorChar;
+
+
+    /* -- Constructors -- */
+
+    /**
+     * Internal constructor for already-normalized pathname strings.
+     */
+    private File(String pathname, int prefixLength) {
+        this.path = pathname;
+        this.prefixLength = prefixLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal constructor for already-normalized pathname strings.
+     * The parameter order is used to disambiguate this method from the
+     * public(File, String) constructor.
+     */
+    private File(String child, File parent) {
+        assert parent.path != null;
+        assert (!parent.path.equals(""));
+        this.path = fs.resolve(parent.path, child);
+        this.prefixLength = parent.prefixLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new <code>File</code> instance by converting the given
+     * pathname string into an abstract pathname.  If the given string is
+     * the empty string, then the result is the empty abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @param   pathname  A pathname string
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <code>pathname</code> argument is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public File(String pathname) {
+        if (pathname == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        this.path = fs.normalize(pathname);
+        this.prefixLength = fs.prefixLength(this.path);
+    }
+
+    /* Note: The two-argument File constructors do not interpret an empty
+       parent abstract pathname as the current user directory.  An empty parent
+       instead causes the child to be resolved against the system-dependent
+       directory defined by the FileSystem.getDefaultParent method.  On Unix
+       this default is "/", while on Microsoft Windows it is "\\".  This is required for
+       compatibility with the original behavior of this class. */
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new <code>File</code> instance from a parent pathname string
+     * and a child pathname string.
+     *
+     * <p> If <code>parent</code> is <code>null</code> then the new
+     * <code>File</code> instance is created as if by invoking the
+     * single-argument <code>File</code> constructor on the given
+     * <code>child</code> pathname string.
+     *
+     * <p> Otherwise the <code>parent</code> pathname string is taken to denote
+     * a directory, and the <code>child</code> pathname string is taken to
+     * denote either a directory or a file.  If the <code>child</code> pathname
+     * string is absolute then it is converted into a relative pathname in a
+     * system-dependent way.  If <code>parent</code> is the empty string then
+     * the new <code>File</code> instance is created by converting
+     * <code>child</code> into an abstract pathname and resolving the result
+     * against a system-dependent default directory.  Otherwise each pathname
+     * string is converted into an abstract pathname and the child abstract
+     * pathname is resolved against the parent.
+     *
+     * @param   parent  The parent pathname string
+     * @param   child   The child pathname string
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <code>child</code> is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public File(String parent, String child) {
+        if (child == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        if (parent != null) {
+            if (parent.equals("")) {
+                this.path = fs.resolve(fs.getDefaultParent(),
+                                       fs.normalize(child));
+            } else {
+                this.path = fs.resolve(fs.normalize(parent),
+                                       fs.normalize(child));
+            }
+        } else {
+            this.path = fs.normalize(child);
+        }
+        this.prefixLength = fs.prefixLength(this.path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new <code>File</code> instance from a parent abstract
+     * pathname and a child pathname string.
+     *
+     * <p> If <code>parent</code> is <code>null</code> then the new
+     * <code>File</code> instance is created as if by invoking the
+     * single-argument <code>File</code> constructor on the given
+     * <code>child</code> pathname string.
+     *
+     * <p> Otherwise the <code>parent</code> abstract pathname is taken to
+     * denote a directory, and the <code>child</code> pathname string is taken
+     * to denote either a directory or a file.  If the <code>child</code>
+     * pathname string is absolute then it is converted into a relative
+     * pathname in a system-dependent way.  If <code>parent</code> is the empty
+     * abstract pathname then the new <code>File</code> instance is created by
+     * converting <code>child</code> into an abstract pathname and resolving
+     * the result against a system-dependent default directory.  Otherwise each
+     * pathname string is converted into an abstract pathname and the child
+     * abstract pathname is resolved against the parent.
+     *
+     * @param   parent  The parent abstract pathname
+     * @param   child   The child pathname string
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <code>child</code> is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public File(File parent, String child) {
+        if (child == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        if (parent != null) {
+            if (parent.path.equals("")) {
+                this.path = fs.resolve(fs.getDefaultParent(),
+                                       fs.normalize(child));
+            } else {
+                this.path = fs.resolve(parent.path,
+                                       fs.normalize(child));
+            }
+        } else {
+            this.path = fs.normalize(child);
+        }
+        this.prefixLength = fs.prefixLength(this.path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new <tt>File</tt> instance by converting the given
+     * <tt>file:</tt> URI into an abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> The exact form of a <tt>file:</tt> URI is system-dependent, hence
+     * the transformation performed by this constructor is also
+     * system-dependent.
+     *
+     * <p> For a given abstract pathname <i>f</i> it is guaranteed that
+     *
+     * <blockquote><tt>
+     * new File(</tt><i>&nbsp;f</i><tt>.{@link #toURI() toURI}()).equals(</tt><i>&nbsp;f</i><tt>.{@link #getAbsoluteFile() getAbsoluteFile}())
+     * </tt></blockquote>
+     *
+     * so long as the original abstract pathname, the URI, and the new abstract
+     * pathname are all created in (possibly different invocations of) the same
+     * Java virtual machine.  This relationship typically does not hold,
+     * however, when a <tt>file:</tt> URI that is created in a virtual machine
+     * on one operating system is converted into an abstract pathname in a
+     * virtual machine on a different operating system.
+     *
+     * @param  uri
+     *         An absolute, hierarchical URI with a scheme equal to
+     *         <tt>"file"</tt>, a non-empty path component, and undefined
+     *         authority, query, and fragment components
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <tt>uri</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If the preconditions on the parameter do not hold
+     *
+     * @see #toURI()
+     * @see java.net.URI
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+    public File(URI uri) {
+
+        // Check our many preconditions
+        if (!uri.isAbsolute())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI is not absolute");
+        if (uri.isOpaque())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI is not hierarchical");
+        String scheme = uri.getScheme();
+        if ((scheme == null) || !scheme.equalsIgnoreCase("file"))
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI scheme is not \"file\"");
+        if (uri.getAuthority() != null)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI has an authority component");
+        if (uri.getFragment() != null)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI has a fragment component");
+        if (uri.getQuery() != null)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI has a query component");
+        String p = uri.getPath();
+        if (p.equals(""))
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI path component is empty");
+
+        // Okay, now initialize
+        p = fs.fromURIPath(p);
+        if (File.separatorChar != '/')
+            p = p.replace('/', File.separatorChar);
+        this.path = fs.normalize(p);
+        this.prefixLength = fs.prefixLength(this.path);
+    }
+
+
+    /* -- Path-component accessors -- */
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the file or directory denoted by this abstract
+     * pathname.  This is just the last name in the pathname's name
+     * sequence.  If the pathname's name sequence is empty, then the empty
+     * string is returned.
+     *
+     * @return  The name of the file or directory denoted by this abstract
+     *          pathname, or the empty string if this pathname's name sequence
+     *          is empty
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        int index = path.lastIndexOf(separatorChar);
+        if (index < prefixLength) return path.substring(prefixLength);
+        return path.substring(index + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the pathname string of this abstract pathname's parent, or
+     * <code>null</code> if this pathname does not name a parent directory.
+     *
+     * <p> The <em>parent</em> of an abstract pathname consists of the
+     * pathname's prefix, if any, and each name in the pathname's name
+     * sequence except for the last.  If the name sequence is empty then
+     * the pathname does not name a parent directory.
+     *
+     * @return  The pathname string of the parent directory named by this
+     *          abstract pathname, or <code>null</code> if this pathname
+     *          does not name a parent
+     */
+    public String getParent() {
+        int index = path.lastIndexOf(separatorChar);
+        if (index < prefixLength) {
+            if ((prefixLength > 0) && (path.length() > prefixLength))
+                return path.substring(0, prefixLength);
+            return null;
+        }
+        return path.substring(0, index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the abstract pathname of this abstract pathname's parent,
+     * or <code>null</code> if this pathname does not name a parent
+     * directory.
+     *
+     * <p> The <em>parent</em> of an abstract pathname consists of the
+     * pathname's prefix, if any, and each name in the pathname's name
+     * sequence except for the last.  If the name sequence is empty then
+     * the pathname does not name a parent directory.
+     *
+     * @return  The abstract pathname of the parent directory named by this
+     *          abstract pathname, or <code>null</code> if this pathname
+     *          does not name a parent
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public File getParentFile() {
+        String p = this.getParent();
+        if (p == null) return null;
+        return new File(p, this.prefixLength);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this abstract pathname into a pathname string.  The resulting
+     * string uses the {@link #separator default name-separator character} to
+     * separate the names in the name sequence.
+     *
+     * @return  The string form of this abstract pathname
+     */
+    public String getPath() {
+        return path;
+    }
+
+
+    /* -- Path operations -- */
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether this abstract pathname is absolute.  The definition of
+     * absolute pathname is system dependent.  On UNIX systems, a pathname is
+     * absolute if its prefix is <code>"/"</code>.  On Microsoft Windows systems, a
+     * pathname is absolute if its prefix is a drive specifier followed by
+     * <code>"\\"</code>, or if its prefix is <code>"\\\\"</code>.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if this abstract pathname is absolute,
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isAbsolute() {
+        return fs.isAbsolute(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the absolute pathname string of this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> If this abstract pathname is already absolute, then the pathname
+     * string is simply returned as if by the <code>{@link #getPath}</code>
+     * method.  If this abstract pathname is the empty abstract pathname then
+     * the pathname string of the current user directory, which is named by the
+     * system property <code>user.dir</code>, is returned.  Otherwise this
+     * pathname is resolved in a system-dependent way.  On UNIX systems, a
+     * relative pathname is made absolute by resolving it against the current
+     * user directory.  On Microsoft Windows systems, a relative pathname is made absolute
+     * by resolving it against the current directory of the drive named by the
+     * pathname, if any; if not, it is resolved against the current user
+     * directory.
+     *
+     * @return  The absolute pathname string denoting the same file or
+     *          directory as this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a required system property value cannot be accessed.
+     *
+     * @see     java.io.File#isAbsolute()
+     */
+    public String getAbsolutePath() {
+        return fs.resolve(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the absolute form of this abstract pathname.  Equivalent to
+     * <code>new&nbsp;File(this.{@link #getAbsolutePath})</code>.
+     *
+     * @return  The absolute abstract pathname denoting the same file or
+     *          directory as this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a required system property value cannot be accessed.
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public File getAbsoluteFile() {
+        String absPath = getAbsolutePath();
+        return new File(absPath, fs.prefixLength(absPath));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the canonical pathname string of this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> A canonical pathname is both absolute and unique.  The precise
+     * definition of canonical form is system-dependent.  This method first
+     * converts this pathname to absolute form if necessary, as if by invoking the
+     * {@link #getAbsolutePath} method, and then maps it to its unique form in a
+     * system-dependent way.  This typically involves removing redundant names
+     * such as <tt>"."</tt> and <tt>".."</tt> from the pathname, resolving
+     * symbolic links (on UNIX platforms), and converting drive letters to a
+     * standard case (on Microsoft Windows platforms).
+     *
+     * <p> Every pathname that denotes an existing file or directory has a
+     * unique canonical form.  Every pathname that denotes a nonexistent file
+     * or directory also has a unique canonical form.  The canonical form of
+     * the pathname of a nonexistent file or directory may be different from
+     * the canonical form of the same pathname after the file or directory is
+     * created.  Similarly, the canonical form of the pathname of an existing
+     * file or directory may be different from the canonical form of the same
+     * pathname after the file or directory is deleted.
+     *
+     * @return  The canonical pathname string denoting the same file or
+     *          directory as this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs, which is possible because the
+     *          construction of the canonical pathname may require
+     *          filesystem queries
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a required system property value cannot be accessed, or
+     *          if a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead}</code> method denies
+     *          read access to the file
+     *
+     * @since   JDK1.1
+     * @see     Path#toRealPath
+     */
+    public String getCanonicalPath() throws IOException {
+        return fs.canonicalize(fs.resolve(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the canonical form of this abstract pathname.  Equivalent to
+     * <code>new&nbsp;File(this.{@link #getCanonicalPath})</code>.
+     *
+     * @return  The canonical pathname string denoting the same file or
+     *          directory as this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs, which is possible because the
+     *          construction of the canonical pathname may require
+     *          filesystem queries
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a required system property value cannot be accessed, or
+     *          if a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead}</code> method denies
+     *          read access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     * @see     Path#toRealPath
+     */
+    public File getCanonicalFile() throws IOException {
+        String canonPath = getCanonicalPath();
+        return new File(canonPath, fs.prefixLength(canonPath));
+    }
+
+    private static String slashify(String path, boolean isDirectory) {
+        String p = path;
+        if (File.separatorChar != '/')
+            p = p.replace(File.separatorChar, '/');
+        if (!p.startsWith("/"))
+            p = "/" + p;
+        if (!p.endsWith("/") && isDirectory)
+            p = p + "/";
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this abstract pathname into a <code>file:</code> URL.  The
+     * exact form of the URL is system-dependent.  If it can be determined that
+     * the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a directory, then the
+     * resulting URL will end with a slash.
+     *
+     * @return  A URL object representing the equivalent file URL
+     *
+     * @throws  MalformedURLException
+     *          If the path cannot be parsed as a URL
+     *
+     * @see     #toURI()
+     * @see     java.net.URI
+     * @see     java.net.URI#toURL()
+     * @see     java.net.URL
+     * @since   1.2
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method does not automatically escape characters that
+     * are illegal in URLs.  It is recommended that new code convert an
+     * abstract pathname into a URL by first converting it into a URI, via the
+     * {@link #toURI() toURI} method, and then converting the URI into a URL
+     * via the {@link java.net.URI#toURL() URI.toURL} method.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public URL toURL() throws MalformedURLException {
+        return new URL("file", "", slashify(getAbsolutePath(), isDirectory()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a <tt>file:</tt> URI that represents this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> The exact form of the URI is system-dependent.  If it can be
+     * determined that the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a
+     * directory, then the resulting URI will end with a slash.
+     *
+     * <p> For a given abstract pathname <i>f</i>, it is guaranteed that
+     *
+     * <blockquote><tt>
+     * new {@link #File(java.net.URI) File}(</tt><i>&nbsp;f</i><tt>.toURI()).equals(</tt><i>&nbsp;f</i><tt>.{@link #getAbsoluteFile() getAbsoluteFile}())
+     * </tt></blockquote>
+     *
+     * so long as the original abstract pathname, the URI, and the new abstract
+     * pathname are all created in (possibly different invocations of) the same
+     * Java virtual machine.  Due to the system-dependent nature of abstract
+     * pathnames, however, this relationship typically does not hold when a
+     * <tt>file:</tt> URI that is created in a virtual machine on one operating
+     * system is converted into an abstract pathname in a virtual machine on a
+     * different operating system.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that when this abstract pathname represents a UNC pathname then
+     * all components of the UNC (including the server name component) are encoded
+     * in the {@code URI} path. The authority component is undefined, meaning
+     * that it is represented as {@code null}. The {@link Path} class defines the
+     * {@link Path#toUri toUri} method to encode the server name in the authority
+     * component of the resulting {@code URI}. The {@link #toPath toPath} method
+     * may be used to obtain a {@code Path} representing this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @return  An absolute, hierarchical URI with a scheme equal to
+     *          <tt>"file"</tt>, a path representing this abstract pathname,
+     *          and undefined authority, query, and fragment components
+     * @throws SecurityException If a required system property value cannot
+     * be accessed.
+     *
+     * @see #File(java.net.URI)
+     * @see java.net.URI
+     * @see java.net.URI#toURL()
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+    public URI toURI() {
+        try {
+            File f = getAbsoluteFile();
+            String sp = slashify(f.getPath(), f.isDirectory());
+            if (sp.startsWith("//"))
+                sp = "//" + sp;
+            return new URI("file", null, sp, null);
+        } catch (URISyntaxException x) {
+            throw new Error(x);         // Can't happen
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /* -- Attribute accessors -- */
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the application can read the file denoted by this
+     * abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the file specified by this
+     *          abstract pathname exists <em>and</em> can be read by the
+     *          application; <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies read access to the file
+     */
+    public boolean canRead() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return fs.checkAccess(this, FileSystem.ACCESS_READ);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the application can modify the file denoted by this
+     * abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the file system actually
+     *          contains a file denoted by this abstract pathname <em>and</em>
+     *          the application is allowed to write to the file;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the file
+     */
+    public boolean canWrite() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+        }
+        return fs.checkAccess(this, FileSystem.ACCESS_WRITE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the file or directory denoted by this abstract pathname
+     * exists.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the file or directory denoted
+     *          by this abstract pathname exists; <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies read access to the file or directory
+     */
+    public boolean exists() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return ((fs.getBooleanAttributes(this) & FileSystem.BA_EXISTS) != 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a
+     * directory.
+     *
+     * <p> Where it is required to distinguish an I/O exception from the case
+     * that the file is not a directory, or where several attributes of the
+     * same file are required at the same time, then the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#readAttributes(Path,Class,LinkOption[])
+     * Files.readAttributes} method may be used.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if and only if the file denoted by this
+     *          abstract pathname exists <em>and</em> is a directory;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies read access to the file
+     */
+    public boolean isDirectory() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return ((fs.getBooleanAttributes(this) & FileSystem.BA_DIRECTORY)
+                != 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a normal
+     * file.  A file is <em>normal</em> if it is not a directory and, in
+     * addition, satisfies other system-dependent criteria.  Any non-directory
+     * file created by a Java application is guaranteed to be a normal file.
+     *
+     * <p> Where it is required to distinguish an I/O exception from the case
+     * that the file is not a normal file, or where several attributes of the
+     * same file are required at the same time, then the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#readAttributes(Path,Class,LinkOption[])
+     * Files.readAttributes} method may be used.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the file denoted by this
+     *          abstract pathname exists <em>and</em> is a normal file;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies read access to the file
+     */
+    public boolean isFile() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return ((fs.getBooleanAttributes(this) & FileSystem.BA_REGULAR) != 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the file named by this abstract pathname is a hidden
+     * file.  The exact definition of <em>hidden</em> is system-dependent.  On
+     * UNIX systems, a file is considered to be hidden if its name begins with
+     * a period character (<code>'.'</code>).  On Microsoft Windows systems, a file is
+     * considered to be hidden if it has been marked as such in the filesystem.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the file denoted by this
+     *          abstract pathname is hidden according to the conventions of the
+     *          underlying platform
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies read access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public boolean isHidden() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return ((fs.getBooleanAttributes(this) & FileSystem.BA_HIDDEN) != 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the time that the file denoted by this abstract pathname was
+     * last modified.
+     *
+     * <p> Where it is required to distinguish an I/O exception from the case
+     * where {@code 0L} is returned, or where several attributes of the
+     * same file are required at the same time, or where the time of last
+     * access or the creation time are required, then the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#readAttributes(Path,Class,LinkOption[])
+     * Files.readAttributes} method may be used.
+     *
+     * @return  A <code>long</code> value representing the time the file was
+     *          last modified, measured in milliseconds since the epoch
+     *          (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970), or <code>0L</code> if the
+     *          file does not exist or if an I/O error occurs
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies read access to the file
+     */
+    public long lastModified() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return fs.getLastModifiedTime(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the file denoted by this abstract pathname.
+     * The return value is unspecified if this pathname denotes a directory.
+     *
+     * <p> Where it is required to distinguish an I/O exception from the case
+     * that {@code 0L} is returned, or where several attributes of the same file
+     * are required at the same time, then the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#readAttributes(Path,Class,LinkOption[])
+     * Files.readAttributes} method may be used.
+     *
+     * @return  The length, in bytes, of the file denoted by this abstract
+     *          pathname, or <code>0L</code> if the file does not exist.  Some
+     *          operating systems may return <code>0L</code> for pathnames
+     *          denoting system-dependent entities such as devices or pipes.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies read access to the file
+     */
+    public long length() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return fs.getLength(this);
+    }
+
+
+    /* -- File operations -- */
+
+    /**
+     * Atomically creates a new, empty file named by this abstract pathname if
+     * and only if a file with this name does not yet exist.  The check for the
+     * existence of the file and the creation of the file if it does not exist
+     * are a single operation that is atomic with respect to all other
+     * filesystem activities that might affect the file.
+     * <P>
+     * Note: this method should <i>not</i> be used for file-locking, as
+     * the resulting protocol cannot be made to work reliably. The
+     * {@link java.nio.channels.FileLock FileLock}
+     * facility should be used instead.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if the named file does not exist and was
+     *          successfully created; <code>false</code> if the named file
+     *          already exists
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurred
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public boolean createNewFile() throws IOException {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) security.checkWrite(path);
+        return fs.createFileExclusively(path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes the file or directory denoted by this abstract pathname.  If
+     * this pathname denotes a directory, then the directory must be empty in
+     * order to be deleted.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that the {@link java.nio.file.Files} class defines the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#delete(Path) delete} method to throw an {@link IOException}
+     * when a file cannot be deleted. This is useful for error reporting and to
+     * diagnose why a file cannot be deleted.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the file or directory is
+     *          successfully deleted; <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkDelete}</code> method denies
+     *          delete access to the file
+     */
+    public boolean delete() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkDelete(path);
+        }
+        return fs.delete(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests that the file or directory denoted by this abstract
+     * pathname be deleted when the virtual machine terminates.
+     * Files (or directories) are deleted in the reverse order that
+     * they are registered. Invoking this method to delete a file or
+     * directory that is already registered for deletion has no effect.
+     * Deletion will be attempted only for normal termination of the
+     * virtual machine, as defined by the Java Language Specification.
+     *
+     * <p> Once deletion has been requested, it is not possible to cancel the
+     * request.  This method should therefore be used with care.
+     *
+     * <P>
+     * Note: this method should <i>not</i> be used for file-locking, as
+     * the resulting protocol cannot be made to work reliably. The
+     * {@link java.nio.channels.FileLock FileLock}
+     * facility should be used instead.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkDelete}</code> method denies
+     *          delete access to the file
+     *
+     * @see #delete
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public void deleteOnExit() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkDelete(path);
+        }
+        DeleteOnExitHook.add(path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of strings naming the files and directories in the
+     * directory denoted by this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> If this abstract pathname does not denote a directory, then this
+     * method returns {@code null}.  Otherwise an array of strings is
+     * returned, one for each file or directory in the directory.  Names
+     * denoting the directory itself and the directory's parent directory are
+     * not included in the result.  Each string is a file name rather than a
+     * complete path.
+     *
+     * <p> There is no guarantee that the name strings in the resulting array
+     * will appear in any specific order; they are not, in particular,
+     * guaranteed to appear in alphabetical order.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that the {@link java.nio.file.Files} class defines the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#newDirectoryStream(Path) newDirectoryStream} method to
+     * open a directory and iterate over the names of the files in the directory.
+     * This may use less resources when working with very large directories, and
+     * may be more responsive when working with remote directories.
+     *
+     * @return  An array of strings naming the files and directories in the
+     *          directory denoted by this abstract pathname.  The array will be
+     *          empty if the directory is empty.  Returns {@code null} if
+     *          this abstract pathname does not denote a directory, or if an
+     *          I/O error occurs.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies read access to
+     *          the directory
+     */
+    public String[] list() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return fs.list(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of strings naming the files and directories in the
+     * directory denoted by this abstract pathname that satisfy the specified
+     * filter.  The behavior of this method is the same as that of the
+     * {@link #list()} method, except that the strings in the returned array
+     * must satisfy the filter.  If the given {@code filter} is {@code null}
+     * then all names are accepted.  Otherwise, a name satisfies the filter if
+     * and only if the value {@code true} results when the {@link
+     * FilenameFilter#accept FilenameFilter.accept(File,&nbsp;String)} method
+     * of the filter is invoked on this abstract pathname and the name of a
+     * file or directory in the directory that it denotes.
+     *
+     * @param  filter
+     *         A filename filter
+     *
+     * @return  An array of strings naming the files and directories in the
+     *          directory denoted by this abstract pathname that were accepted
+     *          by the given {@code filter}.  The array will be empty if the
+     *          directory is empty or if no names were accepted by the filter.
+     *          Returns {@code null} if this abstract pathname does not denote
+     *          a directory, or if an I/O error occurs.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies read access to
+     *          the directory
+     *
+     * @see java.nio.file.Files#newDirectoryStream(Path,String)
+     */
+    public String[] list(FilenameFilter filter) {
+        String names[] = list();
+        if ((names == null) || (filter == null)) {
+            return names;
+        }
+        List<String> v = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0 ; i < names.length ; i++) {
+            if (filter.accept(this, names[i])) {
+                v.add(names[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        return v.toArray(new String[v.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of abstract pathnames denoting the files in the
+     * directory denoted by this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> If this abstract pathname does not denote a directory, then this
+     * method returns {@code null}.  Otherwise an array of {@code File} objects
+     * is returned, one for each file or directory in the directory.  Pathnames
+     * denoting the directory itself and the directory's parent directory are
+     * not included in the result.  Each resulting abstract pathname is
+     * constructed from this abstract pathname using the {@link #File(File,
+     * String) File(File,&nbsp;String)} constructor.  Therefore if this
+     * pathname is absolute then each resulting pathname is absolute; if this
+     * pathname is relative then each resulting pathname will be relative to
+     * the same directory.
+     *
+     * <p> There is no guarantee that the name strings in the resulting array
+     * will appear in any specific order; they are not, in particular,
+     * guaranteed to appear in alphabetical order.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that the {@link java.nio.file.Files} class defines the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#newDirectoryStream(Path) newDirectoryStream} method
+     * to open a directory and iterate over the names of the files in the
+     * directory. This may use less resources when working with very large
+     * directories.
+     *
+     * @return  An array of abstract pathnames denoting the files and
+     *          directories in the directory denoted by this abstract pathname.
+     *          The array will be empty if the directory is empty.  Returns
+     *          {@code null} if this abstract pathname does not denote a
+     *          directory, or if an I/O error occurs.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies read access to
+     *          the directory
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    public File[] listFiles() {
+        String[] ss = list();
+        if (ss == null) return null;
+        int n = ss.length;
+        File[] fs = new File[n];
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            fs[i] = new File(ss[i], this);
+        }
+        return fs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of abstract pathnames denoting the files and
+     * directories in the directory denoted by this abstract pathname that
+     * satisfy the specified filter.  The behavior of this method is the same
+     * as that of the {@link #listFiles()} method, except that the pathnames in
+     * the returned array must satisfy the filter.  If the given {@code filter}
+     * is {@code null} then all pathnames are accepted.  Otherwise, a pathname
+     * satisfies the filter if and only if the value {@code true} results when
+     * the {@link FilenameFilter#accept
+     * FilenameFilter.accept(File,&nbsp;String)} method of the filter is
+     * invoked on this abstract pathname and the name of a file or directory in
+     * the directory that it denotes.
+     *
+     * @param  filter
+     *         A filename filter
+     *
+     * @return  An array of abstract pathnames denoting the files and
+     *          directories in the directory denoted by this abstract pathname.
+     *          The array will be empty if the directory is empty.  Returns
+     *          {@code null} if this abstract pathname does not denote a
+     *          directory, or if an I/O error occurs.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies read access to
+     *          the directory
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     * @see java.nio.file.Files#newDirectoryStream(Path,String)
+     */
+    public File[] listFiles(FilenameFilter filter) {
+        String ss[] = list();
+        if (ss == null) return null;
+        ArrayList<File> files = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (String s : ss)
+            if ((filter == null) || filter.accept(this, s))
+                files.add(new File(s, this));
+        return files.toArray(new File[files.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of abstract pathnames denoting the files and
+     * directories in the directory denoted by this abstract pathname that
+     * satisfy the specified filter.  The behavior of this method is the same
+     * as that of the {@link #listFiles()} method, except that the pathnames in
+     * the returned array must satisfy the filter.  If the given {@code filter}
+     * is {@code null} then all pathnames are accepted.  Otherwise, a pathname
+     * satisfies the filter if and only if the value {@code true} results when
+     * the {@link FileFilter#accept FileFilter.accept(File)} method of the
+     * filter is invoked on the pathname.
+     *
+     * @param  filter
+     *         A file filter
+     *
+     * @return  An array of abstract pathnames denoting the files and
+     *          directories in the directory denoted by this abstract pathname.
+     *          The array will be empty if the directory is empty.  Returns
+     *          {@code null} if this abstract pathname does not denote a
+     *          directory, or if an I/O error occurs.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies read access to
+     *          the directory
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     * @see java.nio.file.Files#newDirectoryStream(Path,java.nio.file.DirectoryStream.Filter)
+     */
+    public File[] listFiles(FileFilter filter) {
+        String ss[] = list();
+        if (ss == null) return null;
+        ArrayList<File> files = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (String s : ss) {
+            File f = new File(s, this);
+            if ((filter == null) || filter.accept(f))
+                files.add(f);
+        }
+        return files.toArray(new File[files.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the directory named by this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the directory was
+     *          created; <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method does not permit the named directory to be created
+     */
+    public boolean mkdir() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+        }
+        return fs.createDirectory(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the directory named by this abstract pathname, including any
+     * necessary but nonexistent parent directories.  Note that if this
+     * operation fails it may have succeeded in creating some of the necessary
+     * parent directories.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the directory was created,
+     *          along with all necessary parent directories; <code>false</code>
+     *          otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method does not permit verification of the existence of the
+     *          named directory and all necessary parent directories; or if
+     *          the <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method does not permit the named directory and all necessary
+     *          parent directories to be created
+     */
+    public boolean mkdirs() {
+        if (exists()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (mkdir()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        File canonFile = null;
+        try {
+            canonFile = getCanonicalFile();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        File parent = canonFile.getParentFile();
+        return (parent != null && (parent.mkdirs() || parent.exists()) &&
+                canonFile.mkdir());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Renames the file denoted by this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> Many aspects of the behavior of this method are inherently
+     * platform-dependent: The rename operation might not be able to move a
+     * file from one filesystem to another, it might not be atomic, and it
+     * might not succeed if a file with the destination abstract pathname
+     * already exists.  The return value should always be checked to make sure
+     * that the rename operation was successful.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that the {@link java.nio.file.Files} class defines the {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#move move} method to move or rename a file in a
+     * platform independent manner.
+     *
+     * @param  dest  The new abstract pathname for the named file
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the renaming succeeded;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to either the old or new pathnames
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If parameter <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public boolean renameTo(File dest) {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+            security.checkWrite(dest.path);
+        }
+        return fs.rename(this, dest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the last-modified time of the file or directory named by this
+     * abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> All platforms support file-modification times to the nearest second,
+     * but some provide more precision.  The argument will be truncated to fit
+     * the supported precision.  If the operation succeeds and no intervening
+     * operations on the file take place, then the next invocation of the
+     * <code>{@link #lastModified}</code> method will return the (possibly
+     * truncated) <code>time</code> argument that was passed to this method.
+     *
+     * @param  time  The new last-modified time, measured in milliseconds since
+     *               the epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970)
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException  If the argument is negative
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the named file
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public boolean setLastModified(long time) {
+        if (time < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Negative time");
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+        }
+        return fs.setLastModifiedTime(this, time);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Marks the file or directory named by this abstract pathname so that
+     * only read operations are allowed.  After invoking this method the file
+     * or directory is guaranteed not to change until it is either deleted or
+     * marked to allow write access.  Whether or not a read-only file or
+     * directory may be deleted depends upon the underlying system.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the named file
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public boolean setReadOnly() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+        }
+        return fs.setReadOnly(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the owner's or everybody's write permission for this abstract
+     * pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> The {@link java.nio.file.Files} class defines methods that operate on
+     * file attributes including file permissions. This may be used when finer
+     * manipulation of file permissions is required.
+     *
+     * @param   writable
+     *          If <code>true</code>, sets the access permission to allow write
+     *          operations; if <code>false</code> to disallow write operations
+     *
+     * @param   ownerOnly
+     *          If <code>true</code>, the write permission applies only to the
+     *          owner's write permission; otherwise, it applies to everybody.  If
+     *          the underlying file system can not distinguish the owner's write
+     *          permission from that of others, then the permission will apply to
+     *          everybody, regardless of this value.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded. The
+     *          operation will fail if the user does not have permission to change
+     *          the access permissions of this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the named file
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public boolean setWritable(boolean writable, boolean ownerOnly) {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+        }
+        return fs.setPermission(this, FileSystem.ACCESS_WRITE, writable, ownerOnly);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to set the owner's write permission for this abstract
+     * pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>file.setWritable(arg)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     file.setWritable(arg, true) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param   writable
+     *          If <code>true</code>, sets the access permission to allow write
+     *          operations; if <code>false</code> to disallow write operations
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded.  The
+     *          operation will fail if the user does not have permission to
+     *          change the access permissions of this abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public boolean setWritable(boolean writable) {
+        return setWritable(writable, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the owner's or everybody's read permission for this abstract
+     * pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> The {@link java.nio.file.Files} class defines methods that operate on
+     * file attributes including file permissions. This may be used when finer
+     * manipulation of file permissions is required.
+     *
+     * @param   readable
+     *          If <code>true</code>, sets the access permission to allow read
+     *          operations; if <code>false</code> to disallow read operations
+     *
+     * @param   ownerOnly
+     *          If <code>true</code>, the read permission applies only to the
+     *          owner's read permission; otherwise, it applies to everybody.  If
+     *          the underlying file system can not distinguish the owner's read
+     *          permission from that of others, then the permission will apply to
+     *          everybody, regardless of this value.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded.  The
+     *          operation will fail if the user does not have permission to
+     *          change the access permissions of this abstract pathname.  If
+     *          <code>readable</code> is <code>false</code> and the underlying
+     *          file system does not implement a read permission, then the
+     *          operation will fail.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public boolean setReadable(boolean readable, boolean ownerOnly) {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+        }
+        return fs.setPermission(this, FileSystem.ACCESS_READ, readable, ownerOnly);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to set the owner's read permission for this abstract
+     * pathname.
+     *
+     * <p>An invocation of this method of the form <tt>file.setReadable(arg)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     file.setReadable(arg, true) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  readable
+     *          If <code>true</code>, sets the access permission to allow read
+     *          operations; if <code>false</code> to disallow read operations
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded.  The
+     *          operation will fail if the user does not have permission to
+     *          change the access permissions of this abstract pathname.  If
+     *          <code>readable</code> is <code>false</code> and the underlying
+     *          file system does not implement a read permission, then the
+     *          operation will fail.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public boolean setReadable(boolean readable) {
+        return setReadable(readable, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the owner's or everybody's execute permission for this abstract
+     * pathname.
+     *
+     * <p> The {@link java.nio.file.Files} class defines methods that operate on
+     * file attributes including file permissions. This may be used when finer
+     * manipulation of file permissions is required.
+     *
+     * @param   executable
+     *          If <code>true</code>, sets the access permission to allow execute
+     *          operations; if <code>false</code> to disallow execute operations
+     *
+     * @param   ownerOnly
+     *          If <code>true</code>, the execute permission applies only to the
+     *          owner's execute permission; otherwise, it applies to everybody.
+     *          If the underlying file system can not distinguish the owner's
+     *          execute permission from that of others, then the permission will
+     *          apply to everybody, regardless of this value.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded.  The
+     *          operation will fail if the user does not have permission to
+     *          change the access permissions of this abstract pathname.  If
+     *          <code>executable</code> is <code>false</code> and the underlying
+     *          file system does not implement an execute permission, then the
+     *          operation will fail.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public boolean setExecutable(boolean executable, boolean ownerOnly) {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkWrite(path);
+        }
+        return fs.setPermission(this, FileSystem.ACCESS_EXECUTE, executable, ownerOnly);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to set the owner's execute permission for this abstract
+     * pathname.
+     *
+     * <p>An invocation of this method of the form <tt>file.setExcutable(arg)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     file.setExecutable(arg, true) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param   executable
+     *          If <code>true</code>, sets the access permission to allow execute
+     *          operations; if <code>false</code> to disallow execute operations
+     *
+     * @return   <code>true</code> if and only if the operation succeeded.  The
+     *           operation will fail if the user does not have permission to
+     *           change the access permissions of this abstract pathname.  If
+     *           <code>executable</code> is <code>false</code> and the underlying
+     *           file system does not implement an excute permission, then the
+     *           operation will fail.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public boolean setExecutable(boolean executable) {
+        return setExecutable(executable, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the application can execute the file denoted by this
+     * abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the abstract pathname exists
+     *          <em>and</em> the application is allowed to execute the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkExec(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method denies execute access to the file
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public boolean canExecute() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkExec(path);
+        }
+        return fs.checkAccess(this, FileSystem.ACCESS_EXECUTE);
+    }
+
+
+    /* -- Filesystem interface -- */
+
+    /**
+     * List the available filesystem roots.
+     *
+     * <p> A particular Java platform may support zero or more
+     * hierarchically-organized file systems.  Each file system has a
+     * {@code root} directory from which all other files in that file system
+     * can be reached.  Windows platforms, for example, have a root directory
+     * for each active drive; UNIX platforms have a single root directory,
+     * namely {@code "/"}.  The set of available filesystem roots is affected
+     * by various system-level operations such as the insertion or ejection of
+     * removable media and the disconnecting or unmounting of physical or
+     * virtual disk drives.
+     *
+     * <p> This method returns an array of {@code File} objects that denote the
+     * root directories of the available filesystem roots.  It is guaranteed
+     * that the canonical pathname of any file physically present on the local
+     * machine will begin with one of the roots returned by this method.
+     *
+     * <p> The canonical pathname of a file that resides on some other machine
+     * and is accessed via a remote-filesystem protocol such as SMB or NFS may
+     * or may not begin with one of the roots returned by this method.  If the
+     * pathname of a remote file is syntactically indistinguishable from the
+     * pathname of a local file then it will begin with one of the roots
+     * returned by this method.  Thus, for example, {@code File} objects
+     * denoting the root directories of the mapped network drives of a Windows
+     * platform will be returned by this method, while {@code File} objects
+     * containing UNC pathnames will not be returned by this method.
+     *
+     * <p> Unlike most methods in this class, this method does not throw
+     * security exceptions.  If a security manager exists and its {@link
+     * SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies read access to a
+     * particular root directory, then that directory will not appear in the
+     * result.
+     *
+     * @return  An array of {@code File} objects denoting the available
+     *          filesystem roots, or {@code null} if the set of roots could not
+     *          be determined.  The array will be empty if there are no
+     *          filesystem roots.
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     * @see java.nio.file.FileStore
+     */
+    public static File[] listRoots() {
+        return fs.listRoots();
+    }
+
+
+    /* -- Disk usage -- */
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the size of the partition <a href="#partName">named</a> by this
+     * abstract pathname.
+     *
+     * @return  The size, in bytes, of the partition or <tt>0L</tt> if this
+     *          abstract pathname does not name a partition
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager has been installed and it denies
+     *          {@link RuntimePermission}<tt>("getFileSystemAttributes")</tt>
+     *          or its {@link SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies
+     *          read access to the file named by this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @since  1.6
+     */
+    public long getTotalSpace() {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getFileSystemAttributes"));
+            sm.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return fs.getSpace(this, FileSystem.SPACE_TOTAL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of unallocated bytes in the partition <a
+     * href="#partName">named</a> by this abstract path name.
+     *
+     * <p> The returned number of unallocated bytes is a hint, but not
+     * a guarantee, that it is possible to use most or any of these
+     * bytes.  The number of unallocated bytes is most likely to be
+     * accurate immediately after this call.  It is likely to be made
+     * inaccurate by any external I/O operations including those made
+     * on the system outside of this virtual machine.  This method
+     * makes no guarantee that write operations to this file system
+     * will succeed.
+     *
+     * @return  The number of unallocated bytes on the partition <tt>0L</tt>
+     *          if the abstract pathname does not name a partition.  This
+     *          value will be less than or equal to the total file system size
+     *          returned by {@link #getTotalSpace}.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager has been installed and it denies
+     *          {@link RuntimePermission}<tt>("getFileSystemAttributes")</tt>
+     *          or its {@link SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies
+     *          read access to the file named by this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @since  1.6
+     */
+    public long getFreeSpace() {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getFileSystemAttributes"));
+            sm.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return fs.getSpace(this, FileSystem.SPACE_FREE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of bytes available to this virtual machine on the
+     * partition <a href="#partName">named</a> by this abstract pathname.  When
+     * possible, this method checks for write permissions and other operating
+     * system restrictions and will therefore usually provide a more accurate
+     * estimate of how much new data can actually be written than {@link
+     * #getFreeSpace}.
+     *
+     * <p> The returned number of available bytes is a hint, but not a
+     * guarantee, that it is possible to use most or any of these bytes.  The
+     * number of unallocated bytes is most likely to be accurate immediately
+     * after this call.  It is likely to be made inaccurate by any external
+     * I/O operations including those made on the system outside of this
+     * virtual machine.  This method makes no guarantee that write operations
+     * to this file system will succeed.
+     *
+     * @return  The number of available bytes on the partition or <tt>0L</tt>
+     *          if the abstract pathname does not name a partition.  On
+     *          systems where this information is not available, this method
+     *          will be equivalent to a call to {@link #getFreeSpace}.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager has been installed and it denies
+     *          {@link RuntimePermission}<tt>("getFileSystemAttributes")</tt>
+     *          or its {@link SecurityManager#checkRead(String)} method denies
+     *          read access to the file named by this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @since  1.6
+     */
+    public long getUsableSpace() {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getFileSystemAttributes"));
+            sm.checkRead(path);
+        }
+        return fs.getSpace(this, FileSystem.SPACE_USABLE);
+    }
+
+    /* -- Temporary files -- */
+
+    private static class TempDirectory {
+        private TempDirectory() { }
+
+        // temporary directory location
+        private static final File tmpdir = new File(fs.normalize(AccessController
+            .doPrivileged(new GetPropertyAction("java.io.tmpdir"))));
+        static File location() {
+            return tmpdir;
+        }
+
+        // file name generation
+        private static final SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
+        static File generateFile(String prefix, String suffix, File dir) {
+            long n = random.nextLong();
+            if (n == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
+                n = 0;      // corner case
+            } else {
+                n = Math.abs(n);
+            }
+            return new File(dir, prefix + Long.toString(n) + suffix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p> Creates a new empty file in the specified directory, using the
+     * given prefix and suffix strings to generate its name.  If this method
+     * returns successfully then it is guaranteed that:
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     * <li> The file denoted by the returned abstract pathname did not exist
+     *      before this method was invoked, and
+     * <li> Neither this method nor any of its variants will return the same
+     *      abstract pathname again in the current invocation of the virtual
+     *      machine.
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * This method provides only part of a temporary-file facility.  To arrange
+     * for a file created by this method to be deleted automatically, use the
+     * <code>{@link #deleteOnExit}</code> method.
+     *
+     * <p> The <code>prefix</code> argument must be at least three characters
+     * long.  It is recommended that the prefix be a short, meaningful string
+     * such as <code>"hjb"</code> or <code>"mail"</code>.  The
+     * <code>suffix</code> argument may be <code>null</code>, in which case the
+     * suffix <code>".tmp"</code> will be used.
+     *
+     * <p> To create the new file, the prefix and the suffix may first be
+     * adjusted to fit the limitations of the underlying platform.  If the
+     * prefix is too long then it will be truncated, but its first three
+     * characters will always be preserved.  If the suffix is too long then it
+     * too will be truncated, but if it begins with a period character
+     * (<code>'.'</code>) then the period and the first three characters
+     * following it will always be preserved.  Once these adjustments have been
+     * made the name of the new file will be generated by concatenating the
+     * prefix, five or more internally-generated characters, and the suffix.
+     *
+     * <p> If the <code>directory</code> argument is <code>null</code> then the
+     * system-dependent default temporary-file directory will be used.  The
+     * default temporary-file directory is specified by the system property
+     * <code>java.io.tmpdir</code>.  On UNIX systems the default value of this
+     * property is typically <code>"/tmp"</code> or <code>"/var/tmp"</code>; on
+     * Microsoft Windows systems it is typically <code>"C:\\WINNT\\TEMP"</code>.  A different
+     * value may be given to this system property when the Java virtual machine
+     * is invoked, but programmatic changes to this property are not guaranteed
+     * to have any effect upon the temporary directory used by this method.
+     *
+     * @param  prefix     The prefix string to be used in generating the file's
+     *                    name; must be at least three characters long
+     *
+     * @param  suffix     The suffix string to be used in generating the file's
+     *                    name; may be <code>null</code>, in which case the
+     *                    suffix <code>".tmp"</code> will be used
+     *
+     * @param  directory  The directory in which the file is to be created, or
+     *                    <code>null</code> if the default temporary-file
+     *                    directory is to be used
+     *
+     * @return  An abstract pathname denoting a newly-created empty file
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If the <code>prefix</code> argument contains fewer than three
+     *          characters
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException  If a file could not be created
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method does not allow a file to be created
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public static File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix,
+                                      File directory)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        if (prefix.length() < 3)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Prefix string too short");
+        if (suffix == null)
+            suffix = ".tmp";
+
+        File tmpdir = (directory != null) ? directory : TempDirectory.location();
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        File f;
+        do {
+            f = TempDirectory.generateFile(prefix, suffix, tmpdir);
+            if (sm != null) {
+                try {
+                    sm.checkWrite(f.getPath());
+                } catch (SecurityException se) {
+                    // don't reveal temporary directory location
+                    if (directory == null)
+                        throw new SecurityException("Unable to create temporary file");
+                    throw se;
+                }
+            }
+        } while (!fs.createFileExclusively(f.getPath()));
+        return f;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an empty file in the default temporary-file directory, using
+     * the given prefix and suffix to generate its name. Invoking this method
+     * is equivalent to invoking <code>{@link #createTempFile(java.lang.String,
+     * java.lang.String, java.io.File)
+     * createTempFile(prefix,&nbsp;suffix,&nbsp;null)}</code>.
+     *
+     * <p> The {@link
+     * java.nio.file.Files#createTempFile(String,String,java.nio.file.attribute.FileAttribute[])
+     * Files.createTempFile} method provides an alternative method to create an
+     * empty file in the temporary-file directory. Files created by that method
+     * may have more restrictive access permissions to files created by this
+     * method and so may be more suited to security-sensitive applications.
+     *
+     * @param  prefix     The prefix string to be used in generating the file's
+     *                    name; must be at least three characters long
+     *
+     * @param  suffix     The suffix string to be used in generating the file's
+     *                    name; may be <code>null</code>, in which case the
+     *                    suffix <code>".tmp"</code> will be used
+     *
+     * @return  An abstract pathname denoting a newly-created empty file
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If the <code>prefix</code> argument contains fewer than three
+     *          characters
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException  If a file could not be created
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)}</code>
+     *          method does not allow a file to be created
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     * @see java.nio.file.Files#createTempDirectory(String,FileAttribute[])
+     */
+    public static File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+    }
+
+    /* -- Basic infrastructure -- */
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two abstract pathnames lexicographically.  The ordering
+     * defined by this method depends upon the underlying system.  On UNIX
+     * systems, alphabetic case is significant in comparing pathnames; on Microsoft Windows
+     * systems it is not.
+     *
+     * @param   pathname  The abstract pathname to be compared to this abstract
+     *                    pathname
+     *
+     * @return  Zero if the argument is equal to this abstract pathname, a
+     *          value less than zero if this abstract pathname is
+     *          lexicographically less than the argument, or a value greater
+     *          than zero if this abstract pathname is lexicographically
+     *          greater than the argument
+     *
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public int compareTo(File pathname) {
+        return fs.compare(this, pathname);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests this abstract pathname for equality with the given object.
+     * Returns <code>true</code> if and only if the argument is not
+     * <code>null</code> and is an abstract pathname that denotes the same file
+     * or directory as this abstract pathname.  Whether or not two abstract
+     * pathnames are equal depends upon the underlying system.  On UNIX
+     * systems, alphabetic case is significant in comparing pathnames; on Microsoft Windows
+     * systems it is not.
+     *
+     * @param   obj   The object to be compared with this abstract pathname
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the objects are the same;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if ((obj != null) && (obj instanceof File)) {
+            return compareTo((File)obj) == 0;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes a hash code for this abstract pathname.  Because equality of
+     * abstract pathnames is inherently system-dependent, so is the computation
+     * of their hash codes.  On UNIX systems, the hash code of an abstract
+     * pathname is equal to the exclusive <em>or</em> of the hash code
+     * of its pathname string and the decimal value
+     * <code>1234321</code>.  On Microsoft Windows systems, the hash
+     * code is equal to the exclusive <em>or</em> of the hash code of
+     * its pathname string converted to lower case and the decimal
+     * value <code>1234321</code>.  Locale is not taken into account on
+     * lowercasing the pathname string.
+     *
+     * @return  A hash code for this abstract pathname
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return fs.hashCode(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the pathname string of this abstract pathname.  This is just the
+     * string returned by the <code>{@link #getPath}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @return  The string form of this abstract pathname
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return getPath();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * WriteObject is called to save this filename.
+     * The separator character is saved also so it can be replaced
+     * in case the path is reconstituted on a different host type.
+     * <p>
+     * @serialData  Default fields followed by separator character.
+     */
+    private synchronized void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        s.defaultWriteObject();
+        s.writeChar(this.separatorChar); // Add the separator character
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * readObject is called to restore this filename.
+     * The original separator character is read.  If it is different
+     * than the separator character on this system, then the old separator
+     * is replaced by the local separator.
+     */
+    private synchronized void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
+    {
+        ObjectInputStream.GetField fields = s.readFields();
+        String pathField = (String)fields.get("path", null);
+        char sep = s.readChar(); // read the previous separator char
+        if (sep != separatorChar)
+            pathField = pathField.replace(sep, separatorChar);
+        this.path = fs.normalize(pathField);
+        this.prefixLength = fs.prefixLength(this.path);
+    }
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 301077366599181567L;
+
+    // -- Integration with java.nio.file --
+
+    private volatile transient Path filePath;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Path java.nio.file.Path} object constructed from the
+     * this abstract path. The resulting {@code Path} is associated with the
+     * {@link java.nio.file.FileSystems#getDefault default-filesystem}.
+     *
+     * <p> The first invocation of this method works as if invoking it were
+     * equivalent to evaluating the expression:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * {@link java.nio.file.FileSystems#getDefault FileSystems.getDefault}().{@link
+     * java.nio.file.FileSystem#getPath getPath}(this.{@link #getPath getPath}());
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     * Subsequent invocations of this method return the same {@code Path}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this abstract pathname is the empty abstract pathname then this
+     * method returns a {@code Path} that may be used to access the current
+     * user directory.
+     *
+     * @return  a {@code Path} constructed from this abstract path
+     *
+     * @throws  java.nio.file.InvalidPathException
+     *          if a {@code Path} object cannot be constructed from the abstract
+     *          path (see {@link java.nio.file.FileSystem#getPath FileSystem.getPath})
+     *
+     * @since   1.7
+     * @see Path#toFile
+     */
+    public Path toPath() {
+        Path result = filePath;
+        if (result == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                result = filePath;
+                if (result == null) {
+                    result = FileSystems.getDefault().getPath(path);
+                    filePath = result;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/FileFilter.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/FileFilter.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1998, 2002, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+
+/**
+ * A filter for abstract pathnames.
+ *
+ * <p> Instances of this interface may be passed to the <code>{@link
+ * File#listFiles(java.io.FileFilter) listFiles(FileFilter)}</code> method
+ * of the <code>{@link java.io.File}</code> class.
+ *
+ * @since 1.2
+ */
+public interface FileFilter {
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether or not the specified abstract pathname should be
+     * included in a pathname list.
+     *
+     * @param  pathname  The abstract pathname to be tested
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if <code>pathname</code>
+     *          should be included
+     */
+    boolean accept(File pathname);
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/FileNotFoundException.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/FileNotFoundException.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2008, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+
+/**
+ * Signals that an attempt to open the file denoted by a specified pathname
+ * has failed.
+ *
+ * <p> This exception will be thrown by the {@link FileInputStream}, {@link
+ * FileOutputStream}, and {@link RandomAccessFile} constructors when a file
+ * with the specified pathname does not exist.  It will also be thrown by these
+ * constructors if the file does exist but for some reason is inaccessible, for
+ * example when an attempt is made to open a read-only file for writing.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+
+public class FileNotFoundException extends IOException {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -897856973823710492L;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a <code>FileNotFoundException</code> with
+     * <code>null</code> as its error detail message.
+     */
+    public FileNotFoundException() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a <code>FileNotFoundException</code> with the
+     * specified detail message. The string <code>s</code> can be
+     * retrieved later by the
+     * <code>{@link java.lang.Throwable#getMessage}</code>
+     * method of class <code>java.lang.Throwable</code>.
+     *
+     * @param   s   the detail message.
+     */
+    public FileNotFoundException(String s) {
+        super(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a <code>FileNotFoundException</code> with a detail message
+     * consisting of the given pathname string followed by the given reason
+     * string.  If the <code>reason</code> argument is <code>null</code> then
+     * it will be omitted.  This private constructor is invoked only by native
+     * I/O methods.
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    private FileNotFoundException(String path, String reason) {
+        super(path + ((reason == null)
+                      ? ""
+                      : " (" + reason + ")"));
+    }
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/FilenameFilter.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/FilenameFilter.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 1998, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+/**
+ * Instances of classes that implement this interface are used to
+ * filter filenames. These instances are used to filter directory
+ * listings in the <code>list</code> method of class
+ * <code>File</code>, and by the Abstract Window Toolkit's file
+ * dialog component.
+ *
+ * @author  Arthur van Hoff
+ * @author  Jonathan Payne
+ * @see     java.awt.FileDialog#setFilenameFilter(java.io.FilenameFilter)
+ * @see     java.io.File
+ * @see     java.io.File#list(java.io.FilenameFilter)
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+public
+interface FilenameFilter {
+    /**
+     * Tests if a specified file should be included in a file list.
+     *
+     * @param   dir    the directory in which the file was found.
+     * @param   name   the name of the file.
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the name should be
+     * included in the file list; <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    boolean accept(File dir, String name);
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/InterruptedIOException.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/InterruptedIOException.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1995, 2008, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+/**
+ * Signals that an I/O operation has been interrupted. An
+ * <code>InterruptedIOException</code> is thrown to indicate that an
+ * input or output transfer has been terminated because the thread
+ * performing it was interrupted. The field {@link #bytesTransferred}
+ * indicates how many bytes were successfully transferred before
+ * the interruption occurred.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @see     java.io.InputStream
+ * @see     java.io.OutputStream
+ * @see     java.lang.Thread#interrupt()
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+public
+class InterruptedIOException extends IOException {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 4020568460727500567L;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs an <code>InterruptedIOException</code> with
+     * <code>null</code> as its error detail message.
+     */
+    public InterruptedIOException() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs an <code>InterruptedIOException</code> with the
+     * specified detail message. The string <code>s</code> can be
+     * retrieved later by the
+     * <code>{@link java.lang.Throwable#getMessage}</code>
+     * method of class <code>java.lang.Throwable</code>.
+     *
+     * @param   s   the detail message.
+     */
+    public InterruptedIOException(String s) {
+        super(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports how many bytes had been transferred as part of the I/O
+     * operation before it was interrupted.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    public int bytesTransferred = 0;
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/OutputStreamWriter.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/OutputStreamWriter.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+import sun.nio.cs.StreamEncoder;
+
+
+/**
+ * An OutputStreamWriter is a bridge from character streams to byte streams:
+ * Characters written to it are encoded into bytes using a specified {@link
+ * java.nio.charset.Charset <code>charset</code>}.  The charset that it uses
+ * may be specified by name or may be given explicitly, or the platform's
+ * default charset may be accepted.
+ *
+ * <p> Each invocation of a write() method causes the encoding converter to be
+ * invoked on the given character(s).  The resulting bytes are accumulated in a
+ * buffer before being written to the underlying output stream.  The size of
+ * this buffer may be specified, but by default it is large enough for most
+ * purposes.  Note that the characters passed to the write() methods are not
+ * buffered.
+ *
+ * <p> For top efficiency, consider wrapping an OutputStreamWriter within a
+ * BufferedWriter so as to avoid frequent converter invocations.  For example:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Writer out
+ *   = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <p> A <i>surrogate pair</i> is a character represented by a sequence of two
+ * <tt>char</tt> values: A <i>high</i> surrogate in the range '&#92;uD800' to
+ * '&#92;uDBFF' followed by a <i>low</i> surrogate in the range '&#92;uDC00' to
+ * '&#92;uDFFF'.
+ *
+ * <p> A <i>malformed surrogate element</i> is a high surrogate that is not
+ * followed by a low surrogate or a low surrogate that is not preceded by a
+ * high surrogate.
+ *
+ * <p> This class always replaces malformed surrogate elements and unmappable
+ * character sequences with the charset's default <i>substitution sequence</i>.
+ * The {@linkplain java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder} class should be used when more
+ * control over the encoding process is required.
+ *
+ * @see BufferedWriter
+ * @see OutputStream
+ * @see java.nio.charset.Charset
+ *
+ * @author      Mark Reinhold
+ * @since       JDK1.1
+ */
+
+public class OutputStreamWriter extends Writer {
+
+    private final StreamEncoder se;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an OutputStreamWriter that uses the named charset.
+     *
+     * @param  out
+     *         An OutputStream
+     *
+     * @param  charsetName
+     *         The name of a supported
+     *         {@link java.nio.charset.Charset </code>charset<code>}
+     *
+     * @exception  UnsupportedEncodingException
+     *             If the named encoding is not supported
+     */
+    public OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out, String charsetName)
+        throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        super(out);
+        if (charsetName == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException("charsetName");
+        se = StreamEncoder.forOutputStreamWriter(out, this, charsetName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an OutputStreamWriter that uses the default character encoding.
+     *
+     * @param  out  An OutputStream
+     */
+    public OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out) {
+        super(out);
+        try {
+            se = StreamEncoder.forOutputStreamWriter(out, this, (String)null);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            throw new Error(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an OutputStreamWriter that uses the given charset. </p>
+     *
+     * @param  out
+     *         An OutputStream
+     *
+     * @param  cs
+     *         A charset
+     *
+     * @since 1.4
+     * @spec JSR-51
+     */
+    public OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out, Charset cs) {
+        super(out);
+        if (cs == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException("charset");
+        se = StreamEncoder.forOutputStreamWriter(out, this, cs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an OutputStreamWriter that uses the given charset encoder.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  out
+     *         An OutputStream
+     *
+     * @param  enc
+     *         A charset encoder
+     *
+     * @since 1.4
+     * @spec JSR-51
+     */
+    public OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out, CharsetEncoder enc) {
+        super(out);
+        if (enc == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException("charset encoder");
+        se = StreamEncoder.forOutputStreamWriter(out, this, enc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the character encoding being used by this stream.
+     *
+     * <p> If the encoding has an historical name then that name is returned;
+     * otherwise the encoding's canonical name is returned.
+     *
+     * <p> If this instance was created with the {@link
+     * #OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream, String)} constructor then the returned
+     * name, being unique for the encoding, may differ from the name passed to
+     * the constructor.  This method may return <tt>null</tt> if the stream has
+     * been closed. </p>
+     *
+     * @return The historical name of this encoding, or possibly
+     *         <code>null</code> if the stream has been closed
+     *
+     * @see java.nio.charset.Charset
+     *
+     * @revised 1.4
+     * @spec JSR-51
+     */
+    public String getEncoding() {
+        return se.getEncoding();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the output buffer to the underlying byte stream, without flushing
+     * the byte stream itself.  This method is non-private only so that it may
+     * be invoked by PrintStream.
+     */
+    void flushBuffer() throws IOException {
+        se.flushBuffer();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a single character.
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(int c) throws IOException {
+        se.write(c);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a portion of an array of characters.
+     *
+     * @param  cbuf  Buffer of characters
+     * @param  off   Offset from which to start writing characters
+     * @param  len   Number of characters to write
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(char cbuf[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
+        se.write(cbuf, off, len);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a portion of a string.
+     *
+     * @param  str  A String
+     * @param  off  Offset from which to start writing characters
+     * @param  len  Number of characters to write
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(String str, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+        se.write(str, off, len);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the stream.
+     *
+     * @exception  IOException  If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void flush() throws IOException {
+        se.flush();
+    }
+
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        se.close();
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/PrintStream.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/PrintStream.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1129 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+import java.util.Formatter;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException;
+import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
+
+/**
+ * A <code>PrintStream</code> adds functionality to another output stream,
+ * namely the ability to print representations of various data values
+ * conveniently.  Two other features are provided as well.  Unlike other output
+ * streams, a <code>PrintStream</code> never throws an
+ * <code>IOException</code>; instead, exceptional situations merely set an
+ * internal flag that can be tested via the <code>checkError</code> method.
+ * Optionally, a <code>PrintStream</code> can be created so as to flush
+ * automatically; this means that the <code>flush</code> method is
+ * automatically invoked after a byte array is written, one of the
+ * <code>println</code> methods is invoked, or a newline character or byte
+ * (<code>'\n'</code>) is written.
+ *
+ * <p> All characters printed by a <code>PrintStream</code> are converted into
+ * bytes using the platform's default character encoding.  The <code>{@link
+ * PrintWriter}</code> class should be used in situations that require writing
+ * characters rather than bytes.
+ *
+ * @author     Frank Yellin
+ * @author     Mark Reinhold
+ * @since      JDK1.0
+ */
+
+public class PrintStream extends FilterOutputStream
+    implements Appendable, Closeable
+{
+
+    private final boolean autoFlush;
+    private boolean trouble = false;
+    private Formatter formatter;
+
+    /**
+     * Track both the text- and character-output streams, so that their buffers
+     * can be flushed without flushing the entire stream.
+     */
+    private BufferedWriter textOut;
+    private OutputStreamWriter charOut;
+
+    /**
+     * requireNonNull is explicitly declared here so as not to create an extra
+     * dependency on java.util.Objects.requireNonNull. PrintStream is loaded
+     * early during system initialization.
+     */
+    private static <T> T requireNonNull(T obj, String message) {
+        if (obj == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException(message);
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a charset object for the given charset name.
+     * @throws NullPointerException          is csn is null
+     * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException  if the charset is not supported
+     */
+    private static Charset toCharset(String csn)
+        throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        requireNonNull(csn, "charsetName");
+        try {
+            return Charset.forName(csn);
+        } catch (IllegalCharsetNameException|UnsupportedCharsetException unused) {
+            // UnsupportedEncodingException should be thrown
+            throw new UnsupportedEncodingException(csn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Private constructors */
+    private PrintStream(boolean autoFlush, OutputStream out) {
+        super(out);
+        this.autoFlush = autoFlush;
+        this.charOut = new OutputStreamWriter(this);
+        this.textOut = new BufferedWriter(charOut);
+    }
+
+    private PrintStream(boolean autoFlush, OutputStream out, Charset charset) {
+        super(out);
+        this.autoFlush = autoFlush;
+        this.charOut = new OutputStreamWriter(this, charset);
+        this.textOut = new BufferedWriter(charOut);
+    }
+
+    /* Variant of the private constructor so that the given charset name
+     * can be verified before evaluating the OutputStream argument. Used
+     * by constructors creating a FileOutputStream that also take a
+     * charset name.
+     */
+    private PrintStream(boolean autoFlush, Charset charset, OutputStream out)
+        throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        this(autoFlush, out, charset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new print stream.  This stream will not flush automatically.
+     *
+     * @param  out        The output stream to which values and objects will be
+     *                    printed
+     *
+     * @see java.io.PrintWriter#PrintWriter(java.io.OutputStream)
+     */
+    public PrintStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this(out, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new print stream.
+     *
+     * @param  out        The output stream to which values and objects will be
+     *                    printed
+     * @param  autoFlush  A boolean; if true, the output buffer will be flushed
+     *                    whenever a byte array is written, one of the
+     *                    <code>println</code> methods is invoked, or a newline
+     *                    character or byte (<code>'\n'</code>) is written
+     *
+     * @see java.io.PrintWriter#PrintWriter(java.io.OutputStream, boolean)
+     */
+    public PrintStream(OutputStream out, boolean autoFlush) {
+        this(autoFlush, requireNonNull(out, "Null output stream"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new print stream.
+     *
+     * @param  out        The output stream to which values and objects will be
+     *                    printed
+     * @param  autoFlush  A boolean; if true, the output buffer will be flushed
+     *                    whenever a byte array is written, one of the
+     *                    <code>println</code> methods is invoked, or a newline
+     *                    character or byte (<code>'\n'</code>) is written
+     * @param  encoding   The name of a supported
+     *                    <a href="../lang/package-summary.html#charenc">
+     *                    character encoding</a>
+     *
+     * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
+     *          If the named encoding is not supported
+     *
+     * @since  1.4
+     */
+    public PrintStream(OutputStream out, boolean autoFlush, String encoding)
+        throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        this(autoFlush,
+             requireNonNull(out, "Null output stream"),
+             toCharset(encoding));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new print stream, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file name.  This convenience constructor creates
+     * the necessary intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter
+     * OutputStreamWriter}, which will encode characters using the
+     * {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset#defaultCharset() default charset}
+     * for this instance of the Java virtual machine.
+     *
+     * @param  fileName
+     *         The name of the file to use as the destination of this print
+     *         stream.  If the file exists, then it will be truncated to
+     *         zero size; otherwise, a new file will be created.  The output
+     *         will be written to the file and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(fileName)} denies write
+     *          access to the file
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        this(false, new FileOutputStream(fileName));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new print stream, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file name and charset.  This convenience constructor creates
+     * the necessary intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter
+     * OutputStreamWriter}, which will encode characters using the provided
+     * charset.
+     *
+     * @param  fileName
+     *         The name of the file to use as the destination of this print
+     *         stream.  If the file exists, then it will be truncated to
+     *         zero size; otherwise, a new file will be created.  The output
+     *         will be written to the file and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @param  csn
+     *         The name of a supported {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
+     *         charset}
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(fileName)} denies write
+     *          access to the file
+     *
+     * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
+     *          If the named charset is not supported
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream(String fileName, String csn)
+        throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        // ensure charset is checked before the file is opened
+        this(false, toCharset(csn), new FileOutputStream(fileName));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new print stream, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file.  This convenience constructor creates the necessary
+     * intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter OutputStreamWriter},
+     * which will encode characters using the {@linkplain
+     * java.nio.charset.Charset#defaultCharset() default charset} for this
+     * instance of the Java virtual machine.
+     *
+     * @param  file
+     *         The file to use as the destination of this print stream.  If the
+     *         file exists, then it will be truncated to zero size; otherwise,
+     *         a new file will be created.  The output will be written to the
+     *         file and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(file.getPath())}
+     *          denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream(File file) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        this(false, new FileOutputStream(file));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new print stream, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file and charset.  This convenience constructor creates
+     * the necessary intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter
+     * OutputStreamWriter}, which will encode characters using the provided
+     * charset.
+     *
+     * @param  file
+     *         The file to use as the destination of this print stream.  If the
+     *         file exists, then it will be truncated to zero size; otherwise,
+     *         a new file will be created.  The output will be written to the
+     *         file and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @param  csn
+     *         The name of a supported {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
+     *         charset}
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is presentand {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(file.getPath())}
+     *          denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
+     *          If the named charset is not supported
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream(File file, String csn)
+        throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        // ensure charset is checked before the file is opened
+        this(false, toCharset(csn), new FileOutputStream(file));
+    }
+
+    /** Check to make sure that the stream has not been closed */
+    private void ensureOpen() throws IOException {
+        if (out == null)
+            throw new IOException("Stream closed");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the stream.  This is done by writing any buffered output bytes to
+     * the underlying output stream and then flushing that stream.
+     *
+     * @see        java.io.OutputStream#flush()
+     */
+    public void flush() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            try {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.flush();
+            }
+            catch (IOException x) {
+                trouble = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean closing = false; /* To avoid recursive closing */
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the stream.  This is done by flushing the stream and then closing
+     * the underlying output stream.
+     *
+     * @see        java.io.OutputStream#close()
+     */
+    public void close() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (! closing) {
+                closing = true;
+                try {
+                    textOut.close();
+                    out.close();
+                }
+                catch (IOException x) {
+                    trouble = true;
+                }
+                textOut = null;
+                charOut = null;
+                out = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the stream and checks its error state. The internal error state
+     * is set to <code>true</code> when the underlying output stream throws an
+     * <code>IOException</code> other than <code>InterruptedIOException</code>,
+     * and when the <code>setError</code> method is invoked.  If an operation
+     * on the underlying output stream throws an
+     * <code>InterruptedIOException</code>, then the <code>PrintStream</code>
+     * converts the exception back into an interrupt by doing:
+     * <pre>
+     *     Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+     * </pre>
+     * or the equivalent.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if and only if this stream has encountered an
+     *         <code>IOException</code> other than
+     *         <code>InterruptedIOException</code>, or the
+     *         <code>setError</code> method has been invoked
+     */
+    public boolean checkError() {
+        if (out != null)
+            flush();
+        if (out instanceof java.io.PrintStream) {
+            PrintStream ps = (PrintStream) out;
+            return ps.checkError();
+        }
+        return trouble;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the error state of the stream to <code>true</code>.
+     *
+     * <p> This method will cause subsequent invocations of {@link
+     * #checkError()} to return <tt>true</tt> until {@link
+     * #clearError()} is invoked.
+     *
+     * @since JDK1.1
+     */
+    protected void setError() {
+        trouble = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the internal error state of this stream.
+     *
+     * <p> This method will cause subsequent invocations of {@link
+     * #checkError()} to return <tt>false</tt> until another write
+     * operation fails and invokes {@link #setError()}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    protected void clearError() {
+        trouble = false;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Exception-catching, synchronized output operations,
+     * which also implement the write() methods of OutputStream
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the specified byte to this stream.  If the byte is a newline and
+     * automatic flushing is enabled then the <code>flush</code> method will be
+     * invoked.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that the byte is written as given; to write a character that
+     * will be translated according to the platform's default character
+     * encoding, use the <code>print(char)</code> or <code>println(char)</code>
+     * methods.
+     *
+     * @param  b  The byte to be written
+     * @see #print(char)
+     * @see #println(char)
+     */
+    public void write(int b) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.write(b);
+                if ((b == '\n') && autoFlush)
+                    out.flush();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified byte array starting at
+     * offset <code>off</code> to this stream.  If automatic flushing is
+     * enabled then the <code>flush</code> method will be invoked.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that the bytes will be written as given; to write characters
+     * that will be translated according to the platform's default character
+     * encoding, use the <code>print(char)</code> or <code>println(char)</code>
+     * methods.
+     *
+     * @param  buf   A byte array
+     * @param  off   Offset from which to start taking bytes
+     * @param  len   Number of bytes to write
+     */
+    public void write(byte buf[], int off, int len) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.write(buf, off, len);
+                if (autoFlush)
+                    out.flush();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The following private methods on the text- and character-output streams
+     * always flush the stream buffers, so that writes to the underlying byte
+     * stream occur as promptly as with the original PrintStream.
+     */
+
+    private void write(char buf[]) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                textOut.write(buf);
+                textOut.flushBuffer();
+                charOut.flushBuffer();
+                if (autoFlush) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < buf.length; i++)
+                        if (buf[i] == '\n')
+                            out.flush();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void write(String s) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                textOut.write(s);
+                textOut.flushBuffer();
+                charOut.flushBuffer();
+                if (autoFlush && (s.indexOf('\n') >= 0))
+                    out.flush();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void newLine() {
+        try {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                textOut.newLine();
+                textOut.flushBuffer();
+                charOut.flushBuffer();
+                if (autoFlush)
+                    out.flush();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Methods that do not terminate lines */
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a boolean value.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(boolean)}</code> is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      b   The <code>boolean</code> to be printed
+     */
+    public void print(boolean b) {
+        write(b ? "true" : "false");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a character.  The character is translated into one or more bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      c   The <code>char</code> to be printed
+     */
+    public void print(char c) {
+        write(String.valueOf(c));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an integer.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(int)}</code> is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      i   The <code>int</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Integer#toString(int)
+     */
+    public void print(int i) {
+        write(String.valueOf(i));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a long integer.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(long)}</code> is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      l   The <code>long</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Long#toString(long)
+     */
+    public void print(long l) {
+        write(String.valueOf(l));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a floating-point number.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(float)}</code> is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      f   The <code>float</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Float#toString(float)
+     */
+    public void print(float f) {
+        write(String.valueOf(f));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a double-precision floating-point number.  The string produced by
+     * <code>{@link java.lang.String#valueOf(double)}</code> is translated into
+     * bytes according to the platform's default character encoding, and these
+     * bytes are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link
+     * #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      d   The <code>double</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Double#toString(double)
+     */
+    public void print(double d) {
+        write(String.valueOf(d));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an array of characters.  The characters are converted into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      s   The array of chars to be printed
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException  If <code>s</code> is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public void print(char s[]) {
+        write(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a string.  If the argument is <code>null</code> then the string
+     * <code>"null"</code> is printed.  Otherwise, the string's characters are
+     * converted into bytes according to the platform's default character
+     * encoding, and these bytes are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      s   The <code>String</code> to be printed
+     */
+    public void print(String s) {
+        if (s == null) {
+            s = "null";
+        }
+        write(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an object.  The string produced by the <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(Object)}</code> method is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      obj   The <code>Object</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Object#toString()
+     */
+    public void print(Object obj) {
+        write(String.valueOf(obj));
+    }
+
+
+    /* Methods that do terminate lines */
+
+    /**
+     * Terminates the current line by writing the line separator string.  The
+     * line separator string is defined by the system property
+     * <code>line.separator</code>, and is not necessarily a single newline
+     * character (<code>'\n'</code>).
+     */
+    public void println() {
+        newLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a boolean and then terminate the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(boolean)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>boolean</code> to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(boolean x) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a character and then terminate the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(char)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>char</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(char x) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an integer and then terminate the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(int)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>int</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(int x) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a long and then terminate the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(long)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  a The <code>long</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(long x) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a float and then terminate the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(float)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>float</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(float x) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a double and then terminate the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(double)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>double</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(double x) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an array of characters and then terminate the line.  This method
+     * behaves as though it invokes <code>{@link #print(char[])}</code> and
+     * then <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  an array of chars to print.
+     */
+    public void println(char x[]) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a String and then terminate the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(String)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>String</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(String x) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(x);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an Object and then terminate the line.  This method calls
+     * at first String.valueOf(x) to get the printed object's string value,
+     * then behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(String)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>Object</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(Object x) {
+        String s = String.valueOf(x);
+        synchronized (this) {
+            print(s);
+            newLine();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to write a formatted string to this output stream
+     * using the specified format string and arguments.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.printf(format,
+     * args)</tt> behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.format(format, args) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This output stream
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream printf(String format, Object ... args) {
+        return format(format, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to write a formatted string to this output stream
+     * using the specified format string and arguments.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.printf(l, format,
+     * args)</tt> behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.format(l, format, args) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  l
+     *         The {@linkplain java.util.Locale locale} to apply during
+     *         formatting.  If <tt>l</tt> is <tt>null</tt> then no localization
+     *         is applied.
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This output stream
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream printf(Locale l, String format, Object ... args) {
+        return format(l, format, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a formatted string to this output stream using the specified
+     * format string and arguments.
+     *
+     * <p> The locale always used is the one returned by {@link
+     * java.util.Locale#getDefault() Locale.getDefault()}, regardless of any
+     * previous invocations of other formatting methods on this object.
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This output stream
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream format(String format, Object ... args) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                if ((formatter == null)
+                    || (formatter.locale() != Locale.getDefault()))
+                    formatter = new Formatter((Appendable) this);
+                formatter.format(Locale.getDefault(), format, args);
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        } catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a formatted string to this output stream using the specified
+     * format string and arguments.
+     *
+     * @param  l
+     *         The {@linkplain java.util.Locale locale} to apply during
+     *         formatting.  If <tt>l</tt> is <tt>null</tt> then no localization
+     *         is applied.
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This output stream
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream format(Locale l, String format, Object ... args) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                if ((formatter == null)
+                    || (formatter.locale() != l))
+                    formatter = new Formatter(this, l);
+                formatter.format(l, format, args);
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        } catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified character sequence to this output stream.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(csq)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.print(csq.toString()) </pre>
+     *
+     * <p> Depending on the specification of <tt>toString</tt> for the
+     * character sequence <tt>csq</tt>, the entire sequence may not be
+     * appended.  For instance, invoking then <tt>toString</tt> method of a
+     * character buffer will return a subsequence whose content depends upon
+     * the buffer's position and limit.
+     *
+     * @param  csq
+     *         The character sequence to append.  If <tt>csq</tt> is
+     *         <tt>null</tt>, then the four characters <tt>"null"</tt> are
+     *         appended to this output stream.
+     *
+     * @return  This output stream
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream append(CharSequence csq) {
+        if (csq == null)
+            print("null");
+        else
+            print(csq.toString());
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this output
+     * stream.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(csq, start,
+     * end)</tt> when <tt>csq</tt> is not <tt>null</tt>, behaves in
+     * exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.print(csq.subSequence(start, end).toString()) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  csq
+     *         The character sequence from which a subsequence will be
+     *         appended.  If <tt>csq</tt> is <tt>null</tt>, then characters
+     *         will be appended as if <tt>csq</tt> contained the four
+     *         characters <tt>"null"</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param  start
+     *         The index of the first character in the subsequence
+     *
+     * @param  end
+     *         The index of the character following the last character in the
+     *         subsequence
+     *
+     * @return  This output stream
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If <tt>start</tt> or <tt>end</tt> are negative, <tt>start</tt>
+     *          is greater than <tt>end</tt>, or <tt>end</tt> is greater than
+     *          <tt>csq.length()</tt>
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream append(CharSequence csq, int start, int end) {
+        CharSequence cs = (csq == null ? "null" : csq);
+        write(cs.subSequence(start, end).toString());
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified character to this output stream.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(c)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.print(c) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  c
+     *         The 16-bit character to append
+     *
+     * @return  This output stream
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintStream append(char c) {
+        print(c);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/PrintWriter.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/PrintWriter.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1066 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Formatter;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException;
+import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
+
+/**
+ * Prints formatted representations of objects to a text-output stream.  This
+ * class implements all of the <tt>print</tt> methods found in {@link
+ * PrintStream}.  It does not contain methods for writing raw bytes, for which
+ * a program should use unencoded byte streams.
+ *
+ * <p> Unlike the {@link PrintStream} class, if automatic flushing is enabled
+ * it will be done only when one of the <tt>println</tt>, <tt>printf</tt>, or
+ * <tt>format</tt> methods is invoked, rather than whenever a newline character
+ * happens to be output.  These methods use the platform's own notion of line
+ * separator rather than the newline character.
+ *
+ * <p> Methods in this class never throw I/O exceptions, although some of its
+ * constructors may.  The client may inquire as to whether any errors have
+ * occurred by invoking {@link #checkError checkError()}.
+ *
+ * @author      Frank Yellin
+ * @author      Mark Reinhold
+ * @since       JDK1.1
+ */
+
+public class PrintWriter extends Writer {
+
+    /**
+     * The underlying character-output stream of this
+     * <code>PrintWriter</code>.
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    protected Writer out;
+
+    private final boolean autoFlush;
+    private boolean trouble = false;
+    private Formatter formatter;
+    private PrintStream psOut = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Line separator string.  This is the value of the line.separator
+     * property at the moment that the stream was created.
+     */
+    private final String lineSeparator;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a charset object for the given charset name.
+     * @throws NullPointerException          is csn is null
+     * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException  if the charset is not supported
+     */
+    private static Charset toCharset(String csn)
+        throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(csn, "charsetName");
+        try {
+            return Charset.forName(csn);
+        } catch (IllegalCharsetNameException|UnsupportedCharsetException unused) {
+            // UnsupportedEncodingException should be thrown
+            throw new UnsupportedEncodingException(csn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter, without automatic line flushing.
+     *
+     * @param  out        A character-output stream
+     */
+    public PrintWriter (Writer out) {
+        this(out, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter.
+     *
+     * @param  out        A character-output stream
+     * @param  autoFlush  A boolean; if true, the <tt>println</tt>,
+     *                    <tt>printf</tt>, or <tt>format</tt> methods will
+     *                    flush the output buffer
+     */
+    public PrintWriter(Writer out,
+                       boolean autoFlush) {
+        super(out);
+        this.out = out;
+        this.autoFlush = autoFlush;
+        lineSeparator = java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
+            new sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction("line.separator"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter, without automatic line flushing, from an
+     * existing OutputStream.  This convenience constructor creates the
+     * necessary intermediate OutputStreamWriter, which will convert characters
+     * into bytes using the default character encoding.
+     *
+     * @param  out        An output stream
+     *
+     * @see java.io.OutputStreamWriter#OutputStreamWriter(java.io.OutputStream)
+     */
+    public PrintWriter(OutputStream out) {
+        this(out, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter from an existing OutputStream.  This
+     * convenience constructor creates the necessary intermediate
+     * OutputStreamWriter, which will convert characters into bytes using the
+     * default character encoding.
+     *
+     * @param  out        An output stream
+     * @param  autoFlush  A boolean; if true, the <tt>println</tt>,
+     *                    <tt>printf</tt>, or <tt>format</tt> methods will
+     *                    flush the output buffer
+     *
+     * @see java.io.OutputStreamWriter#OutputStreamWriter(java.io.OutputStream)
+     */
+    public PrintWriter(OutputStream out, boolean autoFlush) {
+        this(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(out)), autoFlush);
+
+        // save print stream for error propagation
+        if (out instanceof java.io.PrintStream) {
+            psOut = (PrintStream) out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file name.  This convenience constructor creates the necessary
+     * intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter OutputStreamWriter},
+     * which will encode characters using the {@linkplain
+     * java.nio.charset.Charset#defaultCharset() default charset} for this
+     * instance of the Java virtual machine.
+     *
+     * @param  fileName
+     *         The name of the file to use as the destination of this writer.
+     *         If the file exists then it will be truncated to zero size;
+     *         otherwise, a new file will be created.  The output will be
+     *         written to the file and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given string does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(fileName)} denies write
+     *          access to the file
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        this(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(fileName))),
+             false);
+    }
+
+    /* Private constructor */
+    private PrintWriter(Charset charset, File file)
+        throws FileNotFoundException
+    {
+        this(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(file), charset)),
+             false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file name and charset.  This convenience constructor creates
+     * the necessary intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter
+     * OutputStreamWriter}, which will encode characters using the provided
+     * charset.
+     *
+     * @param  fileName
+     *         The name of the file to use as the destination of this writer.
+     *         If the file exists then it will be truncated to zero size;
+     *         otherwise, a new file will be created.  The output will be
+     *         written to the file and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @param  csn
+     *         The name of a supported {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
+     *         charset}
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given string does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(fileName)} denies write
+     *          access to the file
+     *
+     * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
+     *          If the named charset is not supported
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter(String fileName, String csn)
+        throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        this(toCharset(csn), new File(fileName));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file.  This convenience constructor creates the necessary
+     * intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter OutputStreamWriter},
+     * which will encode characters using the {@linkplain
+     * java.nio.charset.Charset#defaultCharset() default charset} for this
+     * instance of the Java virtual machine.
+     *
+     * @param  file
+     *         The file to use as the destination of this writer.  If the file
+     *         exists then it will be truncated to zero size; otherwise, a new
+     *         file will be created.  The output will be written to the file
+     *         and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(file.getPath())}
+     *          denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter(File file) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        this(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(file))),
+             false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PrintWriter, without automatic line flushing, with the
+     * specified file and charset.  This convenience constructor creates the
+     * necessary intermediate {@link java.io.OutputStreamWriter
+     * OutputStreamWriter}, which will encode characters using the provided
+     * charset.
+     *
+     * @param  file
+     *         The file to use as the destination of this writer.  If the file
+     *         exists then it will be truncated to zero size; otherwise, a new
+     *         file will be created.  The output will be written to the file
+     *         and is buffered.
+     *
+     * @param  csn
+     *         The name of a supported {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
+     *         charset}
+     *
+     * @throws  FileNotFoundException
+     *          If the given file object does not denote an existing, writable
+     *          regular file and a new regular file of that name cannot be
+     *          created, or if some other error occurs while opening or
+     *          creating the file
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and {@link
+     *          SecurityManager#checkWrite checkWrite(file.getPath())}
+     *          denies write access to the file
+     *
+     * @throws  UnsupportedEncodingException
+     *          If the named charset is not supported
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter(File file, String csn)
+        throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException
+    {
+        this(toCharset(csn), file);
+    }
+
+    /** Checks to make sure that the stream has not been closed */
+    private void ensureOpen() throws IOException {
+        if (out == null)
+            throw new IOException("Stream closed");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the stream.
+     * @see #checkError()
+     */
+    public void flush() {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.flush();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the stream and releases any system resources associated
+     * with it. Closing a previously closed stream has no effect.
+     *
+     * @see #checkError()
+     */
+    public void close() {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                if (out == null)
+                    return;
+                out.close();
+                out = null;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the stream if it's not closed and checks its error state.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the print stream has encountered an error,
+     *          either on the underlying output stream or during a format
+     *          conversion.
+     */
+    public boolean checkError() {
+        if (out != null) {
+            flush();
+        }
+        if (out instanceof java.io.PrintWriter) {
+            PrintWriter pw = (PrintWriter) out;
+            return pw.checkError();
+        } else if (psOut != null) {
+            return psOut.checkError();
+        }
+        return trouble;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates that an error has occurred.
+     *
+     * <p> This method will cause subsequent invocations of {@link
+     * #checkError()} to return <tt>true</tt> until {@link
+     * #clearError()} is invoked.
+     */
+    protected void setError() {
+        trouble = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the error state of this stream.
+     *
+     * <p> This method will cause subsequent invocations of {@link
+     * #checkError()} to return <tt>false</tt> until another write
+     * operation fails and invokes {@link #setError()}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    protected void clearError() {
+        trouble = false;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Exception-catching, synchronized output operations,
+     * which also implement the write() methods of Writer
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a single character.
+     * @param c int specifying a character to be written.
+     */
+    public void write(int c) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.write(c);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes A Portion of an array of characters.
+     * @param buf Array of characters
+     * @param off Offset from which to start writing characters
+     * @param len Number of characters to write
+     */
+    public void write(char buf[], int off, int len) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.write(buf, off, len);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes an array of characters.  This method cannot be inherited from the
+     * Writer class because it must suppress I/O exceptions.
+     * @param buf Array of characters to be written
+     */
+    public void write(char buf[]) {
+        write(buf, 0, buf.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a portion of a string.
+     * @param s A String
+     * @param off Offset from which to start writing characters
+     * @param len Number of characters to write
+     */
+    public void write(String s, int off, int len) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.write(s, off, len);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a string.  This method cannot be inherited from the Writer class
+     * because it must suppress I/O exceptions.
+     * @param s String to be written
+     */
+    public void write(String s) {
+        write(s, 0, s.length());
+    }
+
+    private void newLine() {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                out.write(lineSeparator);
+                if (autoFlush)
+                    out.flush();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Methods that do not terminate lines */
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a boolean value.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(boolean)}</code> is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link
+     * #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      b   The <code>boolean</code> to be printed
+     */
+    public void print(boolean b) {
+        write(b ? "true" : "false");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a character.  The character is translated into one or more bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link
+     * #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      c   The <code>char</code> to be printed
+     */
+    public void print(char c) {
+        write(c);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an integer.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(int)}</code> is translated into bytes according
+     * to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes are
+     * written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link #write(int)}</code>
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param      i   The <code>int</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Integer#toString(int)
+     */
+    public void print(int i) {
+        write(String.valueOf(i));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a long integer.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(long)}</code> is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link #write(int)}</code>
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param      l   The <code>long</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Long#toString(long)
+     */
+    public void print(long l) {
+        write(String.valueOf(l));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a floating-point number.  The string produced by <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(float)}</code> is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link #write(int)}</code>
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param      f   The <code>float</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Float#toString(float)
+     */
+    public void print(float f) {
+        write(String.valueOf(f));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a double-precision floating-point number.  The string produced by
+     * <code>{@link java.lang.String#valueOf(double)}</code> is translated into
+     * bytes according to the platform's default character encoding, and these
+     * bytes are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link
+     * #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      d   The <code>double</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Double#toString(double)
+     */
+    public void print(double d) {
+        write(String.valueOf(d));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an array of characters.  The characters are converted into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link #write(int)}</code>
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param      s   The array of chars to be printed
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException  If <code>s</code> is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public void print(char s[]) {
+        write(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a string.  If the argument is <code>null</code> then the string
+     * <code>"null"</code> is printed.  Otherwise, the string's characters are
+     * converted into bytes according to the platform's default character
+     * encoding, and these bytes are written in exactly the manner of the
+     * <code>{@link #write(int)}</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      s   The <code>String</code> to be printed
+     */
+    public void print(String s) {
+        if (s == null) {
+            s = "null";
+        }
+        write(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an object.  The string produced by the <code>{@link
+     * java.lang.String#valueOf(Object)}</code> method is translated into bytes
+     * according to the platform's default character encoding, and these bytes
+     * are written in exactly the manner of the <code>{@link #write(int)}</code>
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param      obj   The <code>Object</code> to be printed
+     * @see        java.lang.Object#toString()
+     */
+    public void print(Object obj) {
+        write(String.valueOf(obj));
+    }
+
+    /* Methods that do terminate lines */
+
+    /**
+     * Terminates the current line by writing the line separator string.  The
+     * line separator string is defined by the system property
+     * <code>line.separator</code>, and is not necessarily a single newline
+     * character (<code>'\n'</code>).
+     */
+    public void println() {
+        newLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a boolean value and then terminates the line.  This method behaves
+     * as though it invokes <code>{@link #print(boolean)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the <code>boolean</code> value to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(boolean x) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a character and then terminates the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(char)}</code> and then <code>{@link
+     * #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the <code>char</code> value to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(char x) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an integer and then terminates the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(int)}</code> and then <code>{@link
+     * #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the <code>int</code> value to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(int x) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a long integer and then terminates the line.  This method behaves
+     * as though it invokes <code>{@link #print(long)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the <code>long</code> value to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(long x) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a floating-point number and then terminates the line.  This method
+     * behaves as though it invokes <code>{@link #print(float)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the <code>float</code> value to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(float x) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a double-precision floating-point number and then terminates the
+     * line.  This method behaves as though it invokes <code>{@link
+     * #print(double)}</code> and then <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the <code>double</code> value to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(double x) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an array of characters and then terminates the line.  This method
+     * behaves as though it invokes <code>{@link #print(char[])}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the array of <code>char</code> values to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(char x[]) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a String and then terminates the line.  This method behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(String)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x the <code>String</code> value to be printed
+     */
+    public void println(String x) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(x);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints an Object and then terminates the line.  This method calls
+     * at first String.valueOf(x) to get the printed object's string value,
+     * then behaves as
+     * though it invokes <code>{@link #print(String)}</code> and then
+     * <code>{@link #println()}</code>.
+     *
+     * @param x  The <code>Object</code> to be printed.
+     */
+    public void println(Object x) {
+        String s = String.valueOf(x);
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            print(s);
+            println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to write a formatted string to this writer using
+     * the specified format string and arguments.  If automatic flushing is
+     * enabled, calls to this method will flush the output buffer.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.printf(format,
+     * args)</tt> behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.format(format, args) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter printf(String format, Object ... args) {
+        return format(format, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to write a formatted string to this writer using
+     * the specified format string and arguments.  If automatic flushing is
+     * enabled, calls to this method will flush the output buffer.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.printf(l, format,
+     * args)</tt> behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.format(l, format, args) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  l
+     *         The {@linkplain java.util.Locale locale} to apply during
+     *         formatting.  If <tt>l</tt> is <tt>null</tt> then no localization
+     *         is applied.
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter printf(Locale l, String format, Object ... args) {
+        return format(l, format, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a formatted string to this writer using the specified format
+     * string and arguments.  If automatic flushing is enabled, calls to this
+     * method will flush the output buffer.
+     *
+     * <p> The locale always used is the one returned by {@link
+     * java.util.Locale#getDefault() Locale.getDefault()}, regardless of any
+     * previous invocations of other formatting methods on this object.
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          Formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter format(String format, Object ... args) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                if ((formatter == null)
+                    || (formatter.locale() != Locale.getDefault()))
+                    formatter = new Formatter(this);
+                formatter.format(Locale.getDefault(), format, args);
+                if (autoFlush)
+                    out.flush();
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        } catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a formatted string to this writer using the specified format
+     * string and arguments.  If automatic flushing is enabled, calls to this
+     * method will flush the output buffer.
+     *
+     * @param  l
+     *         The {@linkplain java.util.Locale locale} to apply during
+     *         formatting.  If <tt>l</tt> is <tt>null</tt> then no localization
+     *         is applied.
+     *
+     * @param  format
+     *         A format string as described in <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">Format string syntax</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  args
+     *         Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
+     *         string.  If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
+     *         extra arguments are ignored.  The number of arguments is
+     *         variable and may be zero.  The maximum number of arguments is
+     *         limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
+     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
+     *         The behaviour on a
+     *         <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
+     *         href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalFormatException
+     *          If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
+     *          specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
+     *          insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
+     *          illegal conditions.  For specification of all possible
+     *          formatting errors, see the <a
+     *          href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
+     *          formatter class specification.
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter format(Locale l, String format, Object ... args) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                ensureOpen();
+                if ((formatter == null) || (formatter.locale() != l))
+                    formatter = new Formatter(this, l);
+                formatter.format(l, format, args);
+                if (autoFlush)
+                    out.flush();
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedIOException x) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        } catch (IOException x) {
+            trouble = true;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(csq)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.write(csq.toString()) </pre>
+     *
+     * <p> Depending on the specification of <tt>toString</tt> for the
+     * character sequence <tt>csq</tt>, the entire sequence may not be
+     * appended. For instance, invoking the <tt>toString</tt> method of a
+     * character buffer will return a subsequence whose content depends upon
+     * the buffer's position and limit.
+     *
+     * @param  csq
+     *         The character sequence to append.  If <tt>csq</tt> is
+     *         <tt>null</tt>, then the four characters <tt>"null"</tt> are
+     *         appended to this writer.
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter append(CharSequence csq) {
+        if (csq == null)
+            write("null");
+        else
+            write(csq.toString());
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(csq, start,
+     * end)</tt> when <tt>csq</tt> is not <tt>null</tt>, behaves in
+     * exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.write(csq.subSequence(start, end).toString()) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  csq
+     *         The character sequence from which a subsequence will be
+     *         appended.  If <tt>csq</tt> is <tt>null</tt>, then characters
+     *         will be appended as if <tt>csq</tt> contained the four
+     *         characters <tt>"null"</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param  start
+     *         The index of the first character in the subsequence
+     *
+     * @param  end
+     *         The index of the character following the last character in the
+     *         subsequence
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If <tt>start</tt> or <tt>end</tt> are negative, <tt>start</tt>
+     *          is greater than <tt>end</tt>, or <tt>end</tt> is greater than
+     *          <tt>csq.length()</tt>
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter append(CharSequence csq, int start, int end) {
+        CharSequence cs = (csq == null ? "null" : csq);
+        write(cs.subSequence(start, end).toString());
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified character to this writer.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(c)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.write(c) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  c
+     *         The 16-bit character to append
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public PrintWriter append(char c) {
+        write(c);
+        return this;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/Writer.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/io/Writer.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2005, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.io;
+
+
+/**
+ * Abstract class for writing to character streams.  The only methods that a
+ * subclass must implement are write(char[], int, int), flush(), and close().
+ * Most subclasses, however, will override some of the methods defined here in
+ * order to provide higher efficiency, additional functionality, or both.
+ *
+ * @see Writer
+ * @see   BufferedWriter
+ * @see   CharArrayWriter
+ * @see   FilterWriter
+ * @see   OutputStreamWriter
+ * @see     FileWriter
+ * @see   PipedWriter
+ * @see   PrintWriter
+ * @see   StringWriter
+ * @see Reader
+ *
+ * @author      Mark Reinhold
+ * @since       JDK1.1
+ */
+
+public abstract class Writer implements Appendable, Closeable, Flushable {
+
+    /**
+     * Temporary buffer used to hold writes of strings and single characters
+     */
+    private char[] writeBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Size of writeBuffer, must be >= 1
+     */
+    private final int writeBufferSize = 1024;
+
+    /**
+     * The object used to synchronize operations on this stream.  For
+     * efficiency, a character-stream object may use an object other than
+     * itself to protect critical sections.  A subclass should therefore use
+     * the object in this field rather than <tt>this</tt> or a synchronized
+     * method.
+     */
+    protected Object lock;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will
+     * synchronize on the writer itself.
+     */
+    protected Writer() {
+        this.lock = this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will
+     * synchronize on the given object.
+     *
+     * @param  lock
+     *         Object to synchronize on
+     */
+    protected Writer(Object lock) {
+        if (lock == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        this.lock = lock;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a single character.  The character to be written is contained in
+     * the 16 low-order bits of the given integer value; the 16 high-order bits
+     * are ignored.
+     *
+     * <p> Subclasses that intend to support efficient single-character output
+     * should override this method.
+     *
+     * @param  c
+     *         int specifying a character to be written
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(int c) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (writeBuffer == null){
+                writeBuffer = new char[writeBufferSize];
+            }
+            writeBuffer[0] = (char) c;
+            write(writeBuffer, 0, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes an array of characters.
+     *
+     * @param  cbuf
+     *         Array of characters to be written
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(char cbuf[]) throws IOException {
+        write(cbuf, 0, cbuf.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a portion of an array of characters.
+     *
+     * @param  cbuf
+     *         Array of characters
+     *
+     * @param  off
+     *         Offset from which to start writing characters
+     *
+     * @param  len
+     *         Number of characters to write
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    abstract public void write(char cbuf[], int off, int len) throws IOException;
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a string.
+     *
+     * @param  str
+     *         String to be written
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(String str) throws IOException {
+        write(str, 0, str.length());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a portion of a string.
+     *
+     * @param  str
+     *         A String
+     *
+     * @param  off
+     *         Offset from which to start writing characters
+     *
+     * @param  len
+     *         Number of characters to write
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If <tt>off</tt> is negative, or <tt>len</tt> is negative,
+     *          or <tt>off+len</tt> is negative or greater than the length
+     *          of the given string
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    public void write(String str, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            char cbuf[];
+            if (len <= writeBufferSize) {
+                if (writeBuffer == null) {
+                    writeBuffer = new char[writeBufferSize];
+                }
+                cbuf = writeBuffer;
+            } else {    // Don't permanently allocate very large buffers.
+                cbuf = new char[len];
+            }
+            str.getChars(off, (off + len), cbuf, 0);
+            write(cbuf, 0, len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(csq)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.write(csq.toString()) </pre>
+     *
+     * <p> Depending on the specification of <tt>toString</tt> for the
+     * character sequence <tt>csq</tt>, the entire sequence may not be
+     * appended. For instance, invoking the <tt>toString</tt> method of a
+     * character buffer will return a subsequence whose content depends upon
+     * the buffer's position and limit.
+     *
+     * @param  csq
+     *         The character sequence to append.  If <tt>csq</tt> is
+     *         <tt>null</tt>, then the four characters <tt>"null"</tt> are
+     *         appended to this writer.
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public Writer append(CharSequence csq) throws IOException {
+        if (csq == null)
+            write("null");
+        else
+            write(csq.toString());
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer.
+     * <tt>Appendable</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(csq, start,
+     * end)</tt> when <tt>csq</tt> is not <tt>null</tt> behaves in exactly the
+     * same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.write(csq.subSequence(start, end).toString()) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  csq
+     *         The character sequence from which a subsequence will be
+     *         appended.  If <tt>csq</tt> is <tt>null</tt>, then characters
+     *         will be appended as if <tt>csq</tt> contained the four
+     *         characters <tt>"null"</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param  start
+     *         The index of the first character in the subsequence
+     *
+     * @param  end
+     *         The index of the character following the last character in the
+     *         subsequence
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If <tt>start</tt> or <tt>end</tt> are negative, <tt>start</tt>
+     *          is greater than <tt>end</tt>, or <tt>end</tt> is greater than
+     *          <tt>csq.length()</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public Writer append(CharSequence csq, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+        CharSequence cs = (csq == null ? "null" : csq);
+        write(cs.subSequence(start, end).toString());
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified character to this writer.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form <tt>out.append(c)</tt>
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     *     out.write(c) </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  c
+     *         The 16-bit character to append
+     *
+     * @return  This writer
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Writer append(char c) throws IOException {
+        write(c);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes the stream.  If the stream has saved any characters from the
+     * various write() methods in a buffer, write them immediately to their
+     * intended destination.  Then, if that destination is another character or
+     * byte stream, flush it.  Thus one flush() invocation will flush all the
+     * buffers in a chain of Writers and OutputStreams.
+     *
+     * <p> If the intended destination of this stream is an abstraction provided
+     * by the underlying operating system, for example a file, then flushing the
+     * stream guarantees only that bytes previously written to the stream are
+     * passed to the operating system for writing; it does not guarantee that
+     * they are actually written to a physical device such as a disk drive.
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    abstract public void flush() throws IOException;
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the stream, flushing it first. Once the stream has been closed,
+     * further write() or flush() invocations will cause an IOException to be
+     * thrown. Closing a previously closed stream has no effect.
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     */
+    abstract public void close() throws IOException;
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/lang/StackOverflowError.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/lang/StackOverflowError.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2008, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown when a stack overflow occurs because an application
+ * recurses too deeply.
+ *
+ * @author unascribed
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+public
+class StackOverflowError extends VirtualMachineError {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8609175038441759607L;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a <code>StackOverflowError</code> with no detail message.
+     */
+    public StackOverflowError() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a <code>StackOverflowError</code> with the specified
+     * detail message.
+     *
+     * @param   s   the detail message.
+     */
+    public StackOverflowError(String s) {
+        super(s);
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/lang/System.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/lang/System.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1206 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+package java.lang;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.PropertyPermission;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.security.AllPermission;
+import java.nio.channels.Channel;
+import java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider;
+import sun.nio.ch.Interruptible;
+import sun.reflect.Reflection;
+import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
+import sun.reflect.annotation.AnnotationType;
+
+/**
+ * The <code>System</code> class contains several useful class fields
+ * and methods. It cannot be instantiated.
+ *
+ * <p>Among the facilities provided by the <code>System</code> class
+ * are standard input, standard output, and error output streams;
+ * access to externally defined properties and environment
+ * variables; a means of loading files and libraries; and a utility
+ * method for quickly copying a portion of an array.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+public final class System {
+
+    /* register the natives via the static initializer.
+     *
+     * VM will invoke the initializeSystemClass method to complete
+     * the initialization for this class separated from clinit.
+     * Note that to use properties set by the VM, see the constraints
+     * described in the initializeSystemClass method.
+     */
+    private static native void registerNatives();
+    static {
+        registerNatives();
+    }
+
+    /** Don't let anyone instantiate this class */
+    private System() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The "standard" input stream. This stream is already
+     * open and ready to supply input data. Typically this stream
+     * corresponds to keyboard input or another input source specified by
+     * the host environment or user.
+     */
+    public final static InputStream in = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The "standard" output stream. This stream is already
+     * open and ready to accept output data. Typically this stream
+     * corresponds to display output or another output destination
+     * specified by the host environment or user.
+     * <p>
+     * For simple stand-alone Java applications, a typical way to write
+     * a line of output data is:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     *     System.out.println(data)
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     * <p>
+     * See the <code>println</code> methods in class <code>PrintStream</code>.
+     *
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println()
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(boolean)
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(char)
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(char[])
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(double)
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(float)
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(int)
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(long)
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(java.lang.Object)
+     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public final static PrintStream out = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The "standard" error output stream. This stream is already
+     * open and ready to accept output data.
+     * <p>
+     * Typically this stream corresponds to display output or another
+     * output destination specified by the host environment or user. By
+     * convention, this output stream is used to display error messages
+     * or other information that should come to the immediate attention
+     * of a user even if the principal output stream, the value of the
+     * variable <code>out</code>, has been redirected to a file or other
+     * destination that is typically not continuously monitored.
+     */
+    public final static PrintStream err = null;
+
+    /* The security manager for the system.
+     */
+    private static volatile SecurityManager security = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Reassigns the "standard" input stream.
+     *
+     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
+     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
+     *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" input stream.
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * @param in the new standard input stream.
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its
+     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     *        reassigning of the standard input stream.
+     *
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
+     *
+     * @since   JDK1.1
+     */
+    public static void setIn(InputStream in) {
+        checkIO();
+        setIn0(in);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reassigns the "standard" output stream.
+     *
+     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
+     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
+     *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" output stream.
+     *
+     * @param out the new standard output stream
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its
+     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     *        reassigning of the standard output stream.
+     *
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
+     *
+     * @since   JDK1.1
+     */
+    public static void setOut(PrintStream out) {
+        checkIO();
+        setOut0(out);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reassigns the "standard" error output stream.
+     *
+     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
+     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
+     *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" error output stream.
+     *
+     * @param err the new standard error output stream.
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its
+     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     *        reassigning of the standard error output stream.
+     *
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
+     *
+     * @since   JDK1.1
+     */
+    public static void setErr(PrintStream err) {
+        checkIO();
+        setErr0(err);
+    }
+
+    private static volatile Console cons = null;
+    /**
+     * Returns the unique {@link java.io.Console Console} object associated
+     * with the current Java virtual machine, if any.
+     *
+     * @return  The system console, if any, otherwise <tt>null</tt>.
+     *
+     * @since   1.6
+     */
+     public static Console console() {
+         if (cons == null) {
+             synchronized (System.class) {
+                 cons = sun.misc.SharedSecrets.getJavaIOAccess().console();
+             }
+         }
+         return cons;
+     }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the channel inherited from the entity that created this
+     * Java virtual machine.
+     *
+     * <p> This method returns the channel obtained by invoking the
+     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider#inheritedChannel
+     * inheritedChannel} method of the system-wide default
+     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider} object. </p>
+     *
+     * <p> In addition to the network-oriented channels described in
+     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider#inheritedChannel
+     * inheritedChannel}, this method may return other kinds of
+     * channels in the future.
+     *
+     * @return  The inherited channel, if any, otherwise <tt>null</tt>.
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If an I/O error occurs
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager is present and it does not
+     *          permit access to the channel.
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static Channel inheritedChannel() throws IOException {
+        return SelectorProvider.provider().inheritedChannel();
+    }
+
+    private static void checkIO() {
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setIO"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static native void setIn0(InputStream in);
+    private static native void setOut0(PrintStream out);
+    private static native void setErr0(PrintStream err);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the System security.
+     *
+     * <p> If there is a security manager already installed, this method first
+     * calls the security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("setSecurityManager")</code>
+     * permission to ensure it's ok to replace the existing
+     * security manager.
+     * This may result in throwing a <code>SecurityException</code>.
+     *
+     * <p> Otherwise, the argument is established as the current
+     * security manager. If the argument is <code>null</code> and no
+     * security manager has been established, then no action is taken and
+     * the method simply returns.
+     *
+     * @param      s   the security manager.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the security manager has already
+     *             been set and its <code>checkPermission</code> method
+     *             doesn't allow it to be replaced.
+     * @see #getSecurityManager
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
+     */
+    public static
+    void setSecurityManager(final SecurityManager s) {
+        try {
+            s.checkPackageAccess("java.lang");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // no-op
+        }
+        setSecurityManager0(s);
+    }
+
+    private static synchronized
+    void setSecurityManager0(final SecurityManager s) {
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            // ask the currently installed security manager if we
+            // can replace it.
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission
+                                     ("setSecurityManager"));
+        }
+
+        if ((s != null) && (s.getClass().getClassLoader() != null)) {
+            // New security manager class is not on bootstrap classpath.
+            // Cause policy to get initialized before we install the new
+            // security manager, in order to prevent infinite loops when
+            // trying to initialize the policy (which usually involves
+            // accessing some security and/or system properties, which in turn
+            // calls the installed security manager's checkPermission method
+            // which will loop infinitely if there is a non-system class
+            // (in this case: the new security manager class) on the stack).
+            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
+                public Object run() {
+                    s.getClass().getProtectionDomain().implies
+                        (SecurityConstants.ALL_PERMISSION);
+                    return null;
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        security = s;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the system security interface.
+     *
+     * @return  if a security manager has already been established for the
+     *          current application, then that security manager is returned;
+     *          otherwise, <code>null</code> is returned.
+     * @see     #setSecurityManager
+     */
+    public static SecurityManager getSecurityManager() {
+        return security;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current time in milliseconds.  Note that
+     * while the unit of time of the return value is a millisecond,
+     * the granularity of the value depends on the underlying
+     * operating system and may be larger.  For example, many
+     * operating systems measure time in units of tens of
+     * milliseconds.
+     *
+     * <p> See the description of the class <code>Date</code> for
+     * a discussion of slight discrepancies that may arise between
+     * "computer time" and coordinated universal time (UTC).
+     *
+     * @return  the difference, measured in milliseconds, between
+     *          the current time and midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC.
+     * @see     java.util.Date
+     */
+    public static native long currentTimeMillis();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current value of the running Java Virtual Machine's
+     * high-resolution time source, in nanoseconds.
+     *
+     * <p>This method can only be used to measure elapsed time and is
+     * not related to any other notion of system or wall-clock time.
+     * The value returned represents nanoseconds since some fixed but
+     * arbitrary <i>origin</i> time (perhaps in the future, so values
+     * may be negative).  The same origin is used by all invocations of
+     * this method in an instance of a Java virtual machine; other
+     * virtual machine instances are likely to use a different origin.
+     *
+     * <p>This method provides nanosecond precision, but not necessarily
+     * nanosecond resolution (that is, how frequently the value changes)
+     * - no guarantees are made except that the resolution is at least as
+     * good as that of {@link #currentTimeMillis()}.
+     *
+     * <p>Differences in successive calls that span greater than
+     * approximately 292 years (2<sup>63</sup> nanoseconds) will not
+     * correctly compute elapsed time due to numerical overflow.
+     *
+     * <p>The values returned by this method become meaningful only when
+     * the difference between two such values, obtained within the same
+     * instance of a Java virtual machine, is computed.
+     *
+     * <p> For example, to measure how long some code takes to execute:
+     *  <pre> {@code
+     * long startTime = System.nanoTime();
+     * // ... the code being measured ...
+     * long estimatedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;}</pre>
+     *
+     * <p>To compare two nanoTime values
+     *  <pre> {@code
+     * long t0 = System.nanoTime();
+     * ...
+     * long t1 = System.nanoTime();}</pre>
+     *
+     * one should use {@code t1 - t0 < 0}, not {@code t1 < t0},
+     * because of the possibility of numerical overflow.
+     *
+     * @return the current value of the running Java Virtual Machine's
+     *         high-resolution time source, in nanoseconds
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static native long nanoTime();
+
+    /**
+     * Copies an array from the specified source array, beginning at the
+     * specified position, to the specified position of the destination array.
+     * A subsequence of array components are copied from the source
+     * array referenced by <code>src</code> to the destination array
+     * referenced by <code>dest</code>. The number of components copied is
+     * equal to the <code>length</code> argument. The components at
+     * positions <code>srcPos</code> through
+     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> in the source array are copied into
+     * positions <code>destPos</code> through
+     * <code>destPos+length-1</code>, respectively, of the destination
+     * array.
+     * <p>
+     * If the <code>src</code> and <code>dest</code> arguments refer to the
+     * same array object, then the copying is performed as if the
+     * components at positions <code>srcPos</code> through
+     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> were first copied to a temporary
+     * array with <code>length</code> components and then the contents of
+     * the temporary array were copied into positions
+     * <code>destPos</code> through <code>destPos+length-1</code> of the
+     * destination array.
+     * <p>
+     * If <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
+     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown.
+     * <p>
+     * If <code>src</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
+     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown and the destination
+     * array is not modified.
+     * <p>
+     * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
+     * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown and the destination is
+     * not modified:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
+     *     array.
+     * <li>The <code>dest</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
+     *     array.
+     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument and <code>dest</code> argument refer
+     *     to arrays whose component types are different primitive types.
+     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a primitive
+     *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
+     *     with a reference component type.
+     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a reference
+     *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
+     *     with a primitive component type.
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>
+     * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
+     * <code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code> is
+     * thrown and the destination is not modified:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>The <code>srcPos</code> argument is negative.
+     * <li>The <code>destPos</code> argument is negative.
+     * <li>The <code>length</code> argument is negative.
+     * <li><code>srcPos+length</code> is greater than
+     *     <code>src.length</code>, the length of the source array.
+     * <li><code>destPos+length</code> is greater than
+     *     <code>dest.length</code>, the length of the destination array.
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>
+     * Otherwise, if any actual component of the source array from
+     * position <code>srcPos</code> through
+     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> cannot be converted to the component
+     * type of the destination array by assignment conversion, an
+     * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown. In this case, let
+     * <b><i>k</i></b> be the smallest nonnegative integer less than
+     * length such that <code>src[srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>]</code>
+     * cannot be converted to the component type of the destination
+     * array; when the exception is thrown, source array components from
+     * positions <code>srcPos</code> through
+     * <code>srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>-1</code>
+     * will already have been copied to destination array positions
+     * <code>destPos</code> through
+     * <code>destPos+</code><i>k</I><code>-1</code> and no other
+     * positions of the destination array will have been modified.
+     * (Because of the restrictions already itemized, this
+     * paragraph effectively applies only to the situation where both
+     * arrays have component types that are reference types.)
+     *
+     * @param      src      the source array.
+     * @param      srcPos   starting position in the source array.
+     * @param      dest     the destination array.
+     * @param      destPos  starting position in the destination data.
+     * @param      length   the number of array elements to be copied.
+     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if copying would cause
+     *               access of data outside array bounds.
+     * @exception  ArrayStoreException  if an element in the <code>src</code>
+     *               array could not be stored into the <code>dest</code> array
+     *               because of a type mismatch.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if either <code>src</code> or
+     *               <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>.
+     */
+    public static native void arraycopy(Object src,  int  srcPos,
+                                        Object dest, int destPos,
+                                        int length);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the same hash code for the given object as
+     * would be returned by the default method hashCode(),
+     * whether or not the given object's class overrides
+     * hashCode().
+     * The hash code for the null reference is zero.
+     *
+     * @param x object for which the hashCode is to be calculated
+     * @return  the hashCode
+     * @since   JDK1.1
+     */
+    public static native int identityHashCode(Object x);
+
+    /**
+     * System properties. The following properties are guaranteed to be defined:
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt>java.version         <dd>Java version number
+     * <dt>java.vendor          <dd>Java vendor specific string
+     * <dt>java.vendor.url      <dd>Java vendor URL
+     * <dt>java.home            <dd>Java installation directory
+     * <dt>java.class.version   <dd>Java class version number
+     * <dt>java.class.path      <dd>Java classpath
+     * <dt>os.name              <dd>Operating System Name
+     * <dt>os.arch              <dd>Operating System Architecture
+     * <dt>os.version           <dd>Operating System Version
+     * <dt>file.separator       <dd>File separator ("/" on Unix)
+     * <dt>path.separator       <dd>Path separator (":" on Unix)
+     * <dt>line.separator       <dd>Line separator ("\n" on Unix)
+     * <dt>user.name            <dd>User account name
+     * <dt>user.home            <dd>User home directory
+     * <dt>user.dir             <dd>User's current working directory
+     * </dl>
+     */
+
+    private static Properties props;
+    private static native Properties initProperties(Properties props);
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the current system properties.
+     * <p>
+     * First, if there is a security manager, its
+     * <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method is called with no
+     * arguments. This may result in a security exception.
+     * <p>
+     * The current set of system properties for use by the
+     * {@link #getProperty(String)} method is returned as a
+     * <code>Properties</code> object. If there is no current set of
+     * system properties, a set of system properties is first created and
+     * initialized. This set of system properties always includes values
+     * for the following keys:
+     * <table summary="Shows property keys and associated values">
+     * <tr><th>Key</th>
+     *     <th>Description of Associated Value</th></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.version</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment version</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vendor</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment vendor</td></tr
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vendor.url</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java vendor URL</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.home</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java installation directory</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.version</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification version</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.vendor</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification vendor</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.name</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification name</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.version</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation version</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.vendor</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation vendor</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.name</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation name</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.version</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  version</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.vendor</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  vendor</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.name</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  name</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.class.version</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java class format version number</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.class.path</code></td>
+     *     <td>Java class path</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.library.path</code></td>
+     *     <td>List of paths to search when loading libraries</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.io.tmpdir</code></td>
+     *     <td>Default temp file path</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.compiler</code></td>
+     *     <td>Name of JIT compiler to use</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>java.ext.dirs</code></td>
+     *     <td>Path of extension directory or directories</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>os.name</code></td>
+     *     <td>Operating system name</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>os.arch</code></td>
+     *     <td>Operating system architecture</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>os.version</code></td>
+     *     <td>Operating system version</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>file.separator</code></td>
+     *     <td>File separator ("/" on UNIX)</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>path.separator</code></td>
+     *     <td>Path separator (":" on UNIX)</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>line.separator</code></td>
+     *     <td>Line separator ("\n" on UNIX)</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>user.name</code></td>
+     *     <td>User's account name</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>user.home</code></td>
+     *     <td>User's home directory</td></tr>
+     * <tr><td><code>user.dir</code></td>
+     *     <td>User's current working directory</td></tr>
+     * </table>
+     * <p>
+     * Multiple paths in a system property value are separated by the path
+     * separator character of the platform.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that even if the security manager does not permit the
+     * <code>getProperties</code> operation, it may choose to permit the
+     * {@link #getProperty(String)} operation.
+     *
+     * @return     the system properties
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow access
+     *              to the system properties.
+     * @see        #setProperties
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
+     * @see        java.util.Properties
+     */
+    public static Properties getProperties() {
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPropertiesAccess();
+        }
+
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the system-dependent line separator string.  It always
+     * returns the same value - the initial value of the {@linkplain
+     * #getProperty(String) system property} {@code line.separator}.
+     *
+     * <p>On UNIX systems, it returns {@code "\n"}; on Microsoft
+     * Windows systems it returns {@code "\r\n"}.
+     */
+    public static String lineSeparator() {
+        return lineSeparator;
+    }
+
+    private static String lineSeparator;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the system properties to the <code>Properties</code>
+     * argument.
+     * <p>
+     * First, if there is a security manager, its
+     * <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method is called with no
+     * arguments. This may result in a security exception.
+     * <p>
+     * The argument becomes the current set of system properties for use
+     * by the {@link #getProperty(String)} method. If the argument is
+     * <code>null</code>, then the current set of system properties is
+     * forgotten.
+     *
+     * @param      props   the new system properties.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow access
+     *              to the system properties.
+     * @see        #getProperties
+     * @see        java.util.Properties
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
+     */
+    public static void setProperties(Properties props) {
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPropertiesAccess();
+        }
+        if (props == null) {
+            props = new Properties();
+            initProperties(props);
+        }
+        System.props = props;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the system property indicated by the specified key.
+     * <p>
+     * First, if there is a security manager, its
+     * <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method is called with the key as
+     * its argument. This may result in a SecurityException.
+     * <p>
+     * If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system
+     * properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as
+     * for the <code>getProperties</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      key   the name of the system property.
+     * @return     the string value of the system property,
+     *             or <code>null</code> if there is no property with that key.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
+     *              access to the specified system property.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
+     *             <code>null</code>.
+     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @see        #setProperty
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertyAccess(java.lang.String)
+     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperties()
+     */
+    public static String getProperty(String key) {
+        checkKey(key);
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPropertyAccess(key);
+        }
+
+        return props.getProperty(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the system property indicated by the specified key.
+     * <p>
+     * First, if there is a security manager, its
+     * <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method is called with the
+     * <code>key</code> as its argument.
+     * <p>
+     * If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system
+     * properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as
+     * for the <code>getProperties</code> method.
+     *
+     * @param      key   the name of the system property.
+     * @param      def   a default value.
+     * @return     the string value of the system property,
+     *             or the default value if there is no property with that key.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
+     *             access to the specified system property.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
+     *             <code>null</code>.
+     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @see        #setProperty
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertyAccess(java.lang.String)
+     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperties()
+     */
+    public static String getProperty(String key, String def) {
+        checkKey(key);
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPropertyAccess(key);
+        }
+
+        return props.getProperty(key, def);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the system property indicated by the specified key.
+     * <p>
+     * First, if a security manager exists, its
+     * <code>SecurityManager.checkPermission</code> method
+     * is called with a <code>PropertyPermission(key, "write")</code>
+     * permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown.
+     * If no exception is thrown, the specified property is set to the given
+     * value.
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * @param      key   the name of the system property.
+     * @param      value the value of the system property.
+     * @return     the previous value of the system property,
+     *             or <code>null</code> if it did not have one.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     *             setting of the specified property.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> or
+     *             <code>value</code> is <code>null</code>.
+     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @see        #getProperty
+     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
+     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+     * @see        java.util.PropertyPermission
+     * @see        SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @since      1.2
+     */
+    public static String setProperty(String key, String value) {
+        checkKey(key);
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission(key,
+                SecurityConstants.PROPERTY_WRITE_ACTION));
+        }
+
+        return (String) props.setProperty(key, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the system property indicated by the specified key.
+     * <p>
+     * First, if a security manager exists, its
+     * <code>SecurityManager.checkPermission</code> method
+     * is called with a <code>PropertyPermission(key, "write")</code>
+     * permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown.
+     * If no exception is thrown, the specified property is removed.
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * @param      key   the name of the system property to be removed.
+     * @return     the previous string value of the system property,
+     *             or <code>null</code> if there was no property with that key.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
+     *              access to the specified system property.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
+     *             <code>null</code>.
+     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @see        #getProperty
+     * @see        #setProperty
+     * @see        java.util.Properties
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static String clearProperty(String key) {
+        checkKey(key);
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission(key, "write"));
+        }
+
+        return (String) props.remove(key);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkKey(String key) {
+        if (key == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("key can't be null");
+        }
+        if (key.equals("")) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("key can't be empty");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the value of the specified environment variable. An
+     * environment variable is a system-dependent external named
+     * value.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager exists, its
+     * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
+     * method is called with a
+     * <code>{@link RuntimePermission}("getenv."+name)</code>
+     * permission.  This may result in a {@link SecurityException}
+     * being thrown.  If no exception is thrown the value of the
+     * variable <code>name</code> is returned.
+     *
+     * <p><a name="EnvironmentVSSystemProperties"><i>System
+     * properties</i> and <i>environment variables</i></a> are both
+     * conceptually mappings between names and values.  Both
+     * mechanisms can be used to pass user-defined information to a
+     * Java process.  Environment variables have a more global effect,
+     * because they are visible to all descendants of the process
+     * which defines them, not just the immediate Java subprocess.
+     * They can have subtly different semantics, such as case
+     * insensitivity, on different operating systems.  For these
+     * reasons, environment variables are more likely to have
+     * unintended side effects.  It is best to use system properties
+     * where possible.  Environment variables should be used when a
+     * global effect is desired, or when an external system interface
+     * requires an environment variable (such as <code>PATH</code>).
+     *
+     * <p>On UNIX systems the alphabetic case of <code>name</code> is
+     * typically significant, while on Microsoft Windows systems it is
+     * typically not.  For example, the expression
+     * <code>System.getenv("FOO").equals(System.getenv("foo"))</code>
+     * is likely to be true on Microsoft Windows.
+     *
+     * @param  name the name of the environment variable
+     * @return the string value of the variable, or <code>null</code>
+     *         if the variable is not defined in the system environment
+     * @throws NullPointerException if <code>name</code> is <code>null</code>
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         if a security manager exists and its
+     *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
+     *         method doesn't allow access to the environment variable
+     *         <code>name</code>
+     * @see    #getenv()
+     * @see    ProcessBuilder#environment()
+     */
+    public static String getenv(String name) {
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getenv."+name));
+        }
+
+        return ProcessEnvironment.getenv(name);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an unmodifiable string map view of the current system environment.
+     * The environment is a system-dependent mapping from names to
+     * values which is passed from parent to child processes.
+     *
+     * <p>If the system does not support environment variables, an
+     * empty map is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned map will never contain null keys or values.
+     * Attempting to query the presence of a null key or value will
+     * throw a {@link NullPointerException}.  Attempting to query
+     * the presence of a key or value which is not of type
+     * {@link String} will throw a {@link ClassCastException}.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned map and its collection views may not obey the
+     * general contract of the {@link Object#equals} and
+     * {@link Object#hashCode} methods.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned map is typically case-sensitive on all platforms.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager exists, its
+     * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
+     * method is called with a
+     * <code>{@link RuntimePermission}("getenv.*")</code>
+     * permission.  This may result in a {@link SecurityException} being
+     * thrown.
+     *
+     * <p>When passing information to a Java subprocess,
+     * <a href=#EnvironmentVSSystemProperties>system properties</a>
+     * are generally preferred over environment variables.
+     *
+     * @return the environment as a map of variable names to values
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         if a security manager exists and its
+     *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
+     *         method doesn't allow access to the process environment
+     * @see    #getenv(String)
+     * @see    ProcessBuilder#environment()
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static java.util.Map<String,String> getenv() {
+        SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getenv.*"));
+        }
+
+        return ProcessEnvironment.getenv();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Terminates the currently running Java Virtual Machine. The
+     * argument serves as a status code; by convention, a nonzero status
+     * code indicates abnormal termination.
+     * <p>
+     * This method calls the <code>exit</code> method in class
+     * <code>Runtime</code>. This method never returns normally.
+     * <p>
+     * The call <code>System.exit(n)</code> is effectively equivalent to
+     * the call:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Runtime.getRuntime().exit(n)
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param      status   exit status.
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its <code>checkExit</code>
+     *        method doesn't allow exit with the specified status.
+     * @see        java.lang.Runtime#exit(int)
+     */
+    public static void exit(int status) {
+        Runtime.getRuntime().exit(status);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the garbage collector.
+     * <p>
+     * Calling the <code>gc</code> method suggests that the Java Virtual
+     * Machine expend effort toward recycling unused objects in order to
+     * make the memory they currently occupy available for quick reuse.
+     * When control returns from the method call, the Java Virtual
+     * Machine has made a best effort to reclaim space from all discarded
+     * objects.
+     * <p>
+     * The call <code>System.gc()</code> is effectively equivalent to the
+     * call:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Runtime.getRuntime().gc()
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#gc()
+     */
+    public static void gc() {
+        Runtime.getRuntime().gc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the finalization methods of any objects pending finalization.
+     * <p>
+     * Calling this method suggests that the Java Virtual Machine expend
+     * effort toward running the <code>finalize</code> methods of objects
+     * that have been found to be discarded but whose <code>finalize</code>
+     * methods have not yet been run. When control returns from the
+     * method call, the Java Virtual Machine has made a best effort to
+     * complete all outstanding finalizations.
+     * <p>
+     * The call <code>System.runFinalization()</code> is effectively
+     * equivalent to the call:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization()
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#runFinalization()
+     */
+    public static void runFinalization() {
+        Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enable or disable finalization on exit; doing so specifies that the
+     * finalizers of all objects that have finalizers that have not yet been
+     * automatically invoked are to be run before the Java runtime exits.
+     * By default, finalization on exit is disabled.
+     *
+     * <p>If there is a security manager,
+     * its <code>checkExit</code> method is first called
+     * with 0 as its argument to ensure the exit is allowed.
+     * This could result in a SecurityException.
+     *
+     * @deprecated  This method is inherently unsafe.  It may result in
+     *      finalizers being called on live objects while other threads are
+     *      concurrently manipulating those objects, resulting in erratic
+     *      behavior or deadlock.
+     * @param value indicating enabling or disabling of finalization
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its <code>checkExit</code>
+     *        method doesn't allow the exit.
+     *
+     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#exit(int)
+     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#gc()
+     * @see     java.lang.SecurityManager#checkExit(int)
+     * @since   JDK1.1
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public static void runFinalizersOnExit(boolean value) {
+        Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalizersOnExit(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads a code file with the specified filename from the local file
+     * system as a dynamic library. The filename
+     * argument must be a complete path name.
+     * <p>
+     * The call <code>System.load(name)</code> is effectively equivalent
+     * to the call:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Runtime.getRuntime().load(name)
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param      filename   the file to load.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkLink</code> method doesn't allow
+     *             loading of the specified dynamic library
+     * @exception  UnsatisfiedLinkError  if the file does not exist.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>filename</code> is
+     *             <code>null</code>
+     * @see        java.lang.Runtime#load(java.lang.String)
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public static void load(String filename) {
+        Runtime.getRuntime().load0(getCallerClass(), filename);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the system library specified by the <code>libname</code>
+     * argument. The manner in which a library name is mapped to the
+     * actual system library is system dependent.
+     * <p>
+     * The call <code>System.loadLibrary(name)</code> is effectively
+     * equivalent to the call
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Runtime.getRuntime().loadLibrary(name)
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param      libname   the name of the library.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             <code>checkLink</code> method doesn't allow
+     *             loading of the specified dynamic library
+     * @exception  UnsatisfiedLinkError  if the library does not exist.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>libname</code> is
+     *             <code>null</code>
+     * @see        java.lang.Runtime#loadLibrary(java.lang.String)
+     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public static void loadLibrary(String libname) {
+        Runtime.getRuntime().loadLibrary0(getCallerClass(), libname);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Maps a library name into a platform-specific string representing
+     * a native library.
+     *
+     * @param      libname the name of the library.
+     * @return     a platform-dependent native library name.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>libname</code> is
+     *             <code>null</code>
+     * @see        java.lang.System#loadLibrary(java.lang.String)
+     * @see        java.lang.ClassLoader#findLibrary(java.lang.String)
+     * @since      1.2
+     */
+    public static native String mapLibraryName(String libname);
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the system class.  Called after thread initialization.
+     */
+    private static void initializeSystemClass() {
+
+        // VM might invoke JNU_NewStringPlatform() to set those encoding
+        // sensitive properties (user.home, user.name, boot.class.path, etc.)
+        // during "props" initialization, in which it may need access, via
+        // System.getProperty(), to the related system encoding property that
+        // have been initialized (put into "props") at early stage of the
+        // initialization. So make sure the "props" is available at the
+        // very beginning of the initialization and all system properties to
+        // be put into it directly.
+        props = new Properties();
+        initProperties(props);  // initialized by the VM
+
+        // There are certain system configurations that may be controlled by
+        // VM options such as the maximum amount of direct memory and
+        // Integer cache size used to support the object identity semantics
+        // of autoboxing.  Typically, the library will obtain these values
+        // from the properties set by the VM.  If the properties are for
+        // internal implementation use only, these properties should be
+        // removed from the system properties.
+        //
+        // See java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache and the
+        // sun.misc.VM.saveAndRemoveProperties method for example.
+        //
+        // Save a private copy of the system properties object that
+        // can only be accessed by the internal implementation.  Remove
+        // certain system properties that are not intended for public access.
+        sun.misc.VM.saveAndRemoveProperties(props);
+
+
+        lineSeparator = props.getProperty("line.separator");
+        sun.misc.Version.init();
+
+        FileInputStream fdIn = new FileInputStream(FileDescriptor.in);
+        FileOutputStream fdOut = new FileOutputStream(FileDescriptor.out);
+        FileOutputStream fdErr = new FileOutputStream(FileDescriptor.err);
+        setIn0(new BufferedInputStream(fdIn));
+        setOut0(new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(fdOut, 128), true));
+        setErr0(new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(fdErr, 128), true));
+        // Load the zip library now in order to keep java.util.zip.ZipFile
+        // from trying to use itself to load this library later.
+        loadLibrary("zip");
+
+        // Setup Java signal handlers for HUP, TERM, and INT (where available).
+        Terminator.setup();
+
+        // Initialize any miscellenous operating system settings that need to be
+        // set for the class libraries. Currently this is no-op everywhere except
+        // for Windows where the process-wide error mode is set before the java.io
+        // classes are used.
+        sun.misc.VM.initializeOSEnvironment();
+
+        // Subsystems that are invoked during initialization can invoke
+        // sun.misc.VM.isBooted() in order to avoid doing things that should
+        // wait until the application class loader has been set up.
+        sun.misc.VM.booted();
+
+        // The main thread is not added to its thread group in the same
+        // way as other threads; we must do it ourselves here.
+        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
+        current.getThreadGroup().add(current);
+
+        // register shared secrets
+        setJavaLangAccess();
+    }
+
+    private static void setJavaLangAccess() {
+        // Allow privileged classes outside of java.lang
+        sun.misc.SharedSecrets.setJavaLangAccess(new sun.misc.JavaLangAccess(){
+            public sun.reflect.ConstantPool getConstantPool(Class klass) {
+                return klass.getConstantPool();
+            }
+            public void setAnnotationType(Class klass, AnnotationType type) {
+                klass.setAnnotationType(type);
+            }
+            public AnnotationType getAnnotationType(Class klass) {
+                return klass.getAnnotationType();
+            }
+            public <E extends Enum<E>>
+                    E[] getEnumConstantsShared(Class<E> klass) {
+                return klass.getEnumConstantsShared();
+            }
+            public void blockedOn(Thread t, Interruptible b) {
+                t.blockedOn(b);
+            }
+            public void registerShutdownHook(int slot, boolean registerShutdownInProgress, Runnable hook) {
+                Shutdown.add(slot, registerShutdownInProgress, hook);
+            }
+            public int getStackTraceDepth(Throwable t) {
+                return t.getStackTraceDepth();
+            }
+            public StackTraceElement getStackTraceElement(Throwable t, int i) {
+                return t.getStackTraceElement(i);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /* returns the class of the caller. */
+    static Class<?> getCallerClass() {
+        // NOTE use of more generic Reflection.getCallerClass()
+        return Reflection.getCallerClass(3);
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/lang/Thread.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/lang/Thread.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,2035 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+import java.lang.ref.Reference;
+import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.AccessControlContext;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+import sun.nio.ch.Interruptible;
+import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
+
+
+/**
+ * A <i>thread</i> is a thread of execution in a program. The Java
+ * Virtual Machine allows an application to have multiple threads of
+ * execution running concurrently.
+ * <p>
+ * Every thread has a priority. Threads with higher priority are
+ * executed in preference to threads with lower priority. Each thread
+ * may or may not also be marked as a daemon. When code running in
+ * some thread creates a new <code>Thread</code> object, the new
+ * thread has its priority initially set equal to the priority of the
+ * creating thread, and is a daemon thread if and only if the
+ * creating thread is a daemon.
+ * <p>
+ * When a Java Virtual Machine starts up, there is usually a single
+ * non-daemon thread (which typically calls the method named
+ * <code>main</code> of some designated class). The Java Virtual
+ * Machine continues to execute threads until either of the following
+ * occurs:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>The <code>exit</code> method of class <code>Runtime</code> has been
+ *     called and the security manager has permitted the exit operation
+ *     to take place.
+ * <li>All threads that are not daemon threads have died, either by
+ *     returning from the call to the <code>run</code> method or by
+ *     throwing an exception that propagates beyond the <code>run</code>
+ *     method.
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * There are two ways to create a new thread of execution. One is to
+ * declare a class to be a subclass of <code>Thread</code>. This
+ * subclass should override the <code>run</code> method of class
+ * <code>Thread</code>. An instance of the subclass can then be
+ * allocated and started. For example, a thread that computes primes
+ * larger than a stated value could be written as follows:
+ * <p><hr><blockquote><pre>
+ *     class PrimeThread extends Thread {
+ *         long minPrime;
+ *         PrimeThread(long minPrime) {
+ *             this.minPrime = minPrime;
+ *         }
+ *
+ *         public void run() {
+ *             // compute primes larger than minPrime
+ *             &nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+ *         }
+ *     }
+ * </pre></blockquote><hr>
+ * <p>
+ * The following code would then create a thread and start it running:
+ * <p><blockquote><pre>
+ *     PrimeThread p = new PrimeThread(143);
+ *     p.start();
+ * </pre></blockquote>
+ * <p>
+ * The other way to create a thread is to declare a class that
+ * implements the <code>Runnable</code> interface. That class then
+ * implements the <code>run</code> method. An instance of the class can
+ * then be allocated, passed as an argument when creating
+ * <code>Thread</code>, and started. The same example in this other
+ * style looks like the following:
+ * <p><hr><blockquote><pre>
+ *     class PrimeRun implements Runnable {
+ *         long minPrime;
+ *         PrimeRun(long minPrime) {
+ *             this.minPrime = minPrime;
+ *         }
+ *
+ *         public void run() {
+ *             // compute primes larger than minPrime
+ *             &nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+ *         }
+ *     }
+ * </pre></blockquote><hr>
+ * <p>
+ * The following code would then create a thread and start it running:
+ * <p><blockquote><pre>
+ *     PrimeRun p = new PrimeRun(143);
+ *     new Thread(p).start();
+ * </pre></blockquote>
+ * <p>
+ * Every thread has a name for identification purposes. More than
+ * one thread may have the same name. If a name is not specified when
+ * a thread is created, a new name is generated for it.
+ * <p>
+ * Unless otherwise noted, passing a {@code null} argument to a constructor
+ * or method in this class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be
+ * thrown.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @see     Runnable
+ * @see     Runtime#exit(int)
+ * @see     #run()
+ * @see     #stop()
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+public
+class Thread implements Runnable {
+    /* Make sure registerNatives is the first thing <clinit> does. */
+    private static native void registerNatives();
+    static {
+        registerNatives();
+    }
+
+    private char        name[];
+    private int         priority;
+    private Thread      threadQ;
+    private long        eetop;
+
+    /* Whether or not to single_step this thread. */
+    private boolean     single_step;
+
+    /* Whether or not the thread is a daemon thread. */
+    private boolean     daemon = false;
+
+    /* JVM state */
+    private boolean     stillborn = false;
+
+    /* What will be run. */
+    private Runnable target;
+
+    /* The group of this thread */
+    private ThreadGroup group;
+
+    /* The context ClassLoader for this thread */
+    private ClassLoader contextClassLoader;
+
+    /* The inherited AccessControlContext of this thread */
+    private AccessControlContext inheritedAccessControlContext;
+
+    /* For autonumbering anonymous threads. */
+    private static int threadInitNumber;
+    private static synchronized int nextThreadNum() {
+        return threadInitNumber++;
+    }
+
+    /* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
+     * by the ThreadLocal class. */
+    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
+
+    /*
+     * InheritableThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is
+     * maintained by the InheritableThreadLocal class.
+     */
+    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap inheritableThreadLocals = null;
+
+    /*
+     * The requested stack size for this thread, or 0 if the creator did
+     * not specify a stack size.  It is up to the VM to do whatever it
+     * likes with this number; some VMs will ignore it.
+     */
+    private long stackSize;
+
+    /*
+     * JVM-private state that persists after native thread termination.
+     */
+    private long nativeParkEventPointer;
+
+    /*
+     * Thread ID
+     */
+    private long tid;
+
+    /* For generating thread ID */
+    private static long threadSeqNumber;
+
+    /* Java thread status for tools,
+     * initialized to indicate thread 'not yet started'
+     */
+
+    private volatile int threadStatus = 0;
+
+
+    private static synchronized long nextThreadID() {
+        return ++threadSeqNumber;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The argument supplied to the current call to
+     * java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.park.
+     * Set by (private) java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.setBlocker
+     * Accessed using java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.getBlocker
+     */
+    volatile Object parkBlocker;
+
+    /* The object in which this thread is blocked in an interruptible I/O
+     * operation, if any.  The blocker's interrupt method should be invoked
+     * after setting this thread's interrupt status.
+     */
+    private volatile Interruptible blocker;
+    private final Object blockerLock = new Object();
+
+    /* Set the blocker field; invoked via sun.misc.SharedSecrets from java.nio code
+     */
+    void blockedOn(Interruptible b) {
+        synchronized (blockerLock) {
+            blocker = b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum priority that a thread can have.
+     */
+    public final static int MIN_PRIORITY = 1;
+
+   /**
+     * The default priority that is assigned to a thread.
+     */
+    public final static int NORM_PRIORITY = 5;
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum priority that a thread can have.
+     */
+    public final static int MAX_PRIORITY = 10;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a reference to the currently executing thread object.
+     *
+     * @return  the currently executing thread.
+     */
+    public static native Thread currentThread();
+
+    /**
+     * A hint to the scheduler that the current thread is willing to yield
+     * its current use of a processor. The scheduler is free to ignore this
+     * hint.
+     *
+     * <p> Yield is a heuristic attempt to improve relative progression
+     * between threads that would otherwise over-utilise a CPU. Its use
+     * should be combined with detailed profiling and benchmarking to
+     * ensure that it actually has the desired effect.
+     *
+     * <p> It is rarely appropriate to use this method. It may be useful
+     * for debugging or testing purposes, where it may help to reproduce
+     * bugs due to race conditions. It may also be useful when designing
+     * concurrency control constructs such as the ones in the
+     * {@link java.util.concurrent.locks} package.
+     */
+    public static native void yield();
+
+    /**
+     * Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
+     * execution) for the specified number of milliseconds, subject to
+     * the precision and accuracy of system timers and schedulers. The thread
+     * does not lose ownership of any monitors.
+     *
+     * @param  millis
+     *         the length of time to sleep in milliseconds
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value of {@code millis} is negative
+     *
+     * @throws  InterruptedException
+     *          if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
+     *          <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
+     *          cleared when this exception is thrown.
+     */
+    public static native void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;
+
+    /**
+     * Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
+     * execution) for the specified number of milliseconds plus the specified
+     * number of nanoseconds, subject to the precision and accuracy of system
+     * timers and schedulers. The thread does not lose ownership of any
+     * monitors.
+     *
+     * @param  millis
+     *         the length of time to sleep in milliseconds
+     *
+     * @param  nanos
+     *         {@code 0-999999} additional nanoseconds to sleep
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value of {@code millis} is negative, or the value of
+     *          {@code nanos} is not in the range {@code 0-999999}
+     *
+     * @throws  InterruptedException
+     *          if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
+     *          <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
+     *          cleared when this exception is thrown.
+     */
+    public static void sleep(long millis, int nanos)
+    throws InterruptedException {
+        if (millis < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
+        }
+
+        if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                "nanosecond timeout value out of range");
+        }
+
+        if (nanos >= 500000 || (nanos != 0 && millis == 0)) {
+            millis++;
+        }
+
+        sleep(millis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a Thread.
+     *
+     * @param g the Thread group
+     * @param target the object whose run() method gets called
+     * @param name the name of the new Thread
+     * @param stackSize the desired stack size for the new thread, or
+     *        zero to indicate that this parameter is to be ignored.
+     */
+    private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,
+                      long stackSize) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("name cannot be null");
+        }
+
+        Thread parent = currentThread();
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (g == null) {
+            /* Determine if it's an applet or not */
+
+            /* If there is a security manager, ask the security manager
+               what to do. */
+            if (security != null) {
+                g = security.getThreadGroup();
+            }
+
+            /* If the security doesn't have a strong opinion of the matter
+               use the parent thread group. */
+            if (g == null) {
+                g = parent.getThreadGroup();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* checkAccess regardless of whether or not threadgroup is
+           explicitly passed in. */
+        g.checkAccess();
+
+        /*
+         * Do we have the required permissions?
+         */
+        if (security != null) {
+            if (isCCLOverridden(getClass())) {
+                security.checkPermission(SUBCLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_PERMISSION);
+            }
+        }
+
+        g.addUnstarted();
+
+        this.group = g;
+        this.daemon = parent.isDaemon();
+        this.priority = parent.getPriority();
+        this.name = name.toCharArray();
+        if (security == null || isCCLOverridden(parent.getClass()))
+            this.contextClassLoader = parent.getContextClassLoader();
+        else
+            this.contextClassLoader = parent.contextClassLoader;
+        this.inheritedAccessControlContext = AccessController.getContext();
+        this.target = target;
+        setPriority(priority);
+        if (parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)
+            this.inheritableThreadLocals =
+                ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);
+        /* Stash the specified stack size in case the VM cares */
+        this.stackSize = stackSize;
+
+        /* Set thread ID */
+        tid = nextThreadID();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws CloneNotSupportedException as a Thread can not be meaningfully
+     * cloned. Construct a new Thread instead.
+     *
+     * @throws  CloneNotSupportedException
+     *          always
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
+        throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
+     * effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
+     * {@code (null, null, gname)}, where {@code gname} is a newly generated
+     * name. Automatically generated names are of the form
+     * {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
+     */
+    public Thread() {
+        init(null, null, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
+     * effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
+     * {@code (null, target, gname)}, where {@code gname} is a newly generated
+     * name. Automatically generated names are of the form
+     * {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
+     *
+     * @param  target
+     *         the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
+     *         is started. If {@code null}, this classes {@code run} method does
+     *         nothing.
+     */
+    public Thread(Runnable target) {
+        init(null, target, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
+     * effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
+     * {@code (group, target, gname)} ,where {@code gname} is a newly generated
+     * name. Automatically generated names are of the form
+     * {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
+     *         manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
+     *         SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
+     *         If there is not a security manager or {@code
+     *         SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
+     *         is set to the current thread's thread group.
+     *
+     * @param  target
+     *         the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
+     *         is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
+     *          thread group
+     */
+    public Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target) {
+        init(group, target, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
+     * effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
+     * {@code (null, null, name)}.
+     *
+     * @param   name
+     *          the name of the new thread
+     */
+    public Thread(String name) {
+        init(null, null, name, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
+     * effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
+     * {@code (group, null, name)}.
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
+     *         manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
+     *         SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
+     *         If there is not a security manager or {@code
+     *         SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
+     *         is set to the current thread's thread group.
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         the name of the new thread
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
+     *          thread group
+     */
+    public Thread(ThreadGroup group, String name) {
+        init(group, null, name, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
+     * effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
+     * {@code (null, target, name)}.
+     *
+     * @param  target
+     *         the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
+     *         is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         the name of the new thread
+     */
+    public Thread(Runnable target, String name) {
+        init(null, target, name, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object so that it has {@code target}
+     * as its run object, has the specified {@code name} as its name,
+     * and belongs to the thread group referred to by {@code group}.
+     *
+     * <p>If there is a security manager, its
+     * {@link SecurityManager#checkAccess(ThreadGroup) checkAccess}
+     * method is invoked with the ThreadGroup as its argument.
+     *
+     * <p>In addition, its {@code checkPermission} method is invoked with
+     * the {@code RuntimePermission("enableContextClassLoaderOverride")}
+     * permission when invoked directly or indirectly by the constructor
+     * of a subclass which overrides the {@code getContextClassLoader}
+     * or {@code setContextClassLoader} methods.
+     *
+     * <p>The priority of the newly created thread is set equal to the
+     * priority of the thread creating it, that is, the currently running
+     * thread. The method {@linkplain #setPriority setPriority} may be
+     * used to change the priority to a new value.
+     *
+     * <p>The newly created thread is initially marked as being a daemon
+     * thread if and only if the thread creating it is currently marked
+     * as a daemon thread. The method {@linkplain #setDaemon setDaemon}
+     * may be used to change whether or not a thread is a daemon.
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
+     *         manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
+     *         SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
+     *         If there is not a security manager or {@code
+     *         SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
+     *         is set to the current thread's thread group.
+     *
+     * @param  target
+     *         the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
+     *         is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         the name of the new thread
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
+     *          thread group or cannot override the context class loader methods.
+     */
+    public Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name) {
+        init(group, target, name, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a new {@code Thread} object so that it has {@code target}
+     * as its run object, has the specified {@code name} as its name,
+     * and belongs to the thread group referred to by {@code group}, and has
+     * the specified <i>stack size</i>.
+     *
+     * <p>This constructor is identical to {@link
+     * #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String)} with the exception of the fact
+     * that it allows the thread stack size to be specified.  The stack size
+     * is the approximate number of bytes of address space that the virtual
+     * machine is to allocate for this thread's stack.  <b>The effect of the
+     * {@code stackSize} parameter, if any, is highly platform dependent.</b>
+     *
+     * <p>On some platforms, specifying a higher value for the
+     * {@code stackSize} parameter may allow a thread to achieve greater
+     * recursion depth before throwing a {@link StackOverflowError}.
+     * Similarly, specifying a lower value may allow a greater number of
+     * threads to exist concurrently without throwing an {@link
+     * OutOfMemoryError} (or other internal error).  The details of
+     * the relationship between the value of the <tt>stackSize</tt> parameter
+     * and the maximum recursion depth and concurrency level are
+     * platform-dependent.  <b>On some platforms, the value of the
+     * {@code stackSize} parameter may have no effect whatsoever.</b>
+     *
+     * <p>The virtual machine is free to treat the {@code stackSize}
+     * parameter as a suggestion.  If the specified value is unreasonably low
+     * for the platform, the virtual machine may instead use some
+     * platform-specific minimum value; if the specified value is unreasonably
+     * high, the virtual machine may instead use some platform-specific
+     * maximum.  Likewise, the virtual machine is free to round the specified
+     * value up or down as it sees fit (or to ignore it completely).
+     *
+     * <p>Specifying a value of zero for the {@code stackSize} parameter will
+     * cause this constructor to behave exactly like the
+     * {@code Thread(ThreadGroup, Runnable, String)} constructor.
+     *
+     * <p><i>Due to the platform-dependent nature of the behavior of this
+     * constructor, extreme care should be exercised in its use.
+     * The thread stack size necessary to perform a given computation will
+     * likely vary from one JRE implementation to another.  In light of this
+     * variation, careful tuning of the stack size parameter may be required,
+     * and the tuning may need to be repeated for each JRE implementation on
+     * which an application is to run.</i>
+     *
+     * <p>Implementation note: Java platform implementers are encouraged to
+     * document their implementation's behavior with respect to the
+     * {@code stackSize} parameter.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
+     *         manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
+     *         SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
+     *         If there is not a security manager or {@code
+     *         SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
+     *         is set to the current thread's thread group.
+     *
+     * @param  target
+     *         the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
+     *         is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         the name of the new thread
+     *
+     * @param  stackSize
+     *         the desired stack size for the new thread, or zero to indicate
+     *         that this parameter is to be ignored.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
+     *          thread group
+     *
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+    public Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name,
+                  long stackSize) {
+        init(group, target, name, stackSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Causes this thread to begin execution; the Java Virtual Machine
+     * calls the <code>run</code> method of this thread.
+     * <p>
+     * The result is that two threads are running concurrently: the
+     * current thread (which returns from the call to the
+     * <code>start</code> method) and the other thread (which executes its
+     * <code>run</code> method).
+     * <p>
+     * It is never legal to start a thread more than once.
+     * In particular, a thread may not be restarted once it has completed
+     * execution.
+     *
+     * @exception  IllegalThreadStateException  if the thread was already
+     *               started.
+     * @see        #run()
+     * @see        #stop()
+     */
+    public synchronized void start() {
+        /**
+         * This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system"
+         * group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added
+         * to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM.
+         *
+         * A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW".
+         */
+        if (threadStatus != 0)
+            throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
+
+        /* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started
+         * so that it can be added to the group's list of threads
+         * and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */
+        group.add(this);
+
+        boolean started = false;
+        try {
+            start0();
+            started = true;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (!started) {
+                    group.threadStartFailed(this);
+                }
+            } catch (Throwable ignore) {
+                /* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then
+                  it will be passed up the call stack */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private native void start0();
+
+    /**
+     * If this thread was constructed using a separate
+     * <code>Runnable</code> run object, then that
+     * <code>Runnable</code> object's <code>run</code> method is called;
+     * otherwise, this method does nothing and returns.
+     * <p>
+     * Subclasses of <code>Thread</code> should override this method.
+     *
+     * @see     #start()
+     * @see     #stop()
+     * @see     #Thread(ThreadGroup, Runnable, String)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        if (target != null) {
+            target.run();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the system to give a Thread
+     * a chance to clean up before it actually exits.
+     */
+    private void exit() {
+        if (group != null) {
+            group.threadTerminated(this);
+            group = null;
+        }
+        /* Aggressively null out all reference fields: see bug 4006245 */
+        target = null;
+        /* Speed the release of some of these resources */
+        threadLocals = null;
+        inheritableThreadLocals = null;
+        inheritedAccessControlContext = null;
+        blocker = null;
+        uncaughtExceptionHandler = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces the thread to stop executing.
+     * <p>
+     * If there is a security manager installed, its <code>checkAccess</code>
+     * method is called with <code>this</code>
+     * as its argument. This may result in a
+     * <code>SecurityException</code> being raised (in the current thread).
+     * <p>
+     * If this thread is different from the current thread (that is, the current
+     * thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself), the
+     * security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method (with a
+     * <code>RuntimePermission("stopThread")</code> argument) is called in
+     * addition.
+     * Again, this may result in throwing a
+     * <code>SecurityException</code> (in the current thread).
+     * <p>
+     * The thread represented by this thread is forced to stop whatever
+     * it is doing abnormally and to throw a newly created
+     * <code>ThreadDeath</code> object as an exception.
+     * <p>
+     * It is permitted to stop a thread that has not yet been started.
+     * If the thread is eventually started, it immediately terminates.
+     * <p>
+     * An application should not normally try to catch
+     * <code>ThreadDeath</code> unless it must do some extraordinary
+     * cleanup operation (note that the throwing of
+     * <code>ThreadDeath</code> causes <code>finally</code> clauses of
+     * <code>try</code> statements to be executed before the thread
+     * officially dies).  If a <code>catch</code> clause catches a
+     * <code>ThreadDeath</code> object, it is important to rethrow the
+     * object so that the thread actually dies.
+     * <p>
+     * The top-level error handler that reacts to otherwise uncaught
+     * exceptions does not print out a message or otherwise notify the
+     * application if the uncaught exception is an instance of
+     * <code>ThreadDeath</code>.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the current thread cannot
+     *               modify this thread.
+     * @see        #interrupt()
+     * @see        #checkAccess()
+     * @see        #run()
+     * @see        #start()
+     * @see        ThreadDeath
+     * @see        ThreadGroup#uncaughtException(Thread,Throwable)
+     * @see        SecurityManager#checkAccess(Thread)
+     * @see        SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @deprecated This method is inherently unsafe.  Stopping a thread with
+     *       Thread.stop causes it to unlock all of the monitors that it
+     *       has locked (as a natural consequence of the unchecked
+     *       <code>ThreadDeath</code> exception propagating up the stack).  If
+     *       any of the objects previously protected by these monitors were in
+     *       an inconsistent state, the damaged objects become visible to
+     *       other threads, potentially resulting in arbitrary behavior.  Many
+     *       uses of <code>stop</code> should be replaced by code that simply
+     *       modifies some variable to indicate that the target thread should
+     *       stop running.  The target thread should check this variable
+     *       regularly, and return from its run method in an orderly fashion
+     *       if the variable indicates that it is to stop running.  If the
+     *       target thread waits for long periods (on a condition variable,
+     *       for example), the <code>interrupt</code> method should be used to
+     *       interrupt the wait.
+     *       For more information, see
+     *       <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/concurrency/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why
+     *       are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public final void stop() {
+        stop(new ThreadDeath());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces the thread to stop executing.
+     * <p>
+     * If there is a security manager installed, the <code>checkAccess</code>
+     * method of this thread is called, which may result in a
+     * <code>SecurityException</code> being raised (in the current thread).
+     * <p>
+     * If this thread is different from the current thread (that is, the current
+     * thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself) or
+     * <code>obj</code> is not an instance of <code>ThreadDeath</code>, the
+     * security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method (with the
+     * <code>RuntimePermission("stopThread")</code> argument) is called in
+     * addition.
+     * Again, this may result in throwing a
+     * <code>SecurityException</code> (in the current thread).
+     * <p>
+     * If the argument <code>obj</code> is null, a
+     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown (in the current thread).
+     * <p>
+     * The thread represented by this thread is forced to stop
+     * whatever it is doing abnormally and to throw the
+     * <code>Throwable</code> object <code>obj</code> as an exception. This
+     * is an unusual action to take; normally, the <code>stop</code> method
+     * that takes no arguments should be used.
+     * <p>
+     * It is permitted to stop a thread that has not yet been started.
+     * If the thread is eventually started, it immediately terminates.
+     *
+     * @param      obj   the Throwable object to be thrown.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the current thread cannot modify
+     *               this thread.
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if obj is <tt>null</tt>.
+     * @see        #interrupt()
+     * @see        #checkAccess()
+     * @see        #run()
+     * @see        #start()
+     * @see        #stop()
+     * @see        SecurityManager#checkAccess(Thread)
+     * @see        SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @deprecated This method is inherently unsafe.  See {@link #stop()}
+     *        for details.  An additional danger of this
+     *        method is that it may be used to generate exceptions that the
+     *        target thread is unprepared to handle (including checked
+     *        exceptions that the thread could not possibly throw, were it
+     *        not for this method).
+     *        For more information, see
+     *        <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/concurrency/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why
+     *        are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public final synchronized void stop(Throwable obj) {
+        if (obj == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            checkAccess();
+            if ((this != Thread.currentThread()) ||
+                (!(obj instanceof ThreadDeath))) {
+                security.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.STOP_THREAD_PERMISSION);
+            }
+        }
+        // A zero status value corresponds to "NEW", it can't change to
+        // not-NEW because we hold the lock.
+        if (threadStatus != 0) {
+            resume(); // Wake up thread if it was suspended; no-op otherwise
+        }
+
+        // The VM can handle all thread states
+        stop0(obj);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interrupts this thread.
+     *
+     * <p> Unless the current thread is interrupting itself, which is
+     * always permitted, the {@link #checkAccess() checkAccess} method
+     * of this thread is invoked, which may cause a {@link
+     * SecurityException} to be thrown.
+     *
+     * <p> If this thread is blocked in an invocation of the {@link
+     * Object#wait() wait()}, {@link Object#wait(long) wait(long)}, or {@link
+     * Object#wait(long, int) wait(long, int)} methods of the {@link Object}
+     * class, or of the {@link #join()}, {@link #join(long)}, {@link
+     * #join(long, int)}, {@link #sleep(long)}, or {@link #sleep(long, int)},
+     * methods of this class, then its interrupt status will be cleared and it
+     * will receive an {@link InterruptedException}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this thread is blocked in an I/O operation upon an {@link
+     * java.nio.channels.InterruptibleChannel </code>interruptible
+     * channel<code>} then the channel will be closed, the thread's interrupt
+     * status will be set, and the thread will receive a {@link
+     * java.nio.channels.ClosedByInterruptException}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this thread is blocked in a {@link java.nio.channels.Selector}
+     * then the thread's interrupt status will be set and it will return
+     * immediately from the selection operation, possibly with a non-zero
+     * value, just as if the selector's {@link
+     * java.nio.channels.Selector#wakeup wakeup} method were invoked.
+     *
+     * <p> If none of the previous conditions hold then this thread's interrupt
+     * status will be set. </p>
+     *
+     * <p> Interrupting a thread that is not alive need not have any effect.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if the current thread cannot modify this thread
+     *
+     * @revised 6.0
+     * @spec JSR-51
+     */
+    public void interrupt() {
+        if (this != Thread.currentThread())
+            checkAccess();
+
+        synchronized (blockerLock) {
+            Interruptible b = blocker;
+            if (b != null) {
+                interrupt0();           // Just to set the interrupt flag
+                b.interrupt(this);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        interrupt0();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the current thread has been interrupted.  The
+     * <i>interrupted status</i> of the thread is cleared by this method.  In
+     * other words, if this method were to be called twice in succession, the
+     * second call would return false (unless the current thread were
+     * interrupted again, after the first call had cleared its interrupted
+     * status and before the second call had examined it).
+     *
+     * <p>A thread interruption ignored because a thread was not alive
+     * at the time of the interrupt will be reflected by this method
+     * returning false.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if the current thread has been interrupted;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     * @see #isInterrupted()
+     * @revised 6.0
+     */
+    public static boolean interrupted() {
+        return currentThread().isInterrupted(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether this thread has been interrupted.  The <i>interrupted
+     * status</i> of the thread is unaffected by this method.
+     *
+     * <p>A thread interruption ignored because a thread was not alive
+     * at the time of the interrupt will be reflected by this method
+     * returning false.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if this thread has been interrupted;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     * @see     #interrupted()
+     * @revised 6.0
+     */
+    public boolean isInterrupted() {
+        return isInterrupted(false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if some Thread has been interrupted.  The interrupted state
+     * is reset or not based on the value of ClearInterrupted that is
+     * passed.
+     */
+    private native boolean isInterrupted(boolean ClearInterrupted);
+
+    /**
+     * Throws {@link NoSuchMethodError}.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method was originally designed to destroy this
+     *     thread without any cleanup. Any monitors it held would have
+     *     remained locked. However, the method was never implemented.
+     *     If if were to be implemented, it would be deadlock-prone in
+     *     much the manner of {@link #suspend}. If the target thread held
+     *     a lock protecting a critical system resource when it was
+     *     destroyed, no thread could ever access this resource again.
+     *     If another thread ever attempted to lock this resource, deadlock
+     *     would result. Such deadlocks typically manifest themselves as
+     *     "frozen" processes. For more information, see
+     *     <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/concurrency/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">
+     *     Why are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
+     * @throws NoSuchMethodError always
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void destroy() {
+        throw new NoSuchMethodError();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if this thread is alive. A thread is alive if it has
+     * been started and has not yet died.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if this thread is alive;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    public final native boolean isAlive();
+
+    /**
+     * Suspends this thread.
+     * <p>
+     * First, the <code>checkAccess</code> method of this thread is called
+     * with no arguments. This may result in throwing a
+     * <code>SecurityException </code>(in the current thread).
+     * <p>
+     * If the thread is alive, it is suspended and makes no further
+     * progress unless and until it is resumed.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the current thread cannot modify
+     *               this thread.
+     * @see #checkAccess
+     * @deprecated   This method has been deprecated, as it is
+     *   inherently deadlock-prone.  If the target thread holds a lock on the
+     *   monitor protecting a critical system resource when it is suspended, no
+     *   thread can access this resource until the target thread is resumed. If
+     *   the thread that would resume the target thread attempts to lock this
+     *   monitor prior to calling <code>resume</code>, deadlock results.  Such
+     *   deadlocks typically manifest themselves as "frozen" processes.
+     *   For more information, see
+     *   <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/concurrency/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why
+     *   are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public final void suspend() {
+        checkAccess();
+        suspend0();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resumes a suspended thread.
+     * <p>
+     * First, the <code>checkAccess</code> method of this thread is called
+     * with no arguments. This may result in throwing a
+     * <code>SecurityException</code> (in the current thread).
+     * <p>
+     * If the thread is alive but suspended, it is resumed and is
+     * permitted to make progress in its execution.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the current thread cannot modify this
+     *               thread.
+     * @see        #checkAccess
+     * @see        #suspend()
+     * @deprecated This method exists solely for use with {@link #suspend},
+     *     which has been deprecated because it is deadlock-prone.
+     *     For more information, see
+     *     <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/concurrency/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why
+     *     are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public final void resume() {
+        checkAccess();
+        resume0();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the priority of this thread.
+     * <p>
+     * First the <code>checkAccess</code> method of this thread is called
+     * with no arguments. This may result in throwing a
+     * <code>SecurityException</code>.
+     * <p>
+     * Otherwise, the priority of this thread is set to the smaller of
+     * the specified <code>newPriority</code> and the maximum permitted
+     * priority of the thread's thread group.
+     *
+     * @param newPriority priority to set this thread to
+     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException  If the priority is not in the
+     *               range <code>MIN_PRIORITY</code> to
+     *               <code>MAX_PRIORITY</code>.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the current thread cannot modify
+     *               this thread.
+     * @see        #getPriority
+     * @see        #checkAccess()
+     * @see        #getThreadGroup()
+     * @see        #MAX_PRIORITY
+     * @see        #MIN_PRIORITY
+     * @see        ThreadGroup#getMaxPriority()
+     */
+    public final void setPriority(int newPriority) {
+        ThreadGroup g;
+        checkAccess();
+        if (newPriority > MAX_PRIORITY || newPriority < MIN_PRIORITY) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        }
+        if((g = getThreadGroup()) != null) {
+            if (newPriority > g.getMaxPriority()) {
+                newPriority = g.getMaxPriority();
+            }
+            setPriority0(priority = newPriority);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this thread's priority.
+     *
+     * @return  this thread's priority.
+     * @see     #setPriority
+     */
+    public final int getPriority() {
+        return priority;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the name of this thread to be equal to the argument
+     * <code>name</code>.
+     * <p>
+     * First the <code>checkAccess</code> method of this thread is called
+     * with no arguments. This may result in throwing a
+     * <code>SecurityException</code>.
+     *
+     * @param      name   the new name for this thread.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the current thread cannot modify this
+     *               thread.
+     * @see        #getName
+     * @see        #checkAccess()
+     */
+    public final void setName(String name) {
+        checkAccess();
+        this.name = name.toCharArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this thread's name.
+     *
+     * @return  this thread's name.
+     * @see     #setName(String)
+     */
+    public final String getName() {
+        return String.valueOf(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the thread group to which this thread belongs.
+     * This method returns null if this thread has died
+     * (been stopped).
+     *
+     * @return  this thread's thread group.
+     */
+    public final ThreadGroup getThreadGroup() {
+        return group;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an estimate of the number of active threads in the current
+     * thread's {@linkplain java.lang.ThreadGroup thread group} and its
+     * subgroups. Recursively iterates over all subgroups in the current
+     * thread's thread group.
+     *
+     * <p> The value returned is only an estimate because the number of
+     * threads may change dynamically while this method traverses internal
+     * data structures, and might be affected by the presence of certain
+     * system threads. This method is intended primarily for debugging
+     * and monitoring purposes.
+     *
+     * @return  an estimate of the number of active threads in the current
+     *          thread's thread group and in any other thread group that
+     *          has the current thread's thread group as an ancestor
+     */
+    public static int activeCount() {
+        return currentThread().getThreadGroup().activeCount();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies into the specified array every active thread in the current
+     * thread's thread group and its subgroups. This method simply
+     * invokes the {@link java.lang.ThreadGroup#enumerate(Thread[])}
+     * method of the current thread's thread group.
+     *
+     * <p> An application might use the {@linkplain #activeCount activeCount}
+     * method to get an estimate of how big the array should be, however
+     * <i>if the array is too short to hold all the threads, the extra threads
+     * are silently ignored.</i>  If it is critical to obtain every active
+     * thread in the current thread's thread group and its subgroups, the
+     * invoker should verify that the returned int value is strictly less
+     * than the length of {@code tarray}.
+     *
+     * <p> Due to the inherent race condition in this method, it is recommended
+     * that the method only be used for debugging and monitoring purposes.
+     *
+     * @param  tarray
+     *         an array into which to put the list of threads
+     *
+     * @return  the number of threads put into the array
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if {@link java.lang.ThreadGroup#checkAccess} determines that
+     *          the current thread cannot access its thread group
+     */
+    public static int enumerate(Thread tarray[]) {
+        return currentThread().getThreadGroup().enumerate(tarray);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Counts the number of stack frames in this thread. The thread must
+     * be suspended.
+     *
+     * @return     the number of stack frames in this thread.
+     * @exception  IllegalThreadStateException  if this thread is not
+     *             suspended.
+     * @deprecated The definition of this call depends on {@link #suspend},
+     *             which is deprecated.  Further, the results of this call
+     *             were never well-defined.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public native int countStackFrames();
+
+    /**
+     * Waits at most {@code millis} milliseconds for this thread to
+     * die. A timeout of {@code 0} means to wait forever.
+     *
+     * <p> This implementation uses a loop of {@code this.wait} calls
+     * conditioned on {@code this.isAlive}. As a thread terminates the
+     * {@code this.notifyAll} method is invoked. It is recommended that
+     * applications not use {@code wait}, {@code notify}, or
+     * {@code notifyAll} on {@code Thread} instances.
+     *
+     * @param  millis
+     *         the time to wait in milliseconds
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value of {@code millis} is negative
+     *
+     * @throws  InterruptedException
+     *          if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
+     *          <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
+     *          cleared when this exception is thrown.
+     */
+    public final synchronized void join(long millis)
+    throws InterruptedException {
+        long base = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long now = 0;
+
+        if (millis < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
+        }
+
+        if (millis == 0) {
+            while (isAlive()) {
+                wait(0);
+            }
+        } else {
+            while (isAlive()) {
+                long delay = millis - now;
+                if (delay <= 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                wait(delay);
+                now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits at most {@code millis} milliseconds plus
+     * {@code nanos} nanoseconds for this thread to die.
+     *
+     * <p> This implementation uses a loop of {@code this.wait} calls
+     * conditioned on {@code this.isAlive}. As a thread terminates the
+     * {@code this.notifyAll} method is invoked. It is recommended that
+     * applications not use {@code wait}, {@code notify}, or
+     * {@code notifyAll} on {@code Thread} instances.
+     *
+     * @param  millis
+     *         the time to wait in milliseconds
+     *
+     * @param  nanos
+     *         {@code 0-999999} additional nanoseconds to wait
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value of {@code millis} is negative, or the value
+     *          of {@code nanos} is not in the range {@code 0-999999}
+     *
+     * @throws  InterruptedException
+     *          if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
+     *          <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
+     *          cleared when this exception is thrown.
+     */
+    public final synchronized void join(long millis, int nanos)
+    throws InterruptedException {
+
+        if (millis < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
+        }
+
+        if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                "nanosecond timeout value out of range");
+        }
+
+        if (nanos >= 500000 || (nanos != 0 && millis == 0)) {
+            millis++;
+        }
+
+        join(millis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits for this thread to die.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method behaves in exactly the same
+     * way as the invocation
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * {@linkplain #join(long) join}{@code (0)}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @throws  InterruptedException
+     *          if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
+     *          <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
+     *          cleared when this exception is thrown.
+     */
+    public final void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        join(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a stack trace of the current thread to the standard error stream.
+     * This method is used only for debugging.
+     *
+     * @see     Throwable#printStackTrace()
+     */
+    public static void dumpStack() {
+        new Exception("Stack trace").printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Marks this thread as either a {@linkplain #isDaemon daemon} thread
+     * or a user thread. The Java Virtual Machine exits when the only
+     * threads running are all daemon threads.
+     *
+     * <p> This method must be invoked before the thread is started.
+     *
+     * @param  on
+     *         if {@code true}, marks this thread as a daemon thread
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalThreadStateException
+     *          if this thread is {@linkplain #isAlive alive}
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if {@link #checkAccess} determines that the current
+     *          thread cannot modify this thread
+     */
+    public final void setDaemon(boolean on) {
+        checkAccess();
+        if (isAlive()) {
+            throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
+        }
+        daemon = on;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if this thread is a daemon thread.
+     *
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if this thread is a daemon thread;
+     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     * @see     #setDaemon(boolean)
+     */
+    public final boolean isDaemon() {
+        return daemon;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the currently running thread has permission to
+     * modify this thread.
+     * <p>
+     * If there is a security manager, its <code>checkAccess</code> method
+     * is called with this thread as its argument. This may result in
+     * throwing a <code>SecurityException</code>.
+     *
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if the current thread is not allowed to
+     *               access this thread.
+     * @see        SecurityManager#checkAccess(Thread)
+     */
+    public final void checkAccess() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkAccess(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of this thread, including the
+     * thread's name, priority, and thread group.
+     *
+     * @return  a string representation of this thread.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        ThreadGroup group = getThreadGroup();
+        if (group != null) {
+            return "Thread[" + getName() + "," + getPriority() + "," +
+                           group.getName() + "]";
+        } else {
+            return "Thread[" + getName() + "," + getPriority() + "," +
+                            "" + "]";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the context ClassLoader for this Thread. The context
+     * ClassLoader is provided by the creator of the thread for use
+     * by code running in this thread when loading classes and resources.
+     * If not {@linkplain #setContextClassLoader set}, the default is the
+     * ClassLoader context of the parent Thread. The context ClassLoader of the
+     * primordial thread is typically set to the class loader used to load the
+     * application.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is not
+     * {@code null} and is not the same as or an ancestor of the context class
+     * loader, then this method invokes the security manager's {@link
+     * SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission) checkPermission}
+     * method with a {@link RuntimePermission RuntimePermission}{@code
+     * ("getClassLoader")} permission to verify that retrieval of the context
+     * class loader is permitted.
+     *
+     * @return  the context ClassLoader for this Thread, or {@code null}
+     *          indicating the system class loader (or, failing that, the
+     *          bootstrap class loader)
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if the current thread cannot get the context ClassLoader
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public ClassLoader getContextClassLoader() {
+        if (contextClassLoader == null)
+            return null;
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getCallerClassLoader();
+            if (ccl != null && ccl != contextClassLoader &&
+                    !contextClassLoader.isAncestor(ccl)) {
+                sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
+            }
+        }
+        return contextClassLoader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the context ClassLoader for this Thread. The context
+     * ClassLoader can be set when a thread is created, and allows
+     * the creator of the thread to provide the appropriate class loader,
+     * through {@code getContextClassLoader}, to code running in the thread
+     * when loading classes and resources.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is present, its {@link
+     * SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission) checkPermission}
+     * method is invoked with a {@link RuntimePermission RuntimePermission}{@code
+     * ("setContextClassLoader")} permission to see if setting the context
+     * ClassLoader is permitted.
+     *
+     * @param  cl
+     *         the context ClassLoader for this Thread, or null  indicating the
+     *         system class loader (or, failing that, the bootstrap class loader)
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if the current thread cannot set the context ClassLoader
+     *
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public void setContextClassLoader(ClassLoader cl) {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setContextClassLoader"));
+        }
+        contextClassLoader = cl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if the current thread holds the
+     * monitor lock on the specified object.
+     *
+     * <p>This method is designed to allow a program to assert that
+     * the current thread already holds a specified lock:
+     * <pre>
+     *     assert Thread.holdsLock(obj);
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  obj the object on which to test lock ownership
+     * @throws NullPointerException if obj is <tt>null</tt>
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the current thread holds the monitor lock on
+     *         the specified object.
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+    public static native boolean holdsLock(Object obj);
+
+    private static final StackTraceElement[] EMPTY_STACK_TRACE
+        = new StackTraceElement[0];
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of stack trace elements representing the stack dump
+     * of this thread.  This method will return a zero-length array if
+     * this thread has not started, has started but has not yet been
+     * scheduled to run by the system, or has terminated.
+     * If the returned array is of non-zero length then the first element of
+     * the array represents the top of the stack, which is the most recent
+     * method invocation in the sequence.  The last element of the array
+     * represents the bottom of the stack, which is the least recent method
+     * invocation in the sequence.
+     *
+     * <p>If there is a security manager, and this thread is not
+     * the current thread, then the security manager's
+     * <tt>checkPermission</tt> method is called with a
+     * <tt>RuntimePermission("getStackTrace")</tt> permission
+     * to see if it's ok to get the stack trace.
+     *
+     * <p>Some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one
+     * or more stack frames from the stack trace.  In the extreme case,
+     * a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning
+     * this thread is permitted to return a zero-length array from this
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @return an array of <tt>StackTraceElement</tt>,
+     * each represents one stack frame.
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its
+     *        <tt>checkPermission</tt> method doesn't allow
+     *        getting the stack trace of thread.
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see RuntimePermission
+     * @see Throwable#getStackTrace
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() {
+        if (this != Thread.currentThread()) {
+            // check for getStackTrace permission
+            SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+            if (security != null) {
+                security.checkPermission(
+                    SecurityConstants.GET_STACK_TRACE_PERMISSION);
+            }
+            // optimization so we do not call into the vm for threads that
+            // have not yet started or have terminated
+            if (!isAlive()) {
+                return EMPTY_STACK_TRACE;
+            }
+            StackTraceElement[][] stackTraceArray = dumpThreads(new Thread[] {this});
+            StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = stackTraceArray[0];
+            // a thread that was alive during the previous isAlive call may have
+            // since terminated, therefore not having a stacktrace.
+            if (stackTrace == null) {
+                stackTrace = EMPTY_STACK_TRACE;
+            }
+            return stackTrace;
+        } else {
+            // Don't need JVM help for current thread
+            return (new Exception()).getStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a map of stack traces for all live threads.
+     * The map keys are threads and each map value is an array of
+     * <tt>StackTraceElement</tt> that represents the stack dump
+     * of the corresponding <tt>Thread</tt>.
+     * The returned stack traces are in the format specified for
+     * the {@link #getStackTrace getStackTrace} method.
+     *
+     * <p>The threads may be executing while this method is called.
+     * The stack trace of each thread only represents a snapshot and
+     * each stack trace may be obtained at different time.  A zero-length
+     * array will be returned in the map value if the virtual machine has
+     * no stack trace information about a thread.
+     *
+     * <p>If there is a security manager, then the security manager's
+     * <tt>checkPermission</tt> method is called with a
+     * <tt>RuntimePermission("getStackTrace")</tt> permission as well as
+     * <tt>RuntimePermission("modifyThreadGroup")</tt> permission
+     * to see if it is ok to get the stack trace of all threads.
+     *
+     * @return a <tt>Map</tt> from <tt>Thread</tt> to an array of
+     * <tt>StackTraceElement</tt> that represents the stack trace of
+     * the corresponding thread.
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its
+     *        <tt>checkPermission</tt> method doesn't allow
+     *        getting the stack trace of thread.
+     * @see #getStackTrace
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see RuntimePermission
+     * @see Throwable#getStackTrace
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static Map<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> getAllStackTraces() {
+        // check for getStackTrace permission
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkPermission(
+                SecurityConstants.GET_STACK_TRACE_PERMISSION);
+            security.checkPermission(
+                SecurityConstants.MODIFY_THREADGROUP_PERMISSION);
+        }
+
+        // Get a snapshot of the list of all threads
+        Thread[] threads = getThreads();
+        StackTraceElement[][] traces = dumpThreads(threads);
+        Map<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> m = new HashMap<>(threads.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
+            StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = traces[i];
+            if (stackTrace != null) {
+                m.put(threads[i], stackTrace);
+            }
+            // else terminated so we don't put it in the map
+        }
+        return m;
+    }
+
+
+    private static final RuntimePermission SUBCLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_PERMISSION =
+                    new RuntimePermission("enableContextClassLoaderOverride");
+
+    /** cache of subclass security audit results */
+    /* Replace with ConcurrentReferenceHashMap when/if it appears in a future
+     * release */
+    private static class Caches {
+        /** cache of subclass security audit results */
+        static final ConcurrentMap<WeakClassKey,Boolean> subclassAudits =
+            new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+        /** queue for WeakReferences to audited subclasses */
+        static final ReferenceQueue<Class<?>> subclassAuditsQueue =
+            new ReferenceQueue<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that this (possibly subclass) instance can be constructed
+     * without violating security constraints: the subclass must not override
+     * security-sensitive non-final methods, or else the
+     * "enableContextClassLoaderOverride" RuntimePermission is checked.
+     */
+    private static boolean isCCLOverridden(Class cl) {
+        if (cl == Thread.class)
+            return false;
+
+        processQueue(Caches.subclassAuditsQueue, Caches.subclassAudits);
+        WeakClassKey key = new WeakClassKey(cl, Caches.subclassAuditsQueue);
+        Boolean result = Caches.subclassAudits.get(key);
+        if (result == null) {
+            result = Boolean.valueOf(auditSubclass(cl));
+            Caches.subclassAudits.putIfAbsent(key, result);
+        }
+
+        return result.booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs reflective checks on given subclass to verify that it doesn't
+     * override security-sensitive non-final methods.  Returns true if the
+     * subclass overrides any of the methods, false otherwise.
+     */
+    private static boolean auditSubclass(final Class subcl) {
+        Boolean result = AccessController.doPrivileged(
+            new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
+                public Boolean run() {
+                    for (Class cl = subcl;
+                         cl != Thread.class;
+                         cl = cl.getSuperclass())
+                    {
+                        try {
+                            cl.getDeclaredMethod("getContextClassLoader", new Class[0]);
+                            return Boolean.TRUE;
+                        } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            Class[] params = {ClassLoader.class};
+                            cl.getDeclaredMethod("setContextClassLoader", params);
+                            return Boolean.TRUE;
+                        } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return Boolean.FALSE;
+                }
+            }
+        );
+        return result.booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    private native static StackTraceElement[][] dumpThreads(Thread[] threads);
+    private native static Thread[] getThreads();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the identifier of this Thread.  The thread ID is a positive
+     * <tt>long</tt> number generated when this thread was created.
+     * The thread ID is unique and remains unchanged during its lifetime.
+     * When a thread is terminated, this thread ID may be reused.
+     *
+     * @return this thread's ID.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public long getId() {
+        return tid;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A thread state.  A thread can be in one of the following states:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>{@link #NEW}<br>
+     *     A thread that has not yet started is in this state.
+     *     </li>
+     * <li>{@link #RUNNABLE}<br>
+     *     A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
+     *     </li>
+     * <li>{@link #BLOCKED}<br>
+     *     A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock
+     *     is in this state.
+     *     </li>
+     * <li>{@link #WAITING}<br>
+     *     A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
+     *     perform a particular action is in this state.
+     *     </li>
+     * <li>{@link #TIMED_WAITING}<br>
+     *     A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action
+     *     for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
+     *     </li>
+     * <li>{@link #TERMINATED}<br>
+     *     A thread that has exited is in this state.
+     *     </li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.
+     * These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect
+     * any operating system thread states.
+     *
+     * @since   1.5
+     * @see #getState
+     */
+    public enum State {
+        /**
+         * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
+         */
+        NEW,
+
+        /**
+         * Thread state for a runnable thread.  A thread in the runnable
+         * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
+         * be waiting for other resources from the operating system
+         * such as processor.
+         */
+        RUNNABLE,
+
+        /**
+         * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
+         * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
+         * to enter a synchronized block/method or
+         * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
+         * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
+         */
+        BLOCKED,
+
+        /**
+         * Thread state for a waiting thread.
+         * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
+         * following methods:
+         * <ul>
+         *   <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
+         *   <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
+         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
+         * </ul>
+         *
+         * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
+         * perform a particular action.
+         *
+         * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
+         * on an object is waiting for another thread to call
+         * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
+         * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
+         * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
+         */
+        WAITING,
+
+        /**
+         * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
+         * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
+         * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
+         * <ul>
+         *   <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
+         *   <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
+         *   <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
+         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
+         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
+         * </ul>
+         */
+        TIMED_WAITING,
+
+        /**
+         * Thread state for a terminated thread.
+         * The thread has completed execution.
+         */
+        TERMINATED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the state of this thread.
+     * This method is designed for use in monitoring of the system state,
+     * not for synchronization control.
+     *
+     * @return this thread's state.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public State getState() {
+        // get current thread state
+        return sun.misc.VM.toThreadState(threadStatus);
+    }
+
+    // Added in JSR-166
+
+    /**
+     * Interface for handlers invoked when a <tt>Thread</tt> abruptly
+     * terminates due to an uncaught exception.
+     * <p>When a thread is about to terminate due to an uncaught exception
+     * the Java Virtual Machine will query the thread for its
+     * <tt>UncaughtExceptionHandler</tt> using
+     * {@link #getUncaughtExceptionHandler} and will invoke the handler's
+     * <tt>uncaughtException</tt> method, passing the thread and the
+     * exception as arguments.
+     * If a thread has not had its <tt>UncaughtExceptionHandler</tt>
+     * explicitly set, then its <tt>ThreadGroup</tt> object acts as its
+     * <tt>UncaughtExceptionHandler</tt>. If the <tt>ThreadGroup</tt> object
+     * has no
+     * special requirements for dealing with the exception, it can forward
+     * the invocation to the {@linkplain #getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
+     * default uncaught exception handler}.
+     *
+     * @see #setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
+     * @see #setUncaughtExceptionHandler
+     * @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public interface UncaughtExceptionHandler {
+        /**
+         * Method invoked when the given thread terminates due to the
+         * given uncaught exception.
+         * <p>Any exception thrown by this method will be ignored by the
+         * Java Virtual Machine.
+         * @param t the thread
+         * @param e the exception
+         */
+        void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e);
+    }
+
+    // null unless explicitly set
+    private volatile UncaughtExceptionHandler uncaughtExceptionHandler;
+
+    // null unless explicitly set
+    private static volatile UncaughtExceptionHandler defaultUncaughtExceptionHandler;
+
+    /**
+     * Set the default handler invoked when a thread abruptly terminates
+     * due to an uncaught exception, and no other handler has been defined
+     * for that thread.
+     *
+     * <p>Uncaught exception handling is controlled first by the thread, then
+     * by the thread's {@link ThreadGroup} object and finally by the default
+     * uncaught exception handler. If the thread does not have an explicit
+     * uncaught exception handler set, and the thread's thread group
+     * (including parent thread groups)  does not specialize its
+     * <tt>uncaughtException</tt> method, then the default handler's
+     * <tt>uncaughtException</tt> method will be invoked.
+     * <p>By setting the default uncaught exception handler, an application
+     * can change the way in which uncaught exceptions are handled (such as
+     * logging to a specific device, or file) for those threads that would
+     * already accept whatever &quot;default&quot; behavior the system
+     * provided.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that the default uncaught exception handler should not usually
+     * defer to the thread's <tt>ThreadGroup</tt> object, as that could cause
+     * infinite recursion.
+     *
+     * @param eh the object to use as the default uncaught exception handler.
+     * If <tt>null</tt> then there is no default handler.
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager is present and it
+     *         denies <tt>{@link RuntimePermission}
+     *         (&quot;setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler&quot;)</tt>
+     *
+     * @see #setUncaughtExceptionHandler
+     * @see #getUncaughtExceptionHandler
+     * @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static void setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(UncaughtExceptionHandler eh) {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(
+                new RuntimePermission("setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler")
+                    );
+        }
+
+         defaultUncaughtExceptionHandler = eh;
+     }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the default handler invoked when a thread abruptly terminates
+     * due to an uncaught exception. If the returned value is <tt>null</tt>,
+     * there is no default.
+     * @since 1.5
+     * @see #setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
+     */
+    public static UncaughtExceptionHandler getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(){
+        return defaultUncaughtExceptionHandler;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the handler invoked when this thread abruptly terminates
+     * due to an uncaught exception. If this thread has not had an
+     * uncaught exception handler explicitly set then this thread's
+     * <tt>ThreadGroup</tt> object is returned, unless this thread
+     * has terminated, in which case <tt>null</tt> is returned.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
+        return uncaughtExceptionHandler != null ?
+            uncaughtExceptionHandler : group;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the handler invoked when this thread abruptly terminates
+     * due to an uncaught exception.
+     * <p>A thread can take full control of how it responds to uncaught
+     * exceptions by having its uncaught exception handler explicitly set.
+     * If no such handler is set then the thread's <tt>ThreadGroup</tt>
+     * object acts as its handler.
+     * @param eh the object to use as this thread's uncaught exception
+     * handler. If <tt>null</tt> then this thread has no explicit handler.
+     * @throws  SecurityException  if the current thread is not allowed to
+     *          modify this thread.
+     * @see #setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
+     * @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public void setUncaughtExceptionHandler(UncaughtExceptionHandler eh) {
+        checkAccess();
+        uncaughtExceptionHandler = eh;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dispatch an uncaught exception to the handler. This method is
+     * intended to be called only by the JVM.
+     */
+    private void dispatchUncaughtException(Throwable e) {
+        getUncaughtExceptionHandler().uncaughtException(this, e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes from the specified map any keys that have been enqueued
+     * on the specified reference queue.
+     */
+    static void processQueue(ReferenceQueue<Class<?>> queue,
+                             ConcurrentMap<? extends
+                             WeakReference<Class<?>>, ?> map)
+    {
+        Reference<? extends Class<?>> ref;
+        while((ref = queue.poll()) != null) {
+            map.remove(ref);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Weak key for Class objects.
+     **/
+    static class WeakClassKey extends WeakReference<Class<?>> {
+        /**
+         * saved value of the referent's identity hash code, to maintain
+         * a consistent hash code after the referent has been cleared
+         */
+        private final int hash;
+
+        /**
+         * Create a new WeakClassKey to the given object, registered
+         * with a queue.
+         */
+        WeakClassKey(Class<?> cl, ReferenceQueue<Class<?>> refQueue) {
+            super(cl, refQueue);
+            hash = System.identityHashCode(cl);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the identity hash code of the original referent.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return hash;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns true if the given object is this identical
+         * WeakClassKey instance, or, if this object's referent has not
+         * been cleared, if the given object is another WeakClassKey
+         * instance with the identical non-null referent as this one.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if (obj == this)
+                return true;
+
+            if (obj instanceof WeakClassKey) {
+                Object referent = get();
+                return (referent != null) &&
+                       (referent == ((WeakClassKey) obj).get());
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Some private helper methods */
+    private native void setPriority0(int newPriority);
+    private native void stop0(Object o);
+    private native void suspend0();
+    private native void resume0();
+    private native void interrupt0();
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/BigDecimal.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/BigDecimal.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,3855 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Portions Copyright IBM Corporation, 2001. All Rights Reserved.
+ */
+
+package java.math;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import static java.math.BigInteger.LONG_MASK;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal numbers.  A
+ * {@code BigDecimal} consists of an arbitrary precision integer
+ * <i>unscaled value</i> and a 32-bit integer <i>scale</i>.  If zero
+ * or positive, the scale is the number of digits to the right of the
+ * decimal point.  If negative, the unscaled value of the number is
+ * multiplied by ten to the power of the negation of the scale.  The
+ * value of the number represented by the {@code BigDecimal} is
+ * therefore <tt>(unscaledValue &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup>)</tt>.
+ *
+ * <p>The {@code BigDecimal} class provides operations for
+ * arithmetic, scale manipulation, rounding, comparison, hashing, and
+ * format conversion.  The {@link #toString} method provides a
+ * canonical representation of a {@code BigDecimal}.
+ *
+ * <p>The {@code BigDecimal} class gives its user complete control
+ * over rounding behavior.  If no rounding mode is specified and the
+ * exact result cannot be represented, an exception is thrown;
+ * otherwise, calculations can be carried out to a chosen precision
+ * and rounding mode by supplying an appropriate {@link MathContext}
+ * object to the operation.  In either case, eight <em>rounding
+ * modes</em> are provided for the control of rounding.  Using the
+ * integer fields in this class (such as {@link #ROUND_HALF_UP}) to
+ * represent rounding mode is largely obsolete; the enumeration values
+ * of the {@code RoundingMode} {@code enum}, (such as {@link
+ * RoundingMode#HALF_UP}) should be used instead.
+ *
+ * <p>When a {@code MathContext} object is supplied with a precision
+ * setting of 0 (for example, {@link MathContext#UNLIMITED}),
+ * arithmetic operations are exact, as are the arithmetic methods
+ * which take no {@code MathContext} object.  (This is the only
+ * behavior that was supported in releases prior to 5.)  As a
+ * corollary of computing the exact result, the rounding mode setting
+ * of a {@code MathContext} object with a precision setting of 0 is
+ * not used and thus irrelevant.  In the case of divide, the exact
+ * quotient could have an infinitely long decimal expansion; for
+ * example, 1 divided by 3.  If the quotient has a nonterminating
+ * decimal expansion and the operation is specified to return an exact
+ * result, an {@code ArithmeticException} is thrown.  Otherwise, the
+ * exact result of the division is returned, as done for other
+ * operations.
+ *
+ * <p>When the precision setting is not 0, the rules of
+ * {@code BigDecimal} arithmetic are broadly compatible with selected
+ * modes of operation of the arithmetic defined in ANSI X3.274-1996
+ * and ANSI X3.274-1996/AM 1-2000 (section 7.4).  Unlike those
+ * standards, {@code BigDecimal} includes many rounding modes, which
+ * were mandatory for division in {@code BigDecimal} releases prior
+ * to 5.  Any conflicts between these ANSI standards and the
+ * {@code BigDecimal} specification are resolved in favor of
+ * {@code BigDecimal}.
+ *
+ * <p>Since the same numerical value can have different
+ * representations (with different scales), the rules of arithmetic
+ * and rounding must specify both the numerical result and the scale
+ * used in the result's representation.
+ *
+ *
+ * <p>In general the rounding modes and precision setting determine
+ * how operations return results with a limited number of digits when
+ * the exact result has more digits (perhaps infinitely many in the
+ * case of division) than the number of digits returned.
+ *
+ * First, the
+ * total number of digits to return is specified by the
+ * {@code MathContext}'s {@code precision} setting; this determines
+ * the result's <i>precision</i>.  The digit count starts from the
+ * leftmost nonzero digit of the exact result.  The rounding mode
+ * determines how any discarded trailing digits affect the returned
+ * result.
+ *
+ * <p>For all arithmetic operators , the operation is carried out as
+ * though an exact intermediate result were first calculated and then
+ * rounded to the number of digits specified by the precision setting
+ * (if necessary), using the selected rounding mode.  If the exact
+ * result is not returned, some digit positions of the exact result
+ * are discarded.  When rounding increases the magnitude of the
+ * returned result, it is possible for a new digit position to be
+ * created by a carry propagating to a leading {@literal "9"} digit.
+ * For example, rounding the value 999.9 to three digits rounding up
+ * would be numerically equal to one thousand, represented as
+ * 100&times;10<sup>1</sup>.  In such cases, the new {@literal "1"} is
+ * the leading digit position of the returned result.
+ *
+ * <p>Besides a logical exact result, each arithmetic operation has a
+ * preferred scale for representing a result.  The preferred
+ * scale for each operation is listed in the table below.
+ *
+ * <table border>
+ * <caption><b>Preferred Scales for Results of Arithmetic Operations
+ * </b></caption>
+ * <tr><th>Operation</th><th>Preferred Scale of Result</th></tr>
+ * <tr><td>Add</td><td>max(addend.scale(), augend.scale())</td>
+ * <tr><td>Subtract</td><td>max(minuend.scale(), subtrahend.scale())</td>
+ * <tr><td>Multiply</td><td>multiplier.scale() + multiplicand.scale()</td>
+ * <tr><td>Divide</td><td>dividend.scale() - divisor.scale()</td>
+ * </table>
+ *
+ * These scales are the ones used by the methods which return exact
+ * arithmetic results; except that an exact divide may have to use a
+ * larger scale since the exact result may have more digits.  For
+ * example, {@code 1/32} is {@code 0.03125}.
+ *
+ * <p>Before rounding, the scale of the logical exact intermediate
+ * result is the preferred scale for that operation.  If the exact
+ * numerical result cannot be represented in {@code precision}
+ * digits, rounding selects the set of digits to return and the scale
+ * of the result is reduced from the scale of the intermediate result
+ * to the least scale which can represent the {@code precision}
+ * digits actually returned.  If the exact result can be represented
+ * with at most {@code precision} digits, the representation
+ * of the result with the scale closest to the preferred scale is
+ * returned.  In particular, an exactly representable quotient may be
+ * represented in fewer than {@code precision} digits by removing
+ * trailing zeros and decreasing the scale.  For example, rounding to
+ * three digits using the {@linkplain RoundingMode#FLOOR floor}
+ * rounding mode, <br>
+ *
+ * {@code 19/100 = 0.19   // integer=19,  scale=2} <br>
+ *
+ * but<br>
+ *
+ * {@code 21/110 = 0.190  // integer=190, scale=3} <br>
+ *
+ * <p>Note that for add, subtract, and multiply, the reduction in
+ * scale will equal the number of digit positions of the exact result
+ * which are discarded. If the rounding causes a carry propagation to
+ * create a new high-order digit position, an additional digit of the
+ * result is discarded than when no new digit position is created.
+ *
+ * <p>Other methods may have slightly different rounding semantics.
+ * For example, the result of the {@code pow} method using the
+ * {@linkplain #pow(int, MathContext) specified algorithm} can
+ * occasionally differ from the rounded mathematical result by more
+ * than one unit in the last place, one <i>{@linkplain #ulp() ulp}</i>.
+ *
+ * <p>Two types of operations are provided for manipulating the scale
+ * of a {@code BigDecimal}: scaling/rounding operations and decimal
+ * point motion operations.  Scaling/rounding operations ({@link
+ * #setScale setScale} and {@link #round round}) return a
+ * {@code BigDecimal} whose value is approximately (or exactly) equal
+ * to that of the operand, but whose scale or precision is the
+ * specified value; that is, they increase or decrease the precision
+ * of the stored number with minimal effect on its value.  Decimal
+ * point motion operations ({@link #movePointLeft movePointLeft} and
+ * {@link #movePointRight movePointRight}) return a
+ * {@code BigDecimal} created from the operand by moving the decimal
+ * point a specified distance in the specified direction.
+ *
+ * <p>For the sake of brevity and clarity, pseudo-code is used
+ * throughout the descriptions of {@code BigDecimal} methods.  The
+ * pseudo-code expression {@code (i + j)} is shorthand for "a
+ * {@code BigDecimal} whose value is that of the {@code BigDecimal}
+ * {@code i} added to that of the {@code BigDecimal}
+ * {@code j}." The pseudo-code expression {@code (i == j)} is
+ * shorthand for "{@code true} if and only if the
+ * {@code BigDecimal} {@code i} represents the same value as the
+ * {@code BigDecimal} {@code j}." Other pseudo-code expressions
+ * are interpreted similarly.  Square brackets are used to represent
+ * the particular {@code BigInteger} and scale pair defining a
+ * {@code BigDecimal} value; for example [19, 2] is the
+ * {@code BigDecimal} numerically equal to 0.19 having a scale of 2.
+ *
+ * <p>Note: care should be exercised if {@code BigDecimal} objects
+ * are used as keys in a {@link java.util.SortedMap SortedMap} or
+ * elements in a {@link java.util.SortedSet SortedSet} since
+ * {@code BigDecimal}'s <i>natural ordering</i> is <i>inconsistent
+ * with equals</i>.  See {@link Comparable}, {@link
+ * java.util.SortedMap} or {@link java.util.SortedSet} for more
+ * information.
+ *
+ * <p>All methods and constructors for this class throw
+ * {@code NullPointerException} when passed a {@code null} object
+ * reference for any input parameter.
+ *
+ * @see     BigInteger
+ * @see     MathContext
+ * @see     RoundingMode
+ * @see     java.util.SortedMap
+ * @see     java.util.SortedSet
+ * @author  Josh Bloch
+ * @author  Mike Cowlishaw
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ */
+public class BigDecimal extends Number implements Comparable<BigDecimal> {
+    /**
+     * The unscaled value of this BigDecimal, as returned by {@link
+     * #unscaledValue}.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     * @see #unscaledValue
+     */
+    private volatile BigInteger intVal;
+
+    /**
+     * The scale of this BigDecimal, as returned by {@link #scale}.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     * @see #scale
+     */
+    private int scale;  // Note: this may have any value, so
+                        // calculations must be done in longs
+    /**
+     * The number of decimal digits in this BigDecimal, or 0 if the
+     * number of digits are not known (lookaside information).  If
+     * nonzero, the value is guaranteed correct.  Use the precision()
+     * method to obtain and set the value if it might be 0.  This
+     * field is mutable until set nonzero.
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    private transient int precision;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to store the canonical string representation, if computed.
+     */
+    private transient String stringCache;
+
+    /**
+     * Sentinel value for {@link #intCompact} indicating the
+     * significand information is only available from {@code intVal}.
+     */
+    static final long INFLATED = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+
+    /**
+     * If the absolute value of the significand of this BigDecimal is
+     * less than or equal to {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}, the value can be
+     * compactly stored in this field and used in computations.
+     */
+    private transient long intCompact;
+
+    // All 18-digit base ten strings fit into a long; not all 19-digit
+    // strings will
+    private static final int MAX_COMPACT_DIGITS = 18;
+
+    private static final int MAX_BIGINT_BITS = 62;
+
+    /* Appease the serialization gods */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 6108874887143696463L;
+
+    private static final ThreadLocal<StringBuilderHelper>
+        threadLocalStringBuilderHelper = new ThreadLocal<StringBuilderHelper>() {
+        @Override
+        protected StringBuilderHelper initialValue() {
+            return new StringBuilderHelper();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Cache of common small BigDecimal values.
+    private static final BigDecimal zeroThroughTen[] = {
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO,         0,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ONE,          1,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(2),   2,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(3),   3,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(4),   4,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(5),   5,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(6),   6,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(7),   7,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(8),   8,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(9),   9,  0, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.TEN,          10, 0, 2),
+    };
+
+    // Cache of zero scaled by 0 - 15
+    private static final BigDecimal[] ZERO_SCALED_BY = {
+        zeroThroughTen[0],
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 1, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 2, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 3, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 4, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 5, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 6, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 7, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 8, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 9, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 10, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 11, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 12, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 13, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 14, 1),
+        new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, 15, 1),
+    };
+
+    // Half of Long.MIN_VALUE & Long.MAX_VALUE.
+    private static final long HALF_LONG_MAX_VALUE = Long.MAX_VALUE / 2;
+    private static final long HALF_LONG_MIN_VALUE = Long.MIN_VALUE / 2;
+
+    // Constants
+    /**
+     * The value 0, with a scale of 0.
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static final BigDecimal ZERO =
+        zeroThroughTen[0];
+
+    /**
+     * The value 1, with a scale of 0.
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static final BigDecimal ONE =
+        zeroThroughTen[1];
+
+    /**
+     * The value 10, with a scale of 0.
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static final BigDecimal TEN =
+        zeroThroughTen[10];
+
+    // Constructors
+
+    /**
+     * Trusted package private constructor.
+     * Trusted simply means if val is INFLATED, intVal could not be null and
+     * if intVal is null, val could not be INFLATED.
+     */
+    BigDecimal(BigInteger intVal, long val, int scale, int prec) {
+        this.scale = scale;
+        this.precision = prec;
+        this.intCompact = val;
+        this.intVal = intVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a character array representation of a
+     * {@code BigDecimal} into a {@code BigDecimal}, accepting the
+     * same sequence of characters as the {@link #BigDecimal(String)}
+     * constructor, while allowing a sub-array to be specified.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if the sequence of characters is already available
+     * within a character array, using this constructor is faster than
+     * converting the {@code char} array to string and using the
+     * {@code BigDecimal(String)} constructor .
+     *
+     * @param  in {@code char} array that is the source of characters.
+     * @param  offset first character in the array to inspect.
+     * @param  len number of characters to consider.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code in} is not a valid
+     *         representation of a {@code BigDecimal} or the defined subarray
+     *         is not wholly within {@code in}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(char[] in, int offset, int len) {
+        // protect against huge length.
+        if (offset+len > in.length || offset < 0)
+            throw new NumberFormatException();
+        // This is the primary string to BigDecimal constructor; all
+        // incoming strings end up here; it uses explicit (inline)
+        // parsing for speed and generates at most one intermediate
+        // (temporary) object (a char[] array) for non-compact case.
+
+        // Use locals for all fields values until completion
+        int prec = 0;                 // record precision value
+        int scl = 0;                  // record scale value
+        long rs = 0;                  // the compact value in long
+        BigInteger rb = null;         // the inflated value in BigInteger
+
+        // use array bounds checking to handle too-long, len == 0,
+        // bad offset, etc.
+        try {
+            // handle the sign
+            boolean isneg = false;          // assume positive
+            if (in[offset] == '-') {
+                isneg = true;               // leading minus means negative
+                offset++;
+                len--;
+            } else if (in[offset] == '+') { // leading + allowed
+                offset++;
+                len--;
+            }
+
+            // should now be at numeric part of the significand
+            boolean dot = false;             // true when there is a '.'
+            int cfirst = offset;             // record start of integer
+            long exp = 0;                    // exponent
+            char c;                          // current character
+
+            boolean isCompact = (len <= MAX_COMPACT_DIGITS);
+            // integer significand array & idx is the index to it. The array
+            // is ONLY used when we can't use a compact representation.
+            char coeff[] = isCompact ? null : new char[len];
+            int idx = 0;
+
+            for (; len > 0; offset++, len--) {
+                c = in[offset];
+                // have digit
+                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || Character.isDigit(c)) {
+                    // First compact case, we need not to preserve the character
+                    // and we can just compute the value in place.
+                    if (isCompact) {
+                        int digit = Character.digit(c, 10);
+                        if (digit == 0) {
+                            if (prec == 0)
+                                prec = 1;
+                            else if (rs != 0) {
+                                rs *= 10;
+                                ++prec;
+                            } // else digit is a redundant leading zero
+                        } else {
+                            if (prec != 1 || rs != 0)
+                                ++prec; // prec unchanged if preceded by 0s
+                            rs = rs * 10 + digit;
+                        }
+                    } else { // the unscaled value is likely a BigInteger object.
+                        if (c == '0' || Character.digit(c, 10) == 0) {
+                            if (prec == 0) {
+                                coeff[idx] = c;
+                                prec = 1;
+                            } else if (idx != 0) {
+                                coeff[idx++] = c;
+                                ++prec;
+                            } // else c must be a redundant leading zero
+                        } else {
+                            if (prec != 1 || idx != 0)
+                                ++prec; // prec unchanged if preceded by 0s
+                            coeff[idx++] = c;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (dot)
+                        ++scl;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // have dot
+                if (c == '.') {
+                    // have dot
+                    if (dot)         // two dots
+                        throw new NumberFormatException();
+                    dot = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // exponent expected
+                if ((c != 'e') && (c != 'E'))
+                    throw new NumberFormatException();
+                offset++;
+                c = in[offset];
+                len--;
+                boolean negexp = (c == '-');
+                // optional sign
+                if (negexp || c == '+') {
+                    offset++;
+                    c = in[offset];
+                    len--;
+                }
+                if (len <= 0)    // no exponent digits
+                    throw new NumberFormatException();
+                // skip leading zeros in the exponent
+                while (len > 10 && Character.digit(c, 10) == 0) {
+                    offset++;
+                    c = in[offset];
+                    len--;
+                }
+                if (len > 10)  // too many nonzero exponent digits
+                    throw new NumberFormatException();
+                // c now holds first digit of exponent
+                for (;; len--) {
+                    int v;
+                    if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+                        v = c - '0';
+                    } else {
+                        v = Character.digit(c, 10);
+                        if (v < 0)            // not a digit
+                            throw new NumberFormatException();
+                    }
+                    exp = exp * 10 + v;
+                    if (len == 1)
+                        break;               // that was final character
+                    offset++;
+                    c = in[offset];
+                }
+                if (negexp)                  // apply sign
+                    exp = -exp;
+                // Next test is required for backwards compatibility
+                if ((int)exp != exp)         // overflow
+                    throw new NumberFormatException();
+                break;                       // [saves a test]
+            }
+            // here when no characters left
+            if (prec == 0)              // no digits found
+                throw new NumberFormatException();
+
+            // Adjust scale if exp is not zero.
+            if (exp != 0) {                  // had significant exponent
+                // Can't call checkScale which relies on proper fields value
+                long adjustedScale = scl - exp;
+                if (adjustedScale > Integer.MAX_VALUE ||
+                    adjustedScale < Integer.MIN_VALUE)
+                    throw new NumberFormatException("Scale out of range.");
+                scl = (int)adjustedScale;
+            }
+
+            // Remove leading zeros from precision (digits count)
+            if (isCompact) {
+                rs = isneg ? -rs : rs;
+            } else {
+                char quick[];
+                if (!isneg) {
+                    quick = (coeff.length != prec) ?
+                        Arrays.copyOf(coeff, prec) : coeff;
+                } else {
+                    quick = new char[prec + 1];
+                    quick[0] = '-';
+                    System.arraycopy(coeff, 0, quick, 1, prec);
+                }
+                rb = new BigInteger(quick);
+                rs = compactValFor(rb);
+            }
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NumberFormatException();
+        } catch (NegativeArraySizeException e) {
+            throw new NumberFormatException();
+        }
+        this.scale = scl;
+        this.precision = prec;
+        this.intCompact = rs;
+        this.intVal = (rs != INFLATED) ? null : rb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a character array representation of a
+     * {@code BigDecimal} into a {@code BigDecimal}, accepting the
+     * same sequence of characters as the {@link #BigDecimal(String)}
+     * constructor, while allowing a sub-array to be specified and
+     * with rounding according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if the sequence of characters is already available
+     * within a character array, using this constructor is faster than
+     * converting the {@code char} array to string and using the
+     * {@code BigDecimal(String)} constructor .
+     *
+     * @param  in {@code char} array that is the source of characters.
+     * @param  offset first character in the array to inspect.
+     * @param  len number of characters to consider..
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code in} is not a valid
+     *         representation of a {@code BigDecimal} or the defined subarray
+     *         is not wholly within {@code in}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(char[] in, int offset, int len, MathContext mc) {
+        this(in, offset, len);
+        if (mc.precision > 0)
+            roundThis(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a character array representation of a
+     * {@code BigDecimal} into a {@code BigDecimal}, accepting the
+     * same sequence of characters as the {@link #BigDecimal(String)}
+     * constructor.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if the sequence of characters is already available
+     * as a character array, using this constructor is faster than
+     * converting the {@code char} array to string and using the
+     * {@code BigDecimal(String)} constructor .
+     *
+     * @param in {@code char} array that is the source of characters.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code in} is not a valid
+     *         representation of a {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(char[] in) {
+        this(in, 0, in.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a character array representation of a
+     * {@code BigDecimal} into a {@code BigDecimal}, accepting the
+     * same sequence of characters as the {@link #BigDecimal(String)}
+     * constructor and with rounding according to the context
+     * settings.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if the sequence of characters is already available
+     * as a character array, using this constructor is faster than
+     * converting the {@code char} array to string and using the
+     * {@code BigDecimal(String)} constructor .
+     *
+     * @param  in {@code char} array that is the source of characters.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code in} is not a valid
+     *         representation of a {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(char[] in, MathContext mc) {
+        this(in, 0, in.length, mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates the string representation of a {@code BigDecimal}
+     * into a {@code BigDecimal}.  The string representation consists
+     * of an optional sign, {@code '+'} (<tt> '&#92;u002B'</tt>) or
+     * {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002D'</tt>), followed by a sequence of
+     * zero or more decimal digits ("the integer"), optionally
+     * followed by a fraction, optionally followed by an exponent.
+     *
+     * <p>The fraction consists of a decimal point followed by zero
+     * or more decimal digits.  The string must contain at least one
+     * digit in either the integer or the fraction.  The number formed
+     * by the sign, the integer and the fraction is referred to as the
+     * <i>significand</i>.
+     *
+     * <p>The exponent consists of the character {@code 'e'}
+     * (<tt>'&#92;u0065'</tt>) or {@code 'E'} (<tt>'&#92;u0045'</tt>)
+     * followed by one or more decimal digits.  The value of the
+     * exponent must lie between -{@link Integer#MAX_VALUE} ({@link
+     * Integer#MIN_VALUE}+1) and {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}, inclusive.
+     *
+     * <p>More formally, the strings this constructor accepts are
+     * described by the following grammar:
+     * <blockquote>
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>BigDecimalString:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> Significand Exponent<sub>opt</sub></i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Sign:</i>
+     * <dd>{@code +}
+     * <dd>{@code -}
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Significand:</i>
+     * <dd><i>IntegerPart</i> {@code .} <i>FractionPart<sub>opt</sub></i>
+     * <dd>{@code .} <i>FractionPart</i>
+     * <dd><i>IntegerPart</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>IntegerPart:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Digits</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>FractionPart:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Digits</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Exponent:</i>
+     * <dd><i>ExponentIndicator SignedInteger</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>ExponentIndicator:</i>
+     * <dd>{@code e}
+     * <dd>{@code E}
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>SignedInteger:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> Digits</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Digits:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Digit</i>
+     * <dd><i>Digits Digit</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Digit:</i>
+     * <dd>any character for which {@link Character#isDigit}
+     * returns {@code true}, including 0, 1, 2 ...
+     * </dl>
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p>The scale of the returned {@code BigDecimal} will be the
+     * number of digits in the fraction, or zero if the string
+     * contains no decimal point, subject to adjustment for any
+     * exponent; if the string contains an exponent, the exponent is
+     * subtracted from the scale.  The value of the resulting scale
+     * must lie between {@code Integer.MIN_VALUE} and
+     * {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}, inclusive.
+     *
+     * <p>The character-to-digit mapping is provided by {@link
+     * java.lang.Character#digit} set to convert to radix 10.  The
+     * String may not contain any extraneous characters (whitespace,
+     * for example).
+     *
+     * <p><b>Examples:</b><br>
+     * The value of the returned {@code BigDecimal} is equal to
+     * <i>significand</i> &times; 10<sup>&nbsp;<i>exponent</i></sup>.
+     * For each string on the left, the resulting representation
+     * [{@code BigInteger}, {@code scale}] is shown on the right.
+     * <pre>
+     * "0"            [0,0]
+     * "0.00"         [0,2]
+     * "123"          [123,0]
+     * "-123"         [-123,0]
+     * "1.23E3"       [123,-1]
+     * "1.23E+3"      [123,-1]
+     * "12.3E+7"      [123,-6]
+     * "12.0"         [120,1]
+     * "12.3"         [123,1]
+     * "0.00123"      [123,5]
+     * "-1.23E-12"    [-123,14]
+     * "1234.5E-4"    [12345,5]
+     * "0E+7"         [0,-7]
+     * "-0"           [0,0]
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * <p>Note: For values other than {@code float} and
+     * {@code double} NaN and &plusmn;Infinity, this constructor is
+     * compatible with the values returned by {@link Float#toString}
+     * and {@link Double#toString}.  This is generally the preferred
+     * way to convert a {@code float} or {@code double} into a
+     * BigDecimal, as it doesn't suffer from the unpredictability of
+     * the {@link #BigDecimal(double)} constructor.
+     *
+     * @param val String representation of {@code BigDecimal}.
+     *
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code val} is not a valid
+     *         representation of a {@code BigDecimal}.
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(String val) {
+        this(val.toCharArray(), 0, val.length());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates the string representation of a {@code BigDecimal}
+     * into a {@code BigDecimal}, accepting the same strings as the
+     * {@link #BigDecimal(String)} constructor, with rounding
+     * according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * @param  val string representation of a {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code val} is not a valid
+     *         representation of a BigDecimal.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(String val, MathContext mc) {
+        this(val.toCharArray(), 0, val.length());
+        if (mc.precision > 0)
+            roundThis(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code double} into a {@code BigDecimal} which
+     * is the exact decimal representation of the {@code double}'s
+     * binary floating-point value.  The scale of the returned
+     * {@code BigDecimal} is the smallest value such that
+     * <tt>(10<sup>scale</sup> &times; val)</tt> is an integer.
+     * <p>
+     * <b>Notes:</b>
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>
+     * The results of this constructor can be somewhat unpredictable.
+     * One might assume that writing {@code new BigDecimal(0.1)} in
+     * Java creates a {@code BigDecimal} which is exactly equal to
+     * 0.1 (an unscaled value of 1, with a scale of 1), but it is
+     * actually equal to
+     * 0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625.
+     * This is because 0.1 cannot be represented exactly as a
+     * {@code double} (or, for that matter, as a binary fraction of
+     * any finite length).  Thus, the value that is being passed
+     * <i>in</i> to the constructor is not exactly equal to 0.1,
+     * appearances notwithstanding.
+     *
+     * <li>
+     * The {@code String} constructor, on the other hand, is
+     * perfectly predictable: writing {@code new BigDecimal("0.1")}
+     * creates a {@code BigDecimal} which is <i>exactly</i> equal to
+     * 0.1, as one would expect.  Therefore, it is generally
+     * recommended that the {@linkplain #BigDecimal(String)
+     * <tt>String</tt> constructor} be used in preference to this one.
+     *
+     * <li>
+     * When a {@code double} must be used as a source for a
+     * {@code BigDecimal}, note that this constructor provides an
+     * exact conversion; it does not give the same result as
+     * converting the {@code double} to a {@code String} using the
+     * {@link Double#toString(double)} method and then using the
+     * {@link #BigDecimal(String)} constructor.  To get that result,
+     * use the {@code static} {@link #valueOf(double)} method.
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param val {@code double} value to be converted to
+     *        {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code val} is infinite or NaN.
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(double val) {
+        if (Double.isInfinite(val) || Double.isNaN(val))
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Infinite or NaN");
+
+        // Translate the double into sign, exponent and significand, according
+        // to the formulae in JLS, Section 20.10.22.
+        long valBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(val);
+        int sign = ((valBits >> 63)==0 ? 1 : -1);
+        int exponent = (int) ((valBits >> 52) & 0x7ffL);
+        long significand = (exponent==0 ? (valBits & ((1L<<52) - 1)) << 1
+                            : (valBits & ((1L<<52) - 1)) | (1L<<52));
+        exponent -= 1075;
+        // At this point, val == sign * significand * 2**exponent.
+
+        /*
+         * Special case zero to supress nonterminating normalization
+         * and bogus scale calculation.
+         */
+        if (significand == 0) {
+            intVal = BigInteger.ZERO;
+            intCompact = 0;
+            precision = 1;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Normalize
+        while((significand & 1) == 0) {    //  i.e., significand is even
+            significand >>= 1;
+            exponent++;
+        }
+
+        // Calculate intVal and scale
+        long s = sign * significand;
+        BigInteger b;
+        if (exponent < 0) {
+            b = BigInteger.valueOf(5).pow(-exponent).multiply(s);
+            scale = -exponent;
+        } else if (exponent > 0) {
+            b = BigInteger.valueOf(2).pow(exponent).multiply(s);
+        } else {
+            b = BigInteger.valueOf(s);
+        }
+        intCompact = compactValFor(b);
+        intVal = (intCompact != INFLATED) ? null : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code double} into a {@code BigDecimal}, with
+     * rounding according to the context settings.  The scale of the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} is the smallest value such that
+     * <tt>(10<sup>scale</sup> &times; val)</tt> is an integer.
+     *
+     * <p>The results of this constructor can be somewhat unpredictable
+     * and its use is generally not recommended; see the notes under
+     * the {@link #BigDecimal(double)} constructor.
+     *
+     * @param  val {@code double} value to be converted to
+     *         {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         RoundingMode is UNNECESSARY.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code val} is infinite or NaN.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(double val, MathContext mc) {
+        this(val);
+        if (mc.precision > 0)
+            roundThis(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code BigInteger} into a {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * The scale of the {@code BigDecimal} is zero.
+     *
+     * @param val {@code BigInteger} value to be converted to
+     *            {@code BigDecimal}.
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(BigInteger val) {
+        intCompact = compactValFor(val);
+        intVal = (intCompact != INFLATED) ? null : val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code BigInteger} into a {@code BigDecimal}
+     * rounding according to the context settings.  The scale of the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} is zero.
+     *
+     * @param val {@code BigInteger} value to be converted to
+     *            {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(BigInteger val, MathContext mc) {
+        this(val);
+        if (mc.precision > 0)
+            roundThis(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code BigInteger} unscaled value and an
+     * {@code int} scale into a {@code BigDecimal}.  The value of
+     * the {@code BigDecimal} is
+     * <tt>(unscaledVal &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup>)</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param unscaledVal unscaled value of the {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param scale scale of the {@code BigDecimal}.
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal, int scale) {
+        // Negative scales are now allowed
+        this(unscaledVal);
+        this.scale = scale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code BigInteger} unscaled value and an
+     * {@code int} scale into a {@code BigDecimal}, with rounding
+     * according to the context settings.  The value of the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} is <tt>(unscaledVal &times;
+     * 10<sup>-scale</sup>)</tt>, rounded according to the
+     * {@code precision} and rounding mode settings.
+     *
+     * @param  unscaledVal unscaled value of the {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  scale scale of the {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal, int scale, MathContext mc) {
+        this(unscaledVal);
+        this.scale = scale;
+        if (mc.precision > 0)
+            roundThis(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates an {@code int} into a {@code BigDecimal}.  The
+     * scale of the {@code BigDecimal} is zero.
+     *
+     * @param val {@code int} value to be converted to
+     *            {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(int val) {
+        intCompact = val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates an {@code int} into a {@code BigDecimal}, with
+     * rounding according to the context settings.  The scale of the
+     * {@code BigDecimal}, before any rounding, is zero.
+     *
+     * @param  val {@code int} value to be converted to {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(int val, MathContext mc) {
+        intCompact = val;
+        if (mc.precision > 0)
+            roundThis(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code long} into a {@code BigDecimal}.  The
+     * scale of the {@code BigDecimal} is zero.
+     *
+     * @param val {@code long} value to be converted to {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(long val) {
+        this.intCompact = val;
+        this.intVal = (val == INFLATED) ? BigInteger.valueOf(val) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code long} into a {@code BigDecimal}, with
+     * rounding according to the context settings.  The scale of the
+     * {@code BigDecimal}, before any rounding, is zero.
+     *
+     * @param  val {@code long} value to be converted to {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal(long val, MathContext mc) {
+        this(val);
+        if (mc.precision > 0)
+            roundThis(mc);
+    }
+
+    // Static Factory Methods
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code long} unscaled value and an
+     * {@code int} scale into a {@code BigDecimal}.  This
+     * {@literal "static factory method"} is provided in preference to
+     * a ({@code long}, {@code int}) constructor because it
+     * allows for reuse of frequently used {@code BigDecimal} values..
+     *
+     * @param unscaledVal unscaled value of the {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param scale scale of the {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is
+     *         <tt>(unscaledVal &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup>)</tt>.
+     */
+    public static BigDecimal valueOf(long unscaledVal, int scale) {
+        if (scale == 0)
+            return valueOf(unscaledVal);
+        else if (unscaledVal == 0) {
+            if (scale > 0 && scale < ZERO_SCALED_BY.length)
+                return ZERO_SCALED_BY[scale];
+            else
+                return new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, scale, 1);
+        }
+        return new BigDecimal(unscaledVal == INFLATED ?
+                              BigInteger.valueOf(unscaledVal) : null,
+                              unscaledVal, scale, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code long} value into a {@code BigDecimal}
+     * with a scale of zero.  This {@literal "static factory method"}
+     * is provided in preference to a ({@code long}) constructor
+     * because it allows for reuse of frequently used
+     * {@code BigDecimal} values.
+     *
+     * @param val value of the {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code val}.
+     */
+    public static BigDecimal valueOf(long val) {
+        if (val >= 0 && val < zeroThroughTen.length)
+            return zeroThroughTen[(int)val];
+        else if (val != INFLATED)
+            return new BigDecimal(null, val, 0, 0);
+        return new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(val), val, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a {@code double} into a {@code BigDecimal}, using
+     * the {@code double}'s canonical string representation provided
+     * by the {@link Double#toString(double)} method.
+     *
+     * <p><b>Note:</b> This is generally the preferred way to convert
+     * a {@code double} (or {@code float}) into a
+     * {@code BigDecimal}, as the value returned is equal to that
+     * resulting from constructing a {@code BigDecimal} from the
+     * result of using {@link Double#toString(double)}.
+     *
+     * @param  val {@code double} to convert to a {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is equal to or approximately
+     *         equal to the value of {@code val}.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code val} is infinite or NaN.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static BigDecimal valueOf(double val) {
+        // Reminder: a zero double returns '0.0', so we cannot fastpath
+        // to use the constant ZERO.  This might be important enough to
+        // justify a factory approach, a cache, or a few private
+        // constants, later.
+        return new BigDecimal(Double.toString(val));
+    }
+
+    // Arithmetic Operations
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this +
+     * augend)}, and whose scale is {@code max(this.scale(),
+     * augend.scale())}.
+     *
+     * @param  augend value to be added to this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @return {@code this + augend}
+     */
+    public BigDecimal add(BigDecimal augend) {
+        long xs = this.intCompact;
+        long ys = augend.intCompact;
+        BigInteger fst = (xs != INFLATED) ? null : this.intVal;
+        BigInteger snd = (ys != INFLATED) ? null : augend.intVal;
+        int rscale = this.scale;
+
+        long sdiff = (long)rscale - augend.scale;
+        if (sdiff != 0) {
+            if (sdiff < 0) {
+                int raise = checkScale(-sdiff);
+                rscale = augend.scale;
+                if (xs == INFLATED ||
+                    (xs = longMultiplyPowerTen(xs, raise)) == INFLATED)
+                    fst = bigMultiplyPowerTen(raise);
+            } else {
+                int raise = augend.checkScale(sdiff);
+                if (ys == INFLATED ||
+                    (ys = longMultiplyPowerTen(ys, raise)) == INFLATED)
+                    snd = augend.bigMultiplyPowerTen(raise);
+            }
+        }
+        if (xs != INFLATED && ys != INFLATED) {
+            long sum = xs + ys;
+            // See "Hacker's Delight" section 2-12 for explanation of
+            // the overflow test.
+            if ( (((sum ^ xs) & (sum ^ ys))) >= 0L) // not overflowed
+                return BigDecimal.valueOf(sum, rscale);
+        }
+        if (fst == null)
+            fst = BigInteger.valueOf(xs);
+        if (snd == null)
+            snd = BigInteger.valueOf(ys);
+        BigInteger sum = fst.add(snd);
+        return (fst.signum == snd.signum) ?
+            new BigDecimal(sum, INFLATED, rscale, 0) :
+            new BigDecimal(sum, rscale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this + augend)},
+     * with rounding according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * If either number is zero and the precision setting is nonzero then
+     * the other number, rounded if necessary, is used as the result.
+     *
+     * @param  augend value to be added to this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code this + augend}, rounded as necessary.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal add(BigDecimal augend, MathContext mc) {
+        if (mc.precision == 0)
+            return add(augend);
+        BigDecimal lhs = this;
+
+        // Could optimize if values are compact
+        this.inflate();
+        augend.inflate();
+
+        // If either number is zero then the other number, rounded and
+        // scaled if necessary, is used as the result.
+        {
+            boolean lhsIsZero = lhs.signum() == 0;
+            boolean augendIsZero = augend.signum() == 0;
+
+            if (lhsIsZero || augendIsZero) {
+                int preferredScale = Math.max(lhs.scale(), augend.scale());
+                BigDecimal result;
+
+                // Could use a factory for zero instead of a new object
+                if (lhsIsZero && augendIsZero)
+                    return new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0, preferredScale, 0);
+
+                result = lhsIsZero ? doRound(augend, mc) : doRound(lhs, mc);
+
+                if (result.scale() == preferredScale)
+                    return result;
+                else if (result.scale() > preferredScale) {
+                    BigDecimal scaledResult =
+                        new BigDecimal(result.intVal, result.intCompact,
+                                       result.scale, 0);
+                    scaledResult.stripZerosToMatchScale(preferredScale);
+                    return scaledResult;
+                } else { // result.scale < preferredScale
+                    int precisionDiff = mc.precision - result.precision();
+                    int scaleDiff     = preferredScale - result.scale();
+
+                    if (precisionDiff >= scaleDiff)
+                        return result.setScale(preferredScale); // can achieve target scale
+                    else
+                        return result.setScale(result.scale() + precisionDiff);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        long padding = (long)lhs.scale - augend.scale;
+        if (padding != 0) {        // scales differ; alignment needed
+            BigDecimal arg[] = preAlign(lhs, augend, padding, mc);
+            matchScale(arg);
+            lhs    = arg[0];
+            augend = arg[1];
+        }
+
+        BigDecimal d = new BigDecimal(lhs.inflate().add(augend.inflate()),
+                                      lhs.scale);
+        return doRound(d, mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of length two, the sum of whose entries is
+     * equal to the rounded sum of the {@code BigDecimal} arguments.
+     *
+     * <p>If the digit positions of the arguments have a sufficient
+     * gap between them, the value smaller in magnitude can be
+     * condensed into a {@literal "sticky bit"} and the end result will
+     * round the same way <em>if</em> the precision of the final
+     * result does not include the high order digit of the small
+     * magnitude operand.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that while strictly speaking this is an optimization,
+     * it makes a much wider range of additions practical.
+     *
+     * <p>This corresponds to a pre-shift operation in a fixed
+     * precision floating-point adder; this method is complicated by
+     * variable precision of the result as determined by the
+     * MathContext.  A more nuanced operation could implement a
+     * {@literal "right shift"} on the smaller magnitude operand so
+     * that the number of digits of the smaller operand could be
+     * reduced even though the significands partially overlapped.
+     */
+    private BigDecimal[] preAlign(BigDecimal lhs, BigDecimal augend,
+                                  long padding, MathContext mc) {
+        assert padding != 0;
+        BigDecimal big;
+        BigDecimal small;
+
+        if (padding < 0) {     // lhs is big;   augend is small
+            big   = lhs;
+            small = augend;
+        } else {               // lhs is small; augend is big
+            big   = augend;
+            small = lhs;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * This is the estimated scale of an ulp of the result; it
+         * assumes that the result doesn't have a carry-out on a true
+         * add (e.g. 999 + 1 => 1000) or any subtractive cancellation
+         * on borrowing (e.g. 100 - 1.2 => 98.8)
+         */
+        long estResultUlpScale = (long)big.scale - big.precision() + mc.precision;
+
+        /*
+         * The low-order digit position of big is big.scale().  This
+         * is true regardless of whether big has a positive or
+         * negative scale.  The high-order digit position of small is
+         * small.scale - (small.precision() - 1).  To do the full
+         * condensation, the digit positions of big and small must be
+         * disjoint *and* the digit positions of small should not be
+         * directly visible in the result.
+         */
+        long smallHighDigitPos = (long)small.scale - small.precision() + 1;
+        if (smallHighDigitPos > big.scale + 2 &&         // big and small disjoint
+            smallHighDigitPos > estResultUlpScale + 2) { // small digits not visible
+            small = BigDecimal.valueOf(small.signum(),
+                                       this.checkScale(Math.max(big.scale, estResultUlpScale) + 3));
+        }
+
+        // Since addition is symmetric, preserving input order in
+        // returned operands doesn't matter
+        BigDecimal[] result = {big, small};
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this -
+     * subtrahend)}, and whose scale is {@code max(this.scale(),
+     * subtrahend.scale())}.
+     *
+     * @param  subtrahend value to be subtracted from this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @return {@code this - subtrahend}
+     */
+    public BigDecimal subtract(BigDecimal subtrahend) {
+        return add(subtrahend.negate());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this - subtrahend)},
+     * with rounding according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * If {@code subtrahend} is zero then this, rounded if necessary, is used as the
+     * result.  If this is zero then the result is {@code subtrahend.negate(mc)}.
+     *
+     * @param  subtrahend value to be subtracted from this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code this - subtrahend}, rounded as necessary.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal subtract(BigDecimal subtrahend, MathContext mc) {
+        BigDecimal nsubtrahend = subtrahend.negate();
+        if (mc.precision == 0)
+            return add(nsubtrahend);
+        // share the special rounding code in add()
+        return add(nsubtrahend, mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is <tt>(this &times;
+     * multiplicand)</tt>, and whose scale is {@code (this.scale() +
+     * multiplicand.scale())}.
+     *
+     * @param  multiplicand value to be multiplied by this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @return {@code this * multiplicand}
+     */
+    public BigDecimal multiply(BigDecimal multiplicand) {
+        long x = this.intCompact;
+        long y = multiplicand.intCompact;
+        int productScale = checkScale((long)scale + multiplicand.scale);
+
+        // Might be able to do a more clever check incorporating the
+        // inflated check into the overflow computation.
+        if (x != INFLATED && y != INFLATED) {
+            /*
+             * If the product is not an overflowed value, continue
+             * to use the compact representation.  if either of x or y
+             * is INFLATED, the product should also be regarded as
+             * an overflow. Before using the overflow test suggested in
+             * "Hacker's Delight" section 2-12, we perform quick checks
+             * using the precision information to see whether the overflow
+             * would occur since division is expensive on most CPUs.
+             */
+            long product = x * y;
+            long prec = this.precision() + multiplicand.precision();
+            if (prec < 19 || (prec < 21 && (y == 0 || product / y == x)))
+                return BigDecimal.valueOf(product, productScale);
+            return new BigDecimal(BigInteger.valueOf(x).multiply(y), INFLATED,
+                                  productScale, 0);
+        }
+        BigInteger rb;
+        if (x == INFLATED && y == INFLATED)
+            rb = this.intVal.multiply(multiplicand.intVal);
+        else if (x != INFLATED)
+            rb = multiplicand.intVal.multiply(x);
+        else
+            rb = this.intVal.multiply(y);
+        return new BigDecimal(rb, INFLATED, productScale, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is <tt>(this &times;
+     * multiplicand)</tt>, with rounding according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * @param  multiplicand value to be multiplied by this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code this * multiplicand}, rounded as necessary.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal multiply(BigDecimal multiplicand, MathContext mc) {
+        if (mc.precision == 0)
+            return multiply(multiplicand);
+        return doRound(this.multiply(multiplicand), mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this /
+     * divisor)}, and whose scale is as specified.  If rounding must
+     * be performed to generate a result with the specified scale, the
+     * specified rounding mode is applied.
+     *
+     * <p>The new {@link #divide(BigDecimal, int, RoundingMode)} method
+     * should be used in preference to this legacy method.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @param  scale scale of the {@code BigDecimal} quotient to be returned.
+     * @param  roundingMode rounding mode to apply.
+     * @return {@code this / divisor}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor} is zero,
+     *         {@code roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARY} and
+     *         the specified scale is insufficient to represent the result
+     *         of the division exactly.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code roundingMode} does not
+     *         represent a valid rounding mode.
+     * @see    #ROUND_UP
+     * @see    #ROUND_DOWN
+     * @see    #ROUND_CEILING
+     * @see    #ROUND_FLOOR
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_UP
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_DOWN
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_EVEN
+     * @see    #ROUND_UNNECESSARY
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, int roundingMode) {
+        /*
+         * IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: This method *must* return a new object
+         * since divideAndRound uses divide to generate a value whose
+         * scale is then modified.
+         */
+        if (roundingMode < ROUND_UP || roundingMode > ROUND_UNNECESSARY)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid rounding mode");
+        /*
+         * Rescale dividend or divisor (whichever can be "upscaled" to
+         * produce correctly scaled quotient).
+         * Take care to detect out-of-range scales
+         */
+        BigDecimal dividend = this;
+        if (checkScale((long)scale + divisor.scale) > this.scale)
+            dividend = this.setScale(scale + divisor.scale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        else
+            divisor = divisor.setScale(checkScale((long)this.scale - scale),
+                                       ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        return divideAndRound(dividend.intCompact, dividend.intVal,
+                              divisor.intCompact, divisor.intVal,
+                              scale, roundingMode, scale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internally used for division operation. The dividend and divisor are
+     * passed both in {@code long} format and {@code BigInteger} format. The
+     * returned {@code BigDecimal} object is the quotient whose scale is set to
+     * the passed in scale. If the remainder is not zero, it will be rounded
+     * based on the passed in roundingMode. Also, if the remainder is zero and
+     * the last parameter, i.e. preferredScale is NOT equal to scale, the
+     * trailing zeros of the result is stripped to match the preferredScale.
+     */
+    private static BigDecimal divideAndRound(long ldividend, BigInteger bdividend,
+                                             long ldivisor,  BigInteger bdivisor,
+                                             int scale, int roundingMode,
+                                             int preferredScale) {
+        boolean isRemainderZero;       // record remainder is zero or not
+        int qsign;                     // quotient sign
+        long q = 0, r = 0;             // store quotient & remainder in long
+        MutableBigInteger mq = null;   // store quotient
+        MutableBigInteger mr = null;   // store remainder
+        MutableBigInteger mdivisor = null;
+        boolean isLongDivision = (ldividend != INFLATED && ldivisor != INFLATED);
+        if (isLongDivision) {
+            q = ldividend / ldivisor;
+            if (roundingMode == ROUND_DOWN && scale == preferredScale)
+                return new BigDecimal(null, q, scale, 0);
+            r = ldividend % ldivisor;
+            isRemainderZero = (r == 0);
+            qsign = ((ldividend < 0) == (ldivisor < 0)) ? 1 : -1;
+        } else {
+            if (bdividend == null)
+                bdividend = BigInteger.valueOf(ldividend);
+            // Descend into mutables for faster remainder checks
+            MutableBigInteger mdividend = new MutableBigInteger(bdividend.mag);
+            mq = new MutableBigInteger();
+            if (ldivisor != INFLATED) {
+                r = mdividend.divide(ldivisor, mq);
+                isRemainderZero = (r == 0);
+                qsign = (ldivisor < 0) ? -bdividend.signum : bdividend.signum;
+            } else {
+                mdivisor = new MutableBigInteger(bdivisor.mag);
+                mr = mdividend.divide(mdivisor, mq);
+                isRemainderZero = mr.isZero();
+                qsign = (bdividend.signum != bdivisor.signum) ? -1 : 1;
+            }
+        }
+        boolean increment = false;
+        if (!isRemainderZero) {
+            int cmpFracHalf;
+            /* Round as appropriate */
+            if (roundingMode == ROUND_UNNECESSARY) {  // Rounding prohibited
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Rounding necessary");
+            } else if (roundingMode == ROUND_UP) {      // Away from zero
+                increment = true;
+            } else if (roundingMode == ROUND_DOWN) {    // Towards zero
+                increment = false;
+            } else if (roundingMode == ROUND_CEILING) { // Towards +infinity
+                increment = (qsign > 0);
+            } else if (roundingMode == ROUND_FLOOR) {   // Towards -infinity
+                increment = (qsign < 0);
+            } else {
+                if (isLongDivision || ldivisor != INFLATED) {
+                    if (r <= HALF_LONG_MIN_VALUE || r > HALF_LONG_MAX_VALUE) {
+                        cmpFracHalf = 1;    // 2 * r can't fit into long
+                    } else {
+                        cmpFracHalf = longCompareMagnitude(2 * r, ldivisor);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    cmpFracHalf = mr.compareHalf(mdivisor);
+                }
+                if (cmpFracHalf < 0)
+                    increment = false;     // We're closer to higher digit
+                else if (cmpFracHalf > 0)  // We're closer to lower digit
+                    increment = true;
+                else if (roundingMode == ROUND_HALF_UP)
+                    increment = true;
+                else if (roundingMode == ROUND_HALF_DOWN)
+                    increment = false;
+                else  // roundingMode == ROUND_HALF_EVEN, true iff quotient is odd
+                    increment = isLongDivision ? (q & 1L) != 0L : mq.isOdd();
+            }
+        }
+        BigDecimal res;
+        if (isLongDivision)
+            res = new BigDecimal(null, (increment ? q + qsign : q), scale, 0);
+        else {
+            if (increment)
+                mq.add(MutableBigInteger.ONE);
+            res = mq.toBigDecimal(qsign, scale);
+        }
+        if (isRemainderZero && preferredScale != scale)
+            res.stripZerosToMatchScale(preferredScale);
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this /
+     * divisor)}, and whose scale is as specified.  If rounding must
+     * be performed to generate a result with the specified scale, the
+     * specified rounding mode is applied.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @param  scale scale of the {@code BigDecimal} quotient to be returned.
+     * @param  roundingMode rounding mode to apply.
+     * @return {@code this / divisor}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor} is zero,
+     *         {@code roundingMode==RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY} and
+     *         the specified scale is insufficient to represent the result
+     *         of the division exactly.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
+        return divide(divisor, scale, roundingMode.oldMode);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this /
+     * divisor)}, and whose scale is {@code this.scale()}.  If
+     * rounding must be performed to generate a result with the given
+     * scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.
+     *
+     * <p>The new {@link #divide(BigDecimal, RoundingMode)} method
+     * should be used in preference to this legacy method.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @param  roundingMode rounding mode to apply.
+     * @return {@code this / divisor}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}, or
+     *         {@code roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARY} and
+     *         {@code this.scale()} is insufficient to represent the result
+     *         of the division exactly.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code roundingMode} does not
+     *         represent a valid rounding mode.
+     * @see    #ROUND_UP
+     * @see    #ROUND_DOWN
+     * @see    #ROUND_CEILING
+     * @see    #ROUND_FLOOR
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_UP
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_DOWN
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_EVEN
+     * @see    #ROUND_UNNECESSARY
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int roundingMode) {
+            return this.divide(divisor, scale, roundingMode);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this /
+     * divisor)}, and whose scale is {@code this.scale()}.  If
+     * rounding must be performed to generate a result with the given
+     * scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @param  roundingMode rounding mode to apply.
+     * @return {@code this / divisor}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}, or
+     *         {@code roundingMode==RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY} and
+     *         {@code this.scale()} is insufficient to represent the result
+     *         of the division exactly.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
+        return this.divide(divisor, scale, roundingMode.oldMode);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this /
+     * divisor)}, and whose preferred scale is {@code (this.scale() -
+     * divisor.scale())}; if the exact quotient cannot be
+     * represented (because it has a non-terminating decimal
+     * expansion) an {@code ArithmeticException} is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the exact quotient does not have a
+     *         terminating decimal expansion
+     * @return {@code this / divisor}
+     * @since 1.5
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor) {
+        /*
+         * Handle zero cases first.
+         */
+        if (divisor.signum() == 0) {   // x/0
+            if (this.signum() == 0)    // 0/0
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Division undefined");  // NaN
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero");
+        }
+
+        // Calculate preferred scale
+        int preferredScale = saturateLong((long)this.scale - divisor.scale);
+        if (this.signum() == 0)        // 0/y
+            return (preferredScale >= 0 &&
+                    preferredScale < ZERO_SCALED_BY.length) ?
+                ZERO_SCALED_BY[preferredScale] :
+                BigDecimal.valueOf(0, preferredScale);
+        else {
+            this.inflate();
+            divisor.inflate();
+            /*
+             * If the quotient this/divisor has a terminating decimal
+             * expansion, the expansion can have no more than
+             * (a.precision() + ceil(10*b.precision)/3) digits.
+             * Therefore, create a MathContext object with this
+             * precision and do a divide with the UNNECESSARY rounding
+             * mode.
+             */
+            MathContext mc = new MathContext( (int)Math.min(this.precision() +
+                                                            (long)Math.ceil(10.0*divisor.precision()/3.0),
+                                                            Integer.MAX_VALUE),
+                                              RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY);
+            BigDecimal quotient;
+            try {
+                quotient = this.divide(divisor, mc);
+            } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Non-terminating decimal expansion; " +
+                                              "no exact representable decimal result.");
+            }
+
+            int quotientScale = quotient.scale();
+
+            // divide(BigDecimal, mc) tries to adjust the quotient to
+            // the desired one by removing trailing zeros; since the
+            // exact divide method does not have an explicit digit
+            // limit, we can add zeros too.
+
+            if (preferredScale > quotientScale)
+                return quotient.setScale(preferredScale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+
+            return quotient;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this /
+     * divisor)}, with rounding according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code this / divisor}, rounded as necessary.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY} or
+     *         {@code mc.precision == 0} and the quotient has a
+     *         non-terminating decimal expansion.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) {
+        int mcp = mc.precision;
+        if (mcp == 0)
+            return divide(divisor);
+
+        BigDecimal dividend = this;
+        long preferredScale = (long)dividend.scale - divisor.scale;
+        // Now calculate the answer.  We use the existing
+        // divide-and-round method, but as this rounds to scale we have
+        // to normalize the values here to achieve the desired result.
+        // For x/y we first handle y=0 and x=0, and then normalize x and
+        // y to give x' and y' with the following constraints:
+        //   (a) 0.1 <= x' < 1
+        //   (b)  x' <= y' < 10*x'
+        // Dividing x'/y' with the required scale set to mc.precision then
+        // will give a result in the range 0.1 to 1 rounded to exactly
+        // the right number of digits (except in the case of a result of
+        // 1.000... which can arise when x=y, or when rounding overflows
+        // The 1.000... case will reduce properly to 1.
+        if (divisor.signum() == 0) {      // x/0
+            if (dividend.signum() == 0)    // 0/0
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Division undefined");  // NaN
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero");
+        }
+        if (dividend.signum() == 0)        // 0/y
+            return new BigDecimal(BigInteger.ZERO, 0,
+                                  saturateLong(preferredScale), 1);
+
+        // Normalize dividend & divisor so that both fall into [0.1, 0.999...]
+        int xscale = dividend.precision();
+        int yscale = divisor.precision();
+        dividend = new BigDecimal(dividend.intVal, dividend.intCompact,
+                                  xscale, xscale);
+        divisor = new BigDecimal(divisor.intVal, divisor.intCompact,
+                                 yscale, yscale);
+        if (dividend.compareMagnitude(divisor) > 0) // satisfy constraint (b)
+            yscale = divisor.scale -= 1;            // [that is, divisor *= 10]
+
+        // In order to find out whether the divide generates the exact result,
+        // we avoid calling the above divide method. 'quotient' holds the
+        // return BigDecimal object whose scale will be set to 'scl'.
+        BigDecimal quotient;
+        int scl = checkScale(preferredScale + yscale - xscale + mcp);
+        if (checkScale((long)mcp + yscale) > xscale)
+            dividend = dividend.setScale(mcp + yscale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        else
+            divisor = divisor.setScale(checkScale((long)xscale - mcp),
+                                       ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        quotient = divideAndRound(dividend.intCompact, dividend.intVal,
+                                  divisor.intCompact, divisor.intVal,
+                                  scl, mc.roundingMode.oldMode,
+                                  checkScale(preferredScale));
+        // doRound, here, only affects 1000000000 case.
+        quotient = doRound(quotient, mc);
+
+        return quotient;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is the integer part
+     * of the quotient {@code (this / divisor)} rounded down.  The
+     * preferred scale of the result is {@code (this.scale() -
+     * divisor.scale())}.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @return The integer part of {@code this / divisor}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divideToIntegralValue(BigDecimal divisor) {
+        // Calculate preferred scale
+        int preferredScale = saturateLong((long)this.scale - divisor.scale);
+        if (this.compareMagnitude(divisor) < 0) {
+            // much faster when this << divisor
+            return BigDecimal.valueOf(0, preferredScale);
+        }
+
+        if(this.signum() == 0 && divisor.signum() != 0)
+            return this.setScale(preferredScale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+
+        // Perform a divide with enough digits to round to a correct
+        // integer value; then remove any fractional digits
+
+        int maxDigits = (int)Math.min(this.precision() +
+                                      (long)Math.ceil(10.0*divisor.precision()/3.0) +
+                                      Math.abs((long)this.scale() - divisor.scale()) + 2,
+                                      Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        BigDecimal quotient = this.divide(divisor, new MathContext(maxDigits,
+                                                                   RoundingMode.DOWN));
+        if (quotient.scale > 0) {
+            quotient = quotient.setScale(0, RoundingMode.DOWN);
+            quotient.stripZerosToMatchScale(preferredScale);
+        }
+
+        if (quotient.scale < preferredScale) {
+            // pad with zeros if necessary
+            quotient = quotient.setScale(preferredScale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        }
+        return quotient;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is the integer part
+     * of {@code (this / divisor)}.  Since the integer part of the
+     * exact quotient does not depend on the rounding mode, the
+     * rounding mode does not affect the values returned by this
+     * method.  The preferred scale of the result is
+     * {@code (this.scale() - divisor.scale())}.  An
+     * {@code ArithmeticException} is thrown if the integer part of
+     * the exact quotient needs more than {@code mc.precision}
+     * digits.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return The integer part of {@code this / divisor}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code mc.precision} {@literal >} 0 and the result
+     *         requires a precision of more than {@code mc.precision} digits.
+     * @since  1.5
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     */
+    public BigDecimal divideToIntegralValue(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) {
+        if (mc.precision == 0 ||                        // exact result
+            (this.compareMagnitude(divisor) < 0) )      // zero result
+            return divideToIntegralValue(divisor);
+
+        // Calculate preferred scale
+        int preferredScale = saturateLong((long)this.scale - divisor.scale);
+
+        /*
+         * Perform a normal divide to mc.precision digits.  If the
+         * remainder has absolute value less than the divisor, the
+         * integer portion of the quotient fits into mc.precision
+         * digits.  Next, remove any fractional digits from the
+         * quotient and adjust the scale to the preferred value.
+         */
+        BigDecimal result = this.
+            divide(divisor, new MathContext(mc.precision, RoundingMode.DOWN));
+
+        if (result.scale() < 0) {
+            /*
+             * Result is an integer. See if quotient represents the
+             * full integer portion of the exact quotient; if it does,
+             * the computed remainder will be less than the divisor.
+             */
+            BigDecimal product = result.multiply(divisor);
+            // If the quotient is the full integer value,
+            // |dividend-product| < |divisor|.
+            if (this.subtract(product).compareMagnitude(divisor) >= 0) {
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Division impossible");
+            }
+        } else if (result.scale() > 0) {
+            /*
+             * Integer portion of quotient will fit into precision
+             * digits; recompute quotient to scale 0 to avoid double
+             * rounding and then try to adjust, if necessary.
+             */
+            result = result.setScale(0, RoundingMode.DOWN);
+        }
+        // else result.scale() == 0;
+
+        int precisionDiff;
+        if ((preferredScale > result.scale()) &&
+            (precisionDiff = mc.precision - result.precision()) > 0) {
+            return result.setScale(result.scale() +
+                                   Math.min(precisionDiff, preferredScale - result.scale) );
+        } else {
+            result.stripZerosToMatchScale(preferredScale);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this % divisor)}.
+     *
+     * <p>The remainder is given by
+     * {@code this.subtract(this.divideToIntegralValue(divisor).multiply(divisor))}.
+     * Note that this is not the modulo operation (the result can be
+     * negative).
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @return {@code this % divisor}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal remainder(BigDecimal divisor) {
+        BigDecimal divrem[] = this.divideAndRemainder(divisor);
+        return divrem[1];
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (this %
+     * divisor)}, with rounding according to the context settings.
+     * The {@code MathContext} settings affect the implicit divide
+     * used to compute the remainder.  The remainder computation
+     * itself is by definition exact.  Therefore, the remainder may
+     * contain more than {@code mc.getPrecision()} digits.
+     *
+     * <p>The remainder is given by
+     * {@code this.subtract(this.divideToIntegralValue(divisor,
+     * mc).multiply(divisor))}.  Note that this is not the modulo
+     * operation (the result can be negative).
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code this % divisor}, rounded as necessary.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}, or {@code mc.precision}
+     *         {@literal >} 0 and the result of {@code this.divideToIntgralValue(divisor)} would
+     *         require a precision of more than {@code mc.precision} digits.
+     * @see    #divideToIntegralValue(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal remainder(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) {
+        BigDecimal divrem[] = this.divideAndRemainder(divisor, mc);
+        return divrem[1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a two-element {@code BigDecimal} array containing the
+     * result of {@code divideToIntegralValue} followed by the result of
+     * {@code remainder} on the two operands.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if both the integer quotient and remainder are
+     * needed, this method is faster than using the
+     * {@code divideToIntegralValue} and {@code remainder} methods
+     * separately because the division need only be carried out once.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided,
+     *         and the remainder computed.
+     * @return a two element {@code BigDecimal} array: the quotient
+     *         (the result of {@code divideToIntegralValue}) is the initial element
+     *         and the remainder is the final element.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}
+     * @see    #divideToIntegralValue(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
+     * @see    #remainder(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal[] divideAndRemainder(BigDecimal divisor) {
+        // we use the identity  x = i * y + r to determine r
+        BigDecimal[] result = new BigDecimal[2];
+
+        result[0] = this.divideToIntegralValue(divisor);
+        result[1] = this.subtract(result[0].multiply(divisor));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a two-element {@code BigDecimal} array containing the
+     * result of {@code divideToIntegralValue} followed by the result of
+     * {@code remainder} on the two operands calculated with rounding
+     * according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if both the integer quotient and remainder are
+     * needed, this method is faster than using the
+     * {@code divideToIntegralValue} and {@code remainder} methods
+     * separately because the division need only be carried out once.
+     *
+     * @param  divisor value by which this {@code BigDecimal} is to be divided,
+     *         and the remainder computed.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return a two element {@code BigDecimal} array: the quotient
+     *         (the result of {@code divideToIntegralValue}) is the
+     *         initial element and the remainder is the final element.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code divisor==0}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}, or {@code mc.precision}
+     *         {@literal >} 0 and the result of {@code this.divideToIntgralValue(divisor)} would
+     *         require a precision of more than {@code mc.precision} digits.
+     * @see    #divideToIntegralValue(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
+     * @see    #remainder(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal[] divideAndRemainder(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) {
+        if (mc.precision == 0)
+            return divideAndRemainder(divisor);
+
+        BigDecimal[] result = new BigDecimal[2];
+        BigDecimal lhs = this;
+
+        result[0] = lhs.divideToIntegralValue(divisor, mc);
+        result[1] = lhs.subtract(result[0].multiply(divisor));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is
+     * <tt>(this<sup>n</sup>)</tt>, The power is computed exactly, to
+     * unlimited precision.
+     *
+     * <p>The parameter {@code n} must be in the range 0 through
+     * 999999999, inclusive.  {@code ZERO.pow(0)} returns {@link
+     * #ONE}.
+     *
+     * Note that future releases may expand the allowable exponent
+     * range of this method.
+     *
+     * @param  n power to raise this {@code BigDecimal} to.
+     * @return <tt>this<sup>n</sup></tt>
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code n} is out of range.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal pow(int n) {
+        if (n < 0 || n > 999999999)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Invalid operation");
+        // No need to calculate pow(n) if result will over/underflow.
+        // Don't attempt to support "supernormal" numbers.
+        int newScale = checkScale((long)scale * n);
+        this.inflate();
+        return new BigDecimal(intVal.pow(n), newScale);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is
+     * <tt>(this<sup>n</sup>)</tt>.  The current implementation uses
+     * the core algorithm defined in ANSI standard X3.274-1996 with
+     * rounding according to the context settings.  In general, the
+     * returned numerical value is within two ulps of the exact
+     * numerical value for the chosen precision.  Note that future
+     * releases may use a different algorithm with a decreased
+     * allowable error bound and increased allowable exponent range.
+     *
+     * <p>The X3.274-1996 algorithm is:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> An {@code ArithmeticException} exception is thrown if
+     *  <ul>
+     *    <li>{@code abs(n) > 999999999}
+     *    <li>{@code mc.precision == 0} and {@code n < 0}
+     *    <li>{@code mc.precision > 0} and {@code n} has more than
+     *    {@code mc.precision} decimal digits
+     *  </ul>
+     *
+     * <li> if {@code n} is zero, {@link #ONE} is returned even if
+     * {@code this} is zero, otherwise
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li> if {@code n} is positive, the result is calculated via
+     *   the repeated squaring technique into a single accumulator.
+     *   The individual multiplications with the accumulator use the
+     *   same math context settings as in {@code mc} except for a
+     *   precision increased to {@code mc.precision + elength + 1}
+     *   where {@code elength} is the number of decimal digits in
+     *   {@code n}.
+     *
+     *   <li> if {@code n} is negative, the result is calculated as if
+     *   {@code n} were positive; this value is then divided into one
+     *   using the working precision specified above.
+     *
+     *   <li> The final value from either the positive or negative case
+     *   is then rounded to the destination precision.
+     *   </ul>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param  n power to raise this {@code BigDecimal} to.
+     * @param  mc the context to use.
+     * @return <tt>this<sup>n</sup></tt> using the ANSI standard X3.274-1996
+     *         algorithm
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}, or {@code n} is out
+     *         of range.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal pow(int n, MathContext mc) {
+        if (mc.precision == 0)
+            return pow(n);
+        if (n < -999999999 || n > 999999999)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Invalid operation");
+        if (n == 0)
+            return ONE;                      // x**0 == 1 in X3.274
+        this.inflate();
+        BigDecimal lhs = this;
+        MathContext workmc = mc;           // working settings
+        int mag = Math.abs(n);               // magnitude of n
+        if (mc.precision > 0) {
+
+            int elength = longDigitLength(mag); // length of n in digits
+            if (elength > mc.precision)        // X3.274 rule
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Invalid operation");
+            workmc = new MathContext(mc.precision + elength + 1,
+                                      mc.roundingMode);
+        }
+        // ready to carry out power calculation...
+        BigDecimal acc = ONE;           // accumulator
+        boolean seenbit = false;        // set once we've seen a 1-bit
+        for (int i=1;;i++) {            // for each bit [top bit ignored]
+            mag += mag;                 // shift left 1 bit
+            if (mag < 0) {              // top bit is set
+                seenbit = true;         // OK, we're off
+                acc = acc.multiply(lhs, workmc); // acc=acc*x
+            }
+            if (i == 31)
+                break;                  // that was the last bit
+            if (seenbit)
+                acc=acc.multiply(acc, workmc);   // acc=acc*acc [square]
+                // else (!seenbit) no point in squaring ONE
+        }
+        // if negative n, calculate the reciprocal using working precision
+        if (n<0)                          // [hence mc.precision>0]
+            acc=ONE.divide(acc, workmc);
+        // round to final precision and strip zeros
+        return doRound(acc, mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is the absolute value
+     * of this {@code BigDecimal}, and whose scale is
+     * {@code this.scale()}.
+     *
+     * @return {@code abs(this)}
+     */
+    public BigDecimal abs() {
+        return (signum() < 0 ? negate() : this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is the absolute value
+     * of this {@code BigDecimal}, with rounding according to the
+     * context settings.
+     *
+     * @param mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code abs(this)}, rounded as necessary.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal abs(MathContext mc) {
+        return (signum() < 0 ? negate(mc) : plus(mc));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (-this)},
+     * and whose scale is {@code this.scale()}.
+     *
+     * @return {@code -this}.
+     */
+    public BigDecimal negate() {
+        BigDecimal result;
+        if (intCompact != INFLATED)
+            result = BigDecimal.valueOf(-intCompact, scale);
+        else {
+            result = new BigDecimal(intVal.negate(), scale);
+            result.precision = precision;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (-this)},
+     * with rounding according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * @param mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code -this}, rounded as necessary.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal negate(MathContext mc) {
+        return negate().plus(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (+this)}, and whose
+     * scale is {@code this.scale()}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method, which simply returns this {@code BigDecimal}
+     * is included for symmetry with the unary minus method {@link
+     * #negate()}.
+     *
+     * @return {@code this}.
+     * @see #negate()
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal plus() {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose value is {@code (+this)},
+     * with rounding according to the context settings.
+     *
+     * <p>The effect of this method is identical to that of the {@link
+     * #round(MathContext)} method.
+     *
+     * @param mc the context to use.
+     * @return {@code this}, rounded as necessary.  A zero result will
+     *         have a scale of 0.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     * @see    #round(MathContext)
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal plus(MathContext mc) {
+        if (mc.precision == 0)                 // no rounding please
+            return this;
+        return doRound(this, mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the signum function of this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     *
+     * @return -1, 0, or 1 as the value of this {@code BigDecimal}
+     *         is negative, zero, or positive.
+     */
+    public int signum() {
+        return (intCompact != INFLATED)?
+            Long.signum(intCompact):
+            intVal.signum();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <i>scale</i> of this {@code BigDecimal}.  If zero
+     * or positive, the scale is the number of digits to the right of
+     * the decimal point.  If negative, the unscaled value of the
+     * number is multiplied by ten to the power of the negation of the
+     * scale.  For example, a scale of {@code -3} means the unscaled
+     * value is multiplied by 1000.
+     *
+     * @return the scale of this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     */
+    public int scale() {
+        return scale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <i>precision</i> of this {@code BigDecimal}.  (The
+     * precision is the number of digits in the unscaled value.)
+     *
+     * <p>The precision of a zero value is 1.
+     *
+     * @return the precision of this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public int precision() {
+        int result = precision;
+        if (result == 0) {
+            long s = intCompact;
+            if (s != INFLATED)
+                result = longDigitLength(s);
+            else
+                result = bigDigitLength(inflate());
+            precision = result;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigInteger} whose value is the <i>unscaled
+     * value</i> of this {@code BigDecimal}.  (Computes <tt>(this *
+     * 10<sup>this.scale()</sup>)</tt>.)
+     *
+     * @return the unscaled value of this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    public BigInteger unscaledValue() {
+        return this.inflate();
+    }
+
+    // Rounding Modes
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to round away from zero.  Always increments the
+     * digit prior to a nonzero discarded fraction.  Note that this rounding
+     * mode never decreases the magnitude of the calculated value.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_UP =           0;
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to round towards zero.  Never increments the digit
+     * prior to a discarded fraction (i.e., truncates).  Note that this
+     * rounding mode never increases the magnitude of the calculated value.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_DOWN =         1;
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to round towards positive infinity.  If the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} is positive, behaves as for
+     * {@code ROUND_UP}; if negative, behaves as for
+     * {@code ROUND_DOWN}.  Note that this rounding mode never
+     * decreases the calculated value.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_CEILING =      2;
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to round towards negative infinity.  If the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} is positive, behave as for
+     * {@code ROUND_DOWN}; if negative, behave as for
+     * {@code ROUND_UP}.  Note that this rounding mode never
+     * increases the calculated value.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_FLOOR =        3;
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to round towards {@literal "nearest neighbor"}
+     * unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round up.
+     * Behaves as for {@code ROUND_UP} if the discarded fraction is
+     * &ge; 0.5; otherwise, behaves as for {@code ROUND_DOWN}.  Note
+     * that this is the rounding mode that most of us were taught in
+     * grade school.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_HALF_UP =      4;
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to round towards {@literal "nearest neighbor"}
+     * unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round
+     * down.  Behaves as for {@code ROUND_UP} if the discarded
+     * fraction is {@literal >} 0.5; otherwise, behaves as for
+     * {@code ROUND_DOWN}.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_HALF_DOWN =    5;
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to round towards the {@literal "nearest neighbor"}
+     * unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case, round
+     * towards the even neighbor.  Behaves as for
+     * {@code ROUND_HALF_UP} if the digit to the left of the
+     * discarded fraction is odd; behaves as for
+     * {@code ROUND_HALF_DOWN} if it's even.  Note that this is the
+     * rounding mode that minimizes cumulative error when applied
+     * repeatedly over a sequence of calculations.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_HALF_EVEN =    6;
+
+    /**
+     * Rounding mode to assert that the requested operation has an exact
+     * result, hence no rounding is necessary.  If this rounding mode is
+     * specified on an operation that yields an inexact result, an
+     * {@code ArithmeticException} is thrown.
+     */
+    public final static int ROUND_UNNECESSARY =  7;
+
+
+    // Scaling/Rounding Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} rounded according to the
+     * {@code MathContext} settings.  If the precision setting is 0 then
+     * no rounding takes place.
+     *
+     * <p>The effect of this method is identical to that of the
+     * {@link #plus(MathContext)} method.
+     *
+     * @param mc the context to use.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} rounded according to the
+     *         {@code MathContext} settings.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the rounding mode is
+     *         {@code UNNECESSARY} and the
+     *         {@code BigDecimal}  operation would require rounding.
+     * @see    #plus(MathContext)
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal round(MathContext mc) {
+        return plus(mc);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified
+     * value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or
+     * dividing this {@code BigDecimal}'s unscaled value by the
+     * appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.  If the
+     * scale is reduced by the operation, the unscaled value must be
+     * divided (rather than multiplied), and the value may be changed;
+     * in this case, the specified rounding mode is applied to the
+     * division.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that since BigDecimal objects are immutable, calls of
+     * this method do <i>not</i> result in the original object being
+     * modified, contrary to the usual convention of having methods
+     * named <tt>set<i>X</i></tt> mutate field <i>{@code X}</i>.
+     * Instead, {@code setScale} returns an object with the proper
+     * scale; the returned object may or may not be newly allocated.
+     *
+     * @param  newScale scale of the {@code BigDecimal} value to be returned.
+     * @param  roundingMode The rounding mode to apply.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified value,
+     *         and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or
+     *         dividing this {@code BigDecimal}'s unscaled value by the
+     *         appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code roundingMode==UNNECESSARY}
+     *         and the specified scaling operation would require
+     *         rounding.
+     * @see    RoundingMode
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal setScale(int newScale, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
+        return setScale(newScale, roundingMode.oldMode);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified
+     * value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or
+     * dividing this {@code BigDecimal}'s unscaled value by the
+     * appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.  If the
+     * scale is reduced by the operation, the unscaled value must be
+     * divided (rather than multiplied), and the value may be changed;
+     * in this case, the specified rounding mode is applied to the
+     * division.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that since BigDecimal objects are immutable, calls of
+     * this method do <i>not</i> result in the original object being
+     * modified, contrary to the usual convention of having methods
+     * named <tt>set<i>X</i></tt> mutate field <i>{@code X}</i>.
+     * Instead, {@code setScale} returns an object with the proper
+     * scale; the returned object may or may not be newly allocated.
+     *
+     * <p>The new {@link #setScale(int, RoundingMode)} method should
+     * be used in preference to this legacy method.
+     *
+     * @param  newScale scale of the {@code BigDecimal} value to be returned.
+     * @param  roundingMode The rounding mode to apply.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified value,
+     *         and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or
+     *         dividing this {@code BigDecimal}'s unscaled value by the
+     *         appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARY}
+     *         and the specified scaling operation would require
+     *         rounding.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code roundingMode} does not
+     *         represent a valid rounding mode.
+     * @see    #ROUND_UP
+     * @see    #ROUND_DOWN
+     * @see    #ROUND_CEILING
+     * @see    #ROUND_FLOOR
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_UP
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_DOWN
+     * @see    #ROUND_HALF_EVEN
+     * @see    #ROUND_UNNECESSARY
+     */
+    public BigDecimal setScale(int newScale, int roundingMode) {
+        if (roundingMode < ROUND_UP || roundingMode > ROUND_UNNECESSARY)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid rounding mode");
+
+        int oldScale = this.scale;
+        if (newScale == oldScale)        // easy case
+            return this;
+        if (this.signum() == 0)            // zero can have any scale
+            return BigDecimal.valueOf(0, newScale);
+
+        long rs = this.intCompact;
+        if (newScale > oldScale) {
+            int raise = checkScale((long)newScale - oldScale);
+            BigInteger rb = null;
+            if (rs == INFLATED ||
+                (rs = longMultiplyPowerTen(rs, raise)) == INFLATED)
+                rb = bigMultiplyPowerTen(raise);
+            return new BigDecimal(rb, rs, newScale,
+                                  (precision > 0) ? precision + raise : 0);
+        } else {
+            // newScale < oldScale -- drop some digits
+            // Can't predict the precision due to the effect of rounding.
+            int drop = checkScale((long)oldScale - newScale);
+            if (drop < LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE.length)
+                return divideAndRound(rs, this.intVal,
+                                      LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE[drop], null,
+                                      newScale, roundingMode, newScale);
+            else
+                return divideAndRound(rs, this.intVal,
+                                      INFLATED, bigTenToThe(drop),
+                                      newScale, roundingMode, newScale);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified
+     * value, and whose value is numerically equal to this
+     * {@code BigDecimal}'s.  Throws an {@code ArithmeticException}
+     * if this is not possible.
+     *
+     * <p>This call is typically used to increase the scale, in which
+     * case it is guaranteed that there exists a {@code BigDecimal}
+     * of the specified scale and the correct value.  The call can
+     * also be used to reduce the scale if the caller knows that the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} has sufficiently many zeros at the end of
+     * its fractional part (i.e., factors of ten in its integer value)
+     * to allow for the rescaling without changing its value.
+     *
+     * <p>This method returns the same result as the two-argument
+     * versions of {@code setScale}, but saves the caller the trouble
+     * of specifying a rounding mode in cases where it is irrelevant.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that since {@code BigDecimal} objects are immutable,
+     * calls of this method do <i>not</i> result in the original
+     * object being modified, contrary to the usual convention of
+     * having methods named <tt>set<i>X</i></tt> mutate field
+     * <i>{@code X}</i>.  Instead, {@code setScale} returns an
+     * object with the proper scale; the returned object may or may
+     * not be newly allocated.
+     *
+     * @param  newScale scale of the {@code BigDecimal} value to be returned.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified value, and
+     *         whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing
+     *         this {@code BigDecimal}'s unscaled value by the appropriate
+     *         power of ten to maintain its overall value.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the specified scaling operation would
+     *         require rounding.
+     * @see    #setScale(int, int)
+     * @see    #setScale(int, RoundingMode)
+     */
+    public BigDecimal setScale(int newScale) {
+        return setScale(newScale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+    }
+
+    // Decimal Point Motion Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} which is equivalent to this one
+     * with the decimal point moved {@code n} places to the left.  If
+     * {@code n} is non-negative, the call merely adds {@code n} to
+     * the scale.  If {@code n} is negative, the call is equivalent
+     * to {@code movePointRight(-n)}.  The {@code BigDecimal}
+     * returned by this call has value <tt>(this &times;
+     * 10<sup>-n</sup>)</tt> and scale {@code max(this.scale()+n,
+     * 0)}.
+     *
+     * @param  n number of places to move the decimal point to the left.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} which is equivalent to this one with the
+     *         decimal point moved {@code n} places to the left.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if scale overflows.
+     */
+    public BigDecimal movePointLeft(int n) {
+        // Cannot use movePointRight(-n) in case of n==Integer.MIN_VALUE
+        int newScale = checkScale((long)scale + n);
+        BigDecimal num = new BigDecimal(intVal, intCompact, newScale, 0);
+        return num.scale < 0 ? num.setScale(0, ROUND_UNNECESSARY) : num;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} which is equivalent to this one
+     * with the decimal point moved {@code n} places to the right.
+     * If {@code n} is non-negative, the call merely subtracts
+     * {@code n} from the scale.  If {@code n} is negative, the call
+     * is equivalent to {@code movePointLeft(-n)}.  The
+     * {@code BigDecimal} returned by this call has value <tt>(this
+     * &times; 10<sup>n</sup>)</tt> and scale {@code max(this.scale()-n,
+     * 0)}.
+     *
+     * @param  n number of places to move the decimal point to the right.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} which is equivalent to this one
+     *         with the decimal point moved {@code n} places to the right.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if scale overflows.
+     */
+    public BigDecimal movePointRight(int n) {
+        // Cannot use movePointLeft(-n) in case of n==Integer.MIN_VALUE
+        int newScale = checkScale((long)scale - n);
+        BigDecimal num = new BigDecimal(intVal, intCompact, newScale, 0);
+        return num.scale < 0 ? num.setScale(0, ROUND_UNNECESSARY) : num;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigDecimal whose numerical value is equal to
+     * ({@code this} * 10<sup>n</sup>).  The scale of
+     * the result is {@code (this.scale() - n)}.
+     *
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the scale would be
+     *         outside the range of a 32-bit integer.
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal scaleByPowerOfTen(int n) {
+        return new BigDecimal(intVal, intCompact,
+                              checkScale((long)scale - n), precision);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} which is numerically equal to
+     * this one but with any trailing zeros removed from the
+     * representation.  For example, stripping the trailing zeros from
+     * the {@code BigDecimal} value {@code 600.0}, which has
+     * [{@code BigInteger}, {@code scale}] components equals to
+     * [6000, 1], yields {@code 6E2} with [{@code BigInteger},
+     * {@code scale}] components equals to [6, -2]
+     *
+     * @return a numerically equal {@code BigDecimal} with any
+     * trailing zeros removed.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal stripTrailingZeros() {
+        this.inflate();
+        BigDecimal result = new BigDecimal(intVal, scale);
+        result.stripZerosToMatchScale(Long.MIN_VALUE);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // Comparison Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this {@code BigDecimal} with the specified
+     * {@code BigDecimal}.  Two {@code BigDecimal} objects that are
+     * equal in value but have a different scale (like 2.0 and 2.00)
+     * are considered equal by this method.  This method is provided
+     * in preference to individual methods for each of the six boolean
+     * comparison operators ({@literal <}, ==,
+     * {@literal >}, {@literal >=}, !=, {@literal <=}).  The
+     * suggested idiom for performing these comparisons is:
+     * {@code (x.compareTo(y)} &lt;<i>op</i>&gt; {@code 0)}, where
+     * &lt;<i>op</i>&gt; is one of the six comparison operators.
+     *
+     * @param  val {@code BigDecimal} to which this {@code BigDecimal} is
+     *         to be compared.
+     * @return -1, 0, or 1 as this {@code BigDecimal} is numerically
+     *          less than, equal to, or greater than {@code val}.
+     */
+    public int compareTo(BigDecimal val) {
+        // Quick path for equal scale and non-inflated case.
+        if (scale == val.scale) {
+            long xs = intCompact;
+            long ys = val.intCompact;
+            if (xs != INFLATED && ys != INFLATED)
+                return xs != ys ? ((xs > ys) ? 1 : -1) : 0;
+        }
+        int xsign = this.signum();
+        int ysign = val.signum();
+        if (xsign != ysign)
+            return (xsign > ysign) ? 1 : -1;
+        if (xsign == 0)
+            return 0;
+        int cmp = compareMagnitude(val);
+        return (xsign > 0) ? cmp : -cmp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Version of compareTo that ignores sign.
+     */
+    private int compareMagnitude(BigDecimal val) {
+        // Match scales, avoid unnecessary inflation
+        long ys = val.intCompact;
+        long xs = this.intCompact;
+        if (xs == 0)
+            return (ys == 0) ? 0 : -1;
+        if (ys == 0)
+            return 1;
+
+        int sdiff = this.scale - val.scale;
+        if (sdiff != 0) {
+            // Avoid matching scales if the (adjusted) exponents differ
+            int xae = this.precision() - this.scale;   // [-1]
+            int yae = val.precision() - val.scale;     // [-1]
+            if (xae < yae)
+                return -1;
+            if (xae > yae)
+                return 1;
+            BigInteger rb = null;
+            if (sdiff < 0) {
+                if ( (xs == INFLATED ||
+                      (xs = longMultiplyPowerTen(xs, -sdiff)) == INFLATED) &&
+                     ys == INFLATED) {
+                    rb = bigMultiplyPowerTen(-sdiff);
+                    return rb.compareMagnitude(val.intVal);
+                }
+            } else { // sdiff > 0
+                if ( (ys == INFLATED ||
+                      (ys = longMultiplyPowerTen(ys, sdiff)) == INFLATED) &&
+                     xs == INFLATED) {
+                    rb = val.bigMultiplyPowerTen(sdiff);
+                    return this.intVal.compareMagnitude(rb);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (xs != INFLATED)
+            return (ys != INFLATED) ? longCompareMagnitude(xs, ys) : -1;
+        else if (ys != INFLATED)
+            return 1;
+        else
+            return this.intVal.compareMagnitude(val.intVal);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this {@code BigDecimal} with the specified
+     * {@code Object} for equality.  Unlike {@link
+     * #compareTo(BigDecimal) compareTo}, this method considers two
+     * {@code BigDecimal} objects equal only if they are equal in
+     * value and scale (thus 2.0 is not equal to 2.00 when compared by
+     * this method).
+     *
+     * @param  x {@code Object} to which this {@code BigDecimal} is
+     *         to be compared.
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if the specified {@code Object} is a
+     *         {@code BigDecimal} whose value and scale are equal to this
+     *         {@code BigDecimal}'s.
+     * @see    #compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)
+     * @see    #hashCode
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object x) {
+        if (!(x instanceof BigDecimal))
+            return false;
+        BigDecimal xDec = (BigDecimal) x;
+        if (x == this)
+            return true;
+        if (scale != xDec.scale)
+            return false;
+        long s = this.intCompact;
+        long xs = xDec.intCompact;
+        if (s != INFLATED) {
+            if (xs == INFLATED)
+                xs = compactValFor(xDec.intVal);
+            return xs == s;
+        } else if (xs != INFLATED)
+            return xs == compactValFor(this.intVal);
+
+        return this.inflate().equals(xDec.inflate());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum of this {@code BigDecimal} and
+     * {@code val}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value with which the minimum is to be computed.
+     * @return the {@code BigDecimal} whose value is the lesser of this
+     *         {@code BigDecimal} and {@code val}.  If they are equal,
+     *         as defined by the {@link #compareTo(BigDecimal) compareTo}
+     *         method, {@code this} is returned.
+     * @see    #compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)
+     */
+    public BigDecimal min(BigDecimal val) {
+        return (compareTo(val) <= 0 ? this : val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum of this {@code BigDecimal} and {@code val}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value with which the maximum is to be computed.
+     * @return the {@code BigDecimal} whose value is the greater of this
+     *         {@code BigDecimal} and {@code val}.  If they are equal,
+     *         as defined by the {@link #compareTo(BigDecimal) compareTo}
+     *         method, {@code this} is returned.
+     * @see    #compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)
+     */
+    public BigDecimal max(BigDecimal val) {
+        return (compareTo(val) >= 0 ? this : val);
+    }
+
+    // Hash Function
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hash code for this {@code BigDecimal}.  Note that
+     * two {@code BigDecimal} objects that are numerically equal but
+     * differ in scale (like 2.0 and 2.00) will generally <i>not</i>
+     * have the same hash code.
+     *
+     * @return hash code for this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @see #equals(Object)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        if (intCompact != INFLATED) {
+            long val2 = (intCompact < 0)? -intCompact : intCompact;
+            int temp = (int)( ((int)(val2 >>> 32)) * 31  +
+                              (val2 & LONG_MASK));
+            return 31*((intCompact < 0) ?-temp:temp) + scale;
+        } else
+            return 31*intVal.hashCode() + scale;
+    }
+
+    // Format Converters
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the string representation of this {@code BigDecimal},
+     * using scientific notation if an exponent is needed.
+     *
+     * <p>A standard canonical string form of the {@code BigDecimal}
+     * is created as though by the following steps: first, the
+     * absolute value of the unscaled value of the {@code BigDecimal}
+     * is converted to a string in base ten using the characters
+     * {@code '0'} through {@code '9'} with no leading zeros (except
+     * if its value is zero, in which case a single {@code '0'}
+     * character is used).
+     *
+     * <p>Next, an <i>adjusted exponent</i> is calculated; this is the
+     * negated scale, plus the number of characters in the converted
+     * unscaled value, less one.  That is,
+     * {@code -scale+(ulength-1)}, where {@code ulength} is the
+     * length of the absolute value of the unscaled value in decimal
+     * digits (its <i>precision</i>).
+     *
+     * <p>If the scale is greater than or equal to zero and the
+     * adjusted exponent is greater than or equal to {@code -6}, the
+     * number will be converted to a character form without using
+     * exponential notation.  In this case, if the scale is zero then
+     * no decimal point is added and if the scale is positive a
+     * decimal point will be inserted with the scale specifying the
+     * number of characters to the right of the decimal point.
+     * {@code '0'} characters are added to the left of the converted
+     * unscaled value as necessary.  If no character precedes the
+     * decimal point after this insertion then a conventional
+     * {@code '0'} character is prefixed.
+     *
+     * <p>Otherwise (that is, if the scale is negative, or the
+     * adjusted exponent is less than {@code -6}), the number will be
+     * converted to a character form using exponential notation.  In
+     * this case, if the converted {@code BigInteger} has more than
+     * one digit a decimal point is inserted after the first digit.
+     * An exponent in character form is then suffixed to the converted
+     * unscaled value (perhaps with inserted decimal point); this
+     * comprises the letter {@code 'E'} followed immediately by the
+     * adjusted exponent converted to a character form.  The latter is
+     * in base ten, using the characters {@code '0'} through
+     * {@code '9'} with no leading zeros, and is always prefixed by a
+     * sign character {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002D'</tt>) if the
+     * adjusted exponent is negative, {@code '+'}
+     * (<tt>'&#92;u002B'</tt>) otherwise).
+     *
+     * <p>Finally, the entire string is prefixed by a minus sign
+     * character {@code '-'} (<tt>'&#92;u002D'</tt>) if the unscaled
+     * value is less than zero.  No sign character is prefixed if the
+     * unscaled value is zero or positive.
+     *
+     * <p><b>Examples:</b>
+     * <p>For each representation [<i>unscaled value</i>, <i>scale</i>]
+     * on the left, the resulting string is shown on the right.
+     * <pre>
+     * [123,0]      "123"
+     * [-123,0]     "-123"
+     * [123,-1]     "1.23E+3"
+     * [123,-3]     "1.23E+5"
+     * [123,1]      "12.3"
+     * [123,5]      "0.00123"
+     * [123,10]     "1.23E-8"
+     * [-123,12]    "-1.23E-10"
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * <b>Notes:</b>
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     * <li>There is a one-to-one mapping between the distinguishable
+     * {@code BigDecimal} values and the result of this conversion.
+     * That is, every distinguishable {@code BigDecimal} value
+     * (unscaled value and scale) has a unique string representation
+     * as a result of using {@code toString}.  If that string
+     * representation is converted back to a {@code BigDecimal} using
+     * the {@link #BigDecimal(String)} constructor, then the original
+     * value will be recovered.
+     *
+     * <li>The string produced for a given number is always the same;
+     * it is not affected by locale.  This means that it can be used
+     * as a canonical string representation for exchanging decimal
+     * data, or as a key for a Hashtable, etc.  Locale-sensitive
+     * number formatting and parsing is handled by the {@link
+     * java.text.NumberFormat} class and its subclasses.
+     *
+     * <li>The {@link #toEngineeringString} method may be used for
+     * presenting numbers with exponents in engineering notation, and the
+     * {@link #setScale(int,RoundingMode) setScale} method may be used for
+     * rounding a {@code BigDecimal} so it has a known number of digits after
+     * the decimal point.
+     *
+     * <li>The digit-to-character mapping provided by
+     * {@code Character.forDigit} is used.
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @return string representation of this {@code BigDecimal}.
+     * @see    Character#forDigit
+     * @see    #BigDecimal(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        String sc = stringCache;
+        if (sc == null)
+            stringCache = sc = layoutChars(true);
+        return sc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of this {@code BigDecimal},
+     * using engineering notation if an exponent is needed.
+     *
+     * <p>Returns a string that represents the {@code BigDecimal} as
+     * described in the {@link #toString()} method, except that if
+     * exponential notation is used, the power of ten is adjusted to
+     * be a multiple of three (engineering notation) such that the
+     * integer part of nonzero values will be in the range 1 through
+     * 999.  If exponential notation is used for zero values, a
+     * decimal point and one or two fractional zero digits are used so
+     * that the scale of the zero value is preserved.  Note that
+     * unlike the output of {@link #toString()}, the output of this
+     * method is <em>not</em> guaranteed to recover the same [integer,
+     * scale] pair of this {@code BigDecimal} if the output string is
+     * converting back to a {@code BigDecimal} using the {@linkplain
+     * #BigDecimal(String) string constructor}.  The result of this method meets
+     * the weaker constraint of always producing a numerically equal
+     * result from applying the string constructor to the method's output.
+     *
+     * @return string representation of this {@code BigDecimal}, using
+     *         engineering notation if an exponent is needed.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public String toEngineeringString() {
+        return layoutChars(false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of this {@code BigDecimal}
+     * without an exponent field.  For values with a positive scale,
+     * the number of digits to the right of the decimal point is used
+     * to indicate scale.  For values with a zero or negative scale,
+     * the resulting string is generated as if the value were
+     * converted to a numerically equal value with zero scale and as
+     * if all the trailing zeros of the zero scale value were present
+     * in the result.
+     *
+     * The entire string is prefixed by a minus sign character '-'
+     * (<tt>'&#92;u002D'</tt>) if the unscaled value is less than
+     * zero. No sign character is prefixed if the unscaled value is
+     * zero or positive.
+     *
+     * Note that if the result of this method is passed to the
+     * {@linkplain #BigDecimal(String) string constructor}, only the
+     * numerical value of this {@code BigDecimal} will necessarily be
+     * recovered; the representation of the new {@code BigDecimal}
+     * may have a different scale.  In particular, if this
+     * {@code BigDecimal} has a negative scale, the string resulting
+     * from this method will have a scale of zero when processed by
+     * the string constructor.
+     *
+     * (This method behaves analogously to the {@code toString}
+     * method in 1.4 and earlier releases.)
+     *
+     * @return a string representation of this {@code BigDecimal}
+     * without an exponent field.
+     * @since 1.5
+     * @see #toString()
+     * @see #toEngineeringString()
+     */
+    public String toPlainString() {
+        BigDecimal bd = this;
+        if (bd.scale < 0)
+            bd = bd.setScale(0);
+        bd.inflate();
+        if (bd.scale == 0)      // No decimal point
+            return bd.intVal.toString();
+        return bd.getValueString(bd.signum(), bd.intVal.abs().toString(), bd.scale);
+    }
+
+    /* Returns a digit.digit string */
+    private String getValueString(int signum, String intString, int scale) {
+        /* Insert decimal point */
+        StringBuilder buf;
+        int insertionPoint = intString.length() - scale;
+        if (insertionPoint == 0) {  /* Point goes right before intVal */
+            return (signum<0 ? "-0." : "0.") + intString;
+        } else if (insertionPoint > 0) { /* Point goes inside intVal */
+            buf = new StringBuilder(intString);
+            buf.insert(insertionPoint, '.');
+            if (signum < 0)
+                buf.insert(0, '-');
+        } else { /* We must insert zeros between point and intVal */
+            buf = new StringBuilder(3-insertionPoint + intString.length());
+            buf.append(signum<0 ? "-0." : "0.");
+            for (int i=0; i<-insertionPoint; i++)
+                buf.append('0');
+            buf.append(intString);
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code BigInteger}.
+     * This conversion is analogous to the
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code double} to
+     * {@code long} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * any fractional part of this
+     * {@code BigDecimal} will be discarded.  Note that this
+     * conversion can lose information about the precision of the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} value.
+     * <p>
+     * To have an exception thrown if the conversion is inexact (in
+     * other words if a nonzero fractional part is discarded), use the
+     * {@link #toBigIntegerExact()} method.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code BigInteger}.
+     */
+    public BigInteger toBigInteger() {
+        // force to an integer, quietly
+        return this.setScale(0, ROUND_DOWN).inflate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code BigInteger},
+     * checking for lost information.  An exception is thrown if this
+     * {@code BigDecimal} has a nonzero fractional part.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code BigInteger}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code this} has a nonzero
+     *         fractional part.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public BigInteger toBigIntegerExact() {
+        // round to an integer, with Exception if decimal part non-0
+        return this.setScale(0, ROUND_UNNECESSARY).inflate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code long}.
+     * This conversion is analogous to the
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code double} to
+     * {@code short} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * any fractional part of this
+     * {@code BigDecimal} will be discarded, and if the resulting
+     * "{@code BigInteger}" is too big to fit in a
+     * {@code long}, only the low-order 64 bits are returned.
+     * Note that this conversion can lose information about the
+     * overall magnitude and precision of this {@code BigDecimal} value as well
+     * as return a result with the opposite sign.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code long}.
+     */
+    public long longValue(){
+        return (intCompact != INFLATED && scale == 0) ?
+            intCompact:
+            toBigInteger().longValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code long}, checking
+     * for lost information.  If this {@code BigDecimal} has a
+     * nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for a
+     * {@code long} result then an {@code ArithmeticException} is
+     * thrown.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code long}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code this} has a nonzero
+     *         fractional part, or will not fit in a {@code long}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public long longValueExact() {
+        if (intCompact != INFLATED && scale == 0)
+            return intCompact;
+        // If more than 19 digits in integer part it cannot possibly fit
+        if ((precision() - scale) > 19) // [OK for negative scale too]
+            throw new java.lang.ArithmeticException("Overflow");
+        // Fastpath zero and < 1.0 numbers (the latter can be very slow
+        // to round if very small)
+        if (this.signum() == 0)
+            return 0;
+        if ((this.precision() - this.scale) <= 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Rounding necessary");
+        // round to an integer, with Exception if decimal part non-0
+        BigDecimal num = this.setScale(0, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        if (num.precision() >= 19) // need to check carefully
+            LongOverflow.check(num);
+        return num.inflate().longValue();
+    }
+
+    private static class LongOverflow {
+        /** BigInteger equal to Long.MIN_VALUE. */
+        private static final BigInteger LONGMIN = BigInteger.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE);
+
+        /** BigInteger equal to Long.MAX_VALUE. */
+        private static final BigInteger LONGMAX = BigInteger.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+
+        public static void check(BigDecimal num) {
+            num.inflate();
+            if ((num.intVal.compareTo(LONGMIN) < 0) ||
+                (num.intVal.compareTo(LONGMAX) > 0))
+                throw new java.lang.ArithmeticException("Overflow");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to an {@code int}.
+     * This conversion is analogous to the
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code double} to
+     * {@code short} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * any fractional part of this
+     * {@code BigDecimal} will be discarded, and if the resulting
+     * "{@code BigInteger}" is too big to fit in an
+     * {@code int}, only the low-order 32 bits are returned.
+     * Note that this conversion can lose information about the
+     * overall magnitude and precision of this {@code BigDecimal}
+     * value as well as return a result with the opposite sign.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to an {@code int}.
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        return  (intCompact != INFLATED && scale == 0) ?
+            (int)intCompact :
+            toBigInteger().intValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to an {@code int}, checking
+     * for lost information.  If this {@code BigDecimal} has a
+     * nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for an
+     * {@code int} result then an {@code ArithmeticException} is
+     * thrown.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to an {@code int}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code this} has a nonzero
+     *         fractional part, or will not fit in an {@code int}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public int intValueExact() {
+       long num;
+       num = this.longValueExact();     // will check decimal part
+       if ((int)num != num)
+           throw new java.lang.ArithmeticException("Overflow");
+       return (int)num;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code short}, checking
+     * for lost information.  If this {@code BigDecimal} has a
+     * nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for a
+     * {@code short} result then an {@code ArithmeticException} is
+     * thrown.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code short}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code this} has a nonzero
+     *         fractional part, or will not fit in a {@code short}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public short shortValueExact() {
+       long num;
+       num = this.longValueExact();     // will check decimal part
+       if ((short)num != num)
+           throw new java.lang.ArithmeticException("Overflow");
+       return (short)num;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code byte}, checking
+     * for lost information.  If this {@code BigDecimal} has a
+     * nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for a
+     * {@code byte} result then an {@code ArithmeticException} is
+     * thrown.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code byte}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code this} has a nonzero
+     *         fractional part, or will not fit in a {@code byte}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public byte byteValueExact() {
+       long num;
+       num = this.longValueExact();     // will check decimal part
+       if ((byte)num != num)
+           throw new java.lang.ArithmeticException("Overflow");
+       return (byte)num;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code float}.
+     * This conversion is similar to the
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code double} to
+     * {@code float} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * if this {@code BigDecimal} has too great a
+     * magnitude to represent as a {@code float}, it will be
+     * converted to {@link Float#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} or {@link
+     * Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} as appropriate.  Note that even when
+     * the return value is finite, this conversion can lose
+     * information about the precision of the {@code BigDecimal}
+     * value.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code float}.
+     */
+    public float floatValue(){
+        if (scale == 0 && intCompact != INFLATED)
+                return (float)intCompact;
+        // Somewhat inefficient, but guaranteed to work.
+        return Float.parseFloat(this.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code double}.
+     * This conversion is similar to the
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code double} to
+     * {@code float} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * if this {@code BigDecimal} has too great a
+     * magnitude represent as a {@code double}, it will be
+     * converted to {@link Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} or {@link
+     * Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} as appropriate.  Note that even when
+     * the return value is finite, this conversion can lose
+     * information about the precision of the {@code BigDecimal}
+     * value.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} converted to a {@code double}.
+     */
+    public double doubleValue(){
+        if (scale == 0 && intCompact != INFLATED)
+            return (double)intCompact;
+        // Somewhat inefficient, but guaranteed to work.
+        return Double.parseDouble(this.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the size of an ulp, a unit in the last place, of this
+     * {@code BigDecimal}.  An ulp of a nonzero {@code BigDecimal}
+     * value is the positive distance between this value and the
+     * {@code BigDecimal} value next larger in magnitude with the
+     * same number of digits.  An ulp of a zero value is numerically
+     * equal to 1 with the scale of {@code this}.  The result is
+     * stored with the same scale as {@code this} so the result
+     * for zero and nonzero values is equal to {@code [1,
+     * this.scale()]}.
+     *
+     * @return the size of an ulp of {@code this}
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public BigDecimal ulp() {
+        return BigDecimal.valueOf(1, this.scale());
+    }
+
+
+    // Private class to build a string representation for BigDecimal object.
+    // "StringBuilderHelper" is constructed as a thread local variable so it is
+    // thread safe. The StringBuilder field acts as a buffer to hold the temporary
+    // representation of BigDecimal. The cmpCharArray holds all the characters for
+    // the compact representation of BigDecimal (except for '-' sign' if it is
+    // negative) if its intCompact field is not INFLATED. It is shared by all
+    // calls to toString() and its variants in that particular thread.
+    static class StringBuilderHelper {
+        final StringBuilder sb;    // Placeholder for BigDecimal string
+        final char[] cmpCharArray; // character array to place the intCompact
+
+        StringBuilderHelper() {
+            sb = new StringBuilder();
+            // All non negative longs can be made to fit into 19 character array.
+            cmpCharArray = new char[19];
+        }
+
+        // Accessors.
+        StringBuilder getStringBuilder() {
+            sb.setLength(0);
+            return sb;
+        }
+
+        char[] getCompactCharArray() {
+            return cmpCharArray;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Places characters representing the intCompact in {@code long} into
+         * cmpCharArray and returns the offset to the array where the
+         * representation starts.
+         *
+         * @param intCompact the number to put into the cmpCharArray.
+         * @return offset to the array where the representation starts.
+         * Note: intCompact must be greater or equal to zero.
+         */
+        int putIntCompact(long intCompact) {
+            assert intCompact >= 0;
+
+            long q;
+            int r;
+            // since we start from the least significant digit, charPos points to
+            // the last character in cmpCharArray.
+            int charPos = cmpCharArray.length;
+
+            // Get 2 digits/iteration using longs until quotient fits into an int
+            while (intCompact > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+                q = intCompact / 100;
+                r = (int)(intCompact - q * 100);
+                intCompact = q;
+                cmpCharArray[--charPos] = DIGIT_ONES[r];
+                cmpCharArray[--charPos] = DIGIT_TENS[r];
+            }
+
+            // Get 2 digits/iteration using ints when i2 >= 100
+            int q2;
+            int i2 = (int)intCompact;
+            while (i2 >= 100) {
+                q2 = i2 / 100;
+                r  = i2 - q2 * 100;
+                i2 = q2;
+                cmpCharArray[--charPos] = DIGIT_ONES[r];
+                cmpCharArray[--charPos] = DIGIT_TENS[r];
+            }
+
+            cmpCharArray[--charPos] = DIGIT_ONES[i2];
+            if (i2 >= 10)
+                cmpCharArray[--charPos] = DIGIT_TENS[i2];
+
+            return charPos;
+        }
+
+        final static char[] DIGIT_TENS = {
+            '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0',
+            '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1',
+            '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2',
+            '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3',
+            '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4',
+            '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5',
+            '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6',
+            '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7',
+            '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8',
+            '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9',
+        };
+
+        final static char[] DIGIT_ONES = {
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Lay out this {@code BigDecimal} into a {@code char[]} array.
+     * The Java 1.2 equivalent to this was called {@code getValueString}.
+     *
+     * @param  sci {@code true} for Scientific exponential notation;
+     *          {@code false} for Engineering
+     * @return string with canonical string representation of this
+     *         {@code BigDecimal}
+     */
+    private String layoutChars(boolean sci) {
+        if (scale == 0)                      // zero scale is trivial
+            return (intCompact != INFLATED) ?
+                Long.toString(intCompact):
+                intVal.toString();
+
+        StringBuilderHelper sbHelper = threadLocalStringBuilderHelper.get();
+        char[] coeff;
+        int offset;  // offset is the starting index for coeff array
+        // Get the significand as an absolute value
+        if (intCompact != INFLATED) {
+            offset = sbHelper.putIntCompact(Math.abs(intCompact));
+            coeff  = sbHelper.getCompactCharArray();
+        } else {
+            offset = 0;
+            coeff  = intVal.abs().toString().toCharArray();
+        }
+
+        // Construct a buffer, with sufficient capacity for all cases.
+        // If E-notation is needed, length will be: +1 if negative, +1
+        // if '.' needed, +2 for "E+", + up to 10 for adjusted exponent.
+        // Otherwise it could have +1 if negative, plus leading "0.00000"
+        StringBuilder buf = sbHelper.getStringBuilder();
+        if (signum() < 0)             // prefix '-' if negative
+            buf.append('-');
+        int coeffLen = coeff.length - offset;
+        long adjusted = -(long)scale + (coeffLen -1);
+        if ((scale >= 0) && (adjusted >= -6)) { // plain number
+            int pad = scale - coeffLen;         // count of padding zeros
+            if (pad >= 0) {                     // 0.xxx form
+                buf.append('0');
+                buf.append('.');
+                for (; pad>0; pad--) {
+                    buf.append('0');
+                }
+                buf.append(coeff, offset, coeffLen);
+            } else {                         // xx.xx form
+                buf.append(coeff, offset, -pad);
+                buf.append('.');
+                buf.append(coeff, -pad + offset, scale);
+            }
+        } else { // E-notation is needed
+            if (sci) {                       // Scientific notation
+                buf.append(coeff[offset]);   // first character
+                if (coeffLen > 1) {          // more to come
+                    buf.append('.');
+                    buf.append(coeff, offset + 1, coeffLen - 1);
+                }
+            } else {                         // Engineering notation
+                int sig = (int)(adjusted % 3);
+                if (sig < 0)
+                    sig += 3;                // [adjusted was negative]
+                adjusted -= sig;             // now a multiple of 3
+                sig++;
+                if (signum() == 0) {
+                    switch (sig) {
+                    case 1:
+                        buf.append('0'); // exponent is a multiple of three
+                        break;
+                    case 2:
+                        buf.append("0.00");
+                        adjusted += 3;
+                        break;
+                    case 3:
+                        buf.append("0.0");
+                        adjusted += 3;
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new AssertionError("Unexpected sig value " + sig);
+                    }
+                } else if (sig >= coeffLen) {   // significand all in integer
+                    buf.append(coeff, offset, coeffLen);
+                    // may need some zeros, too
+                    for (int i = sig - coeffLen; i > 0; i--)
+                        buf.append('0');
+                } else {                     // xx.xxE form
+                    buf.append(coeff, offset, sig);
+                    buf.append('.');
+                    buf.append(coeff, offset + sig, coeffLen - sig);
+                }
+            }
+            if (adjusted != 0) {             // [!sci could have made 0]
+                buf.append('E');
+                if (adjusted > 0)            // force sign for positive
+                    buf.append('+');
+                buf.append(adjusted);
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return 10 to the power n, as a {@code BigInteger}.
+     *
+     * @param  n the power of ten to be returned (>=0)
+     * @return a {@code BigInteger} with the value (10<sup>n</sup>)
+     */
+    private static BigInteger bigTenToThe(int n) {
+        if (n < 0)
+            return BigInteger.ZERO;
+
+        if (n < BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE_MAX) {
+            BigInteger[] pows = BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE;
+            if (n < pows.length)
+                return pows[n];
+            else
+                return expandBigIntegerTenPowers(n);
+        }
+        // BigInteger.pow is slow, so make 10**n by constructing a
+        // BigInteger from a character string (still not very fast)
+        char tenpow[] = new char[n + 1];
+        tenpow[0] = '1';
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
+            tenpow[i] = '0';
+        return new BigInteger(tenpow);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Expand the BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE array to contain at least 10**n.
+     *
+     * @param n the power of ten to be returned (>=0)
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} with the value (10<sup>n</sup>) and
+     *         in the meantime, the BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE array gets
+     *         expanded to the size greater than n.
+     */
+    private static BigInteger expandBigIntegerTenPowers(int n) {
+        synchronized(BigDecimal.class) {
+            BigInteger[] pows = BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE;
+            int curLen = pows.length;
+            // The following comparison and the above synchronized statement is
+            // to prevent multiple threads from expanding the same array.
+            if (curLen <= n) {
+                int newLen = curLen << 1;
+                while (newLen <= n)
+                    newLen <<= 1;
+                pows = Arrays.copyOf(pows, newLen);
+                for (int i = curLen; i < newLen; i++)
+                    pows[i] = pows[i - 1].multiply(BigInteger.TEN);
+                // Based on the following facts:
+                // 1. pows is a private local varible;
+                // 2. the following store is a volatile store.
+                // the newly created array elements can be safely published.
+                BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE = pows;
+            }
+            return pows[n];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final long[] LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE = {
+        1,                     // 0 / 10^0
+        10,                    // 1 / 10^1
+        100,                   // 2 / 10^2
+        1000,                  // 3 / 10^3
+        10000,                 // 4 / 10^4
+        100000,                // 5 / 10^5
+        1000000,               // 6 / 10^6
+        10000000,              // 7 / 10^7
+        100000000,             // 8 / 10^8
+        1000000000,            // 9 / 10^9
+        10000000000L,          // 10 / 10^10
+        100000000000L,         // 11 / 10^11
+        1000000000000L,        // 12 / 10^12
+        10000000000000L,       // 13 / 10^13
+        100000000000000L,      // 14 / 10^14
+        1000000000000000L,     // 15 / 10^15
+        10000000000000000L,    // 16 / 10^16
+        100000000000000000L,   // 17 / 10^17
+        1000000000000000000L   // 18 / 10^18
+    };
+
+    private static volatile BigInteger BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE[] = {BigInteger.ONE,
+        BigInteger.valueOf(10),       BigInteger.valueOf(100),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(1000),     BigInteger.valueOf(10000),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(100000),   BigInteger.valueOf(1000000),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(10000000), BigInteger.valueOf(100000000),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(1000000000),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(10000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(100000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(1000000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(10000000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(100000000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(1000000000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(10000000000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(100000000000000000L),
+        BigInteger.valueOf(1000000000000000000L)
+    };
+
+    private static final int BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE_INITLEN =
+        BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE.length;
+    private static final int BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE_MAX =
+        16 * BIG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE_INITLEN;
+
+    private static final long THRESHOLDS_TABLE[] = {
+        Long.MAX_VALUE,                     // 0
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/10L,                 // 1
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/100L,                // 2
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/1000L,               // 3
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/10000L,              // 4
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/100000L,             // 5
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/1000000L,            // 6
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/10000000L,           // 7
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/100000000L,          // 8
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/1000000000L,         // 9
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/10000000000L,        // 10
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/100000000000L,       // 11
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/1000000000000L,      // 12
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/10000000000000L,     // 13
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/100000000000000L,    // 14
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/1000000000000000L,   // 15
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/10000000000000000L,  // 16
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/100000000000000000L, // 17
+        Long.MAX_VALUE/1000000000000000000L // 18
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Compute val * 10 ^ n; return this product if it is
+     * representable as a long, INFLATED otherwise.
+     */
+    private static long longMultiplyPowerTen(long val, int n) {
+        if (val == 0 || n <= 0)
+            return val;
+        long[] tab = LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE;
+        long[] bounds = THRESHOLDS_TABLE;
+        if (n < tab.length && n < bounds.length) {
+            long tenpower = tab[n];
+            if (val == 1)
+                return tenpower;
+            if (Math.abs(val) <= bounds[n])
+                return val * tenpower;
+        }
+        return INFLATED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute this * 10 ^ n.
+     * Needed mainly to allow special casing to trap zero value
+     */
+    private BigInteger bigMultiplyPowerTen(int n) {
+        if (n <= 0)
+            return this.inflate();
+
+        if (intCompact != INFLATED)
+            return bigTenToThe(n).multiply(intCompact);
+        else
+            return intVal.multiply(bigTenToThe(n));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assign appropriate BigInteger to intVal field if intVal is
+     * null, i.e. the compact representation is in use.
+     */
+    private BigInteger inflate() {
+        if (intVal == null)
+            intVal = BigInteger.valueOf(intCompact);
+        return intVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Match the scales of two {@code BigDecimal}s to align their
+     * least significant digits.
+     *
+     * <p>If the scales of val[0] and val[1] differ, rescale
+     * (non-destructively) the lower-scaled {@code BigDecimal} so
+     * they match.  That is, the lower-scaled reference will be
+     * replaced by a reference to a new object with the same scale as
+     * the other {@code BigDecimal}.
+     *
+     * @param  val array of two elements referring to the two
+     *         {@code BigDecimal}s to be aligned.
+     */
+    private static void matchScale(BigDecimal[] val) {
+        if (val[0].scale == val[1].scale) {
+            return;
+        } else if (val[0].scale < val[1].scale) {
+            val[0] = val[0].setScale(val[1].scale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        } else if (val[1].scale < val[0].scale) {
+            val[1] = val[1].setScale(val[0].scale, ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstitute the {@code BigDecimal} instance from a stream (that is,
+     * deserialize it).
+     *
+     * @param s the stream being read.
+     */
+    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        // Read in all fields
+        s.defaultReadObject();
+        // validate possibly bad fields
+        if (intVal == null) {
+            String message = "BigDecimal: null intVal in stream";
+            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException(message);
+        // [all values of scale are now allowed]
+        }
+        intCompact = compactValFor(intVal);
+    }
+
+   /**
+    * Serialize this {@code BigDecimal} to the stream in question
+    *
+    * @param s the stream to serialize to.
+    */
+   private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
+       throws java.io.IOException {
+       // Must inflate to maintain compatible serial form.
+       this.inflate();
+
+       // Write proper fields
+       s.defaultWriteObject();
+   }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the absolute value of a {@code long}, in decimal
+     * digits.
+     *
+     * @param x the {@code long}
+     * @return the length of the unscaled value, in deciaml digits.
+     */
+    private static int longDigitLength(long x) {
+        /*
+         * As described in "Bit Twiddling Hacks" by Sean Anderson,
+         * (http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html)
+         * integer log 10 of x is within 1 of
+         * (1233/4096)* (1 + integer log 2 of x).
+         * The fraction 1233/4096 approximates log10(2). So we first
+         * do a version of log2 (a variant of Long class with
+         * pre-checks and opposite directionality) and then scale and
+         * check against powers table. This is a little simpler in
+         * present context than the version in Hacker's Delight sec
+         * 11-4.  Adding one to bit length allows comparing downward
+         * from the LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE that we need anyway.
+         */
+        assert x != INFLATED;
+        if (x < 0)
+            x = -x;
+        if (x < 10) // must screen for 0, might as well 10
+            return 1;
+        int n = 64; // not 63, to avoid needing to add 1 later
+        int y = (int)(x >>> 32);
+        if (y == 0) { n -= 32; y = (int)x; }
+        if (y >>> 16 == 0) { n -= 16; y <<= 16; }
+        if (y >>> 24 == 0) { n -=  8; y <<=  8; }
+        if (y >>> 28 == 0) { n -=  4; y <<=  4; }
+        if (y >>> 30 == 0) { n -=  2; y <<=  2; }
+        int r = (((y >>> 31) + n) * 1233) >>> 12;
+        long[] tab = LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE;
+        // if r >= length, must have max possible digits for long
+        return (r >= tab.length || x < tab[r])? r : r+1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the absolute value of a BigInteger, in
+     * decimal digits.
+     *
+     * @param b the BigInteger
+     * @return the length of the unscaled value, in decimal digits
+     */
+    private static int bigDigitLength(BigInteger b) {
+        /*
+         * Same idea as the long version, but we need a better
+         * approximation of log10(2). Using 646456993/2^31
+         * is accurate up to max possible reported bitLength.
+         */
+        if (b.signum == 0)
+            return 1;
+        int r = (int)((((long)b.bitLength() + 1) * 646456993) >>> 31);
+        return b.compareMagnitude(bigTenToThe(r)) < 0? r : r+1;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Remove insignificant trailing zeros from this
+     * {@code BigDecimal} until the preferred scale is reached or no
+     * more zeros can be removed.  If the preferred scale is less than
+     * Integer.MIN_VALUE, all the trailing zeros will be removed.
+     *
+     * {@code BigInteger} assistance could help, here?
+     *
+     * <p>WARNING: This method should only be called on new objects as
+     * it mutates the value fields.
+     *
+     * @return this {@code BigDecimal} with a scale possibly reduced
+     * to be closed to the preferred scale.
+     */
+    private BigDecimal stripZerosToMatchScale(long preferredScale) {
+        this.inflate();
+        BigInteger qr[];                // quotient-remainder pair
+        while ( intVal.compareMagnitude(BigInteger.TEN) >= 0 &&
+                scale > preferredScale) {
+            if (intVal.testBit(0))
+                break;                  // odd number cannot end in 0
+            qr = intVal.divideAndRemainder(BigInteger.TEN);
+            if (qr[1].signum() != 0)
+                break;                  // non-0 remainder
+            intVal=qr[0];
+            scale = checkScale((long)scale-1);  // could Overflow
+            if (precision > 0)          // adjust precision if known
+              precision--;
+        }
+        if (intVal != null)
+            intCompact = compactValFor(intVal);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check a scale for Underflow or Overflow.  If this BigDecimal is
+     * nonzero, throw an exception if the scale is outof range. If this
+     * is zero, saturate the scale to the extreme value of the right
+     * sign if the scale is out of range.
+     *
+     * @param val The new scale.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException (overflow or underflow) if the new
+     *         scale is out of range.
+     * @return validated scale as an int.
+     */
+    private int checkScale(long val) {
+        int asInt = (int)val;
+        if (asInt != val) {
+            asInt = val>Integer.MAX_VALUE ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+            BigInteger b;
+            if (intCompact != 0 &&
+                ((b = intVal) == null || b.signum() != 0))
+                throw new ArithmeticException(asInt>0 ? "Underflow":"Overflow");
+        }
+        return asInt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Round an operand; used only if digits &gt; 0.  Does not change
+     * {@code this}; if rounding is needed a new {@code BigDecimal}
+     * is created and returned.
+     *
+     * @param mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the result is inexact but the
+     *         rounding mode is {@code UNNECESSARY}.
+     */
+    private BigDecimal roundOp(MathContext mc) {
+        BigDecimal rounded = doRound(this, mc);
+        return rounded;
+    }
+
+    /** Round this BigDecimal according to the MathContext settings;
+     *  used only if precision {@literal >} 0.
+     *
+     * <p>WARNING: This method should only be called on new objects as
+     * it mutates the value fields.
+     *
+     * @param mc the context to use.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the rounding mode is
+     *         {@code RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY} and the
+     *         {@code BigDecimal} operation would require rounding.
+     */
+    private void roundThis(MathContext mc) {
+        BigDecimal rounded = doRound(this, mc);
+        if (rounded == this)                 // wasn't rounded
+            return;
+        this.intVal     = rounded.intVal;
+        this.intCompact = rounded.intCompact;
+        this.scale      = rounded.scale;
+        this.precision  = rounded.precision;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code BigDecimal} rounded according to the
+     * MathContext settings; used only if {@code mc.precision > 0}.
+     * Does not change {@code this}; if rounding is needed a new
+     * {@code BigDecimal} is created and returned.
+     *
+     * @param mc the context to use.
+     * @return a {@code BigDecimal} rounded according to the MathContext
+     *         settings.  May return this, if no rounding needed.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the rounding mode is
+     *         {@code RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY} and the
+     *         result is inexact.
+     */
+    private static BigDecimal doRound(BigDecimal d, MathContext mc) {
+        int mcp = mc.precision;
+        int drop;
+        // This might (rarely) iterate to cover the 999=>1000 case
+        while ((drop = d.precision() - mcp) > 0) {
+            int newScale = d.checkScale((long)d.scale - drop);
+            int mode = mc.roundingMode.oldMode;
+            if (drop < LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE.length)
+                d = divideAndRound(d.intCompact, d.intVal,
+                                   LONG_TEN_POWERS_TABLE[drop], null,
+                                   newScale, mode, newScale);
+            else
+                d = divideAndRound(d.intCompact, d.intVal,
+                                   INFLATED, bigTenToThe(drop),
+                                   newScale, mode, newScale);
+        }
+        return d;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the compact value for given {@code BigInteger}, or
+     * INFLATED if too big. Relies on internal representation of
+     * {@code BigInteger}.
+     */
+    private static long compactValFor(BigInteger b) {
+        int[] m = b.mag;
+        int len = m.length;
+        if (len == 0)
+            return 0;
+        int d = m[0];
+        if (len > 2 || (len == 2 && d < 0))
+            return INFLATED;
+
+        long u = (len == 2)?
+            (((long) m[1] & LONG_MASK) + (((long)d) << 32)) :
+            (((long)d)   & LONG_MASK);
+        return (b.signum < 0)? -u : u;
+    }
+
+    private static int longCompareMagnitude(long x, long y) {
+        if (x < 0)
+            x = -x;
+        if (y < 0)
+            y = -y;
+        return (x < y) ? -1 : ((x == y) ? 0 : 1);
+    }
+
+    private static int saturateLong(long s) {
+        int i = (int)s;
+        return (s == i) ? i : (s < 0 ? Integer.MIN_VALUE : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Internal printing routine
+     */
+    private static void print(String name, BigDecimal bd) {
+        System.err.format("%s:\tintCompact %d\tintVal %d\tscale %d\tprecision %d%n",
+                          name,
+                          bd.intCompact,
+                          bd.intVal,
+                          bd.scale,
+                          bd.precision);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check internal invariants of this BigDecimal.  These invariants
+     * include:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li>The object must be initialized; either intCompact must not be
+     * INFLATED or intVal is non-null.  Both of these conditions may
+     * be true.
+     *
+     * <li>If both intCompact and intVal and set, their values must be
+     * consistent.
+     *
+     * <li>If precision is nonzero, it must have the right value.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * Note: Since this is an audit method, we are not supposed to change the
+     * state of this BigDecimal object.
+     */
+    private BigDecimal audit() {
+        if (intCompact == INFLATED) {
+            if (intVal == null) {
+                print("audit", this);
+                throw new AssertionError("null intVal");
+            }
+            // Check precision
+            if (precision > 0 && precision != bigDigitLength(intVal)) {
+                print("audit", this);
+                throw new AssertionError("precision mismatch");
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (intVal != null) {
+                long val = intVal.longValue();
+                if (val != intCompact) {
+                    print("audit", this);
+                    throw new AssertionError("Inconsistent state, intCompact=" +
+                                             intCompact + "\t intVal=" + val);
+                }
+            }
+            // Check precision
+            if (precision > 0 && precision != longDigitLength(intCompact)) {
+                print("audit", this);
+                throw new AssertionError("precision mismatch");
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/BigInteger.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/BigInteger.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,3186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2007, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1995  Colin Plumb.  All rights reserved.
+ */
+
+package java.math;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable arbitrary-precision integers.  All operations behave as if
+ * BigIntegers were represented in two's-complement notation (like Java's
+ * primitive integer types).  BigInteger provides analogues to all of Java's
+ * primitive integer operators, and all relevant methods from java.lang.Math.
+ * Additionally, BigInteger provides operations for modular arithmetic, GCD
+ * calculation, primality testing, prime generation, bit manipulation,
+ * and a few other miscellaneous operations.
+ *
+ * <p>Semantics of arithmetic operations exactly mimic those of Java's integer
+ * arithmetic operators, as defined in <i>The Java Language Specification</i>.
+ * For example, division by zero throws an {@code ArithmeticException}, and
+ * division of a negative by a positive yields a negative (or zero) remainder.
+ * All of the details in the Spec concerning overflow are ignored, as
+ * BigIntegers are made as large as necessary to accommodate the results of an
+ * operation.
+ *
+ * <p>Semantics of shift operations extend those of Java's shift operators
+ * to allow for negative shift distances.  A right-shift with a negative
+ * shift distance results in a left shift, and vice-versa.  The unsigned
+ * right shift operator ({@code >>>}) is omitted, as this operation makes
+ * little sense in combination with the "infinite word size" abstraction
+ * provided by this class.
+ *
+ * <p>Semantics of bitwise logical operations exactly mimic those of Java's
+ * bitwise integer operators.  The binary operators ({@code and},
+ * {@code or}, {@code xor}) implicitly perform sign extension on the shorter
+ * of the two operands prior to performing the operation.
+ *
+ * <p>Comparison operations perform signed integer comparisons, analogous to
+ * those performed by Java's relational and equality operators.
+ *
+ * <p>Modular arithmetic operations are provided to compute residues, perform
+ * exponentiation, and compute multiplicative inverses.  These methods always
+ * return a non-negative result, between {@code 0} and {@code (modulus - 1)},
+ * inclusive.
+ *
+ * <p>Bit operations operate on a single bit of the two's-complement
+ * representation of their operand.  If necessary, the operand is sign-
+ * extended so that it contains the designated bit.  None of the single-bit
+ * operations can produce a BigInteger with a different sign from the
+ * BigInteger being operated on, as they affect only a single bit, and the
+ * "infinite word size" abstraction provided by this class ensures that there
+ * are infinitely many "virtual sign bits" preceding each BigInteger.
+ *
+ * <p>For the sake of brevity and clarity, pseudo-code is used throughout the
+ * descriptions of BigInteger methods.  The pseudo-code expression
+ * {@code (i + j)} is shorthand for "a BigInteger whose value is
+ * that of the BigInteger {@code i} plus that of the BigInteger {@code j}."
+ * The pseudo-code expression {@code (i == j)} is shorthand for
+ * "{@code true} if and only if the BigInteger {@code i} represents the same
+ * value as the BigInteger {@code j}."  Other pseudo-code expressions are
+ * interpreted similarly.
+ *
+ * <p>All methods and constructors in this class throw
+ * {@code NullPointerException} when passed
+ * a null object reference for any input parameter.
+ *
+ * @see     BigDecimal
+ * @author  Josh Bloch
+ * @author  Michael McCloskey
+ * @since JDK1.1
+ */
+
+public class BigInteger extends Number implements Comparable<BigInteger> {
+    /**
+     * The signum of this BigInteger: -1 for negative, 0 for zero, or
+     * 1 for positive.  Note that the BigInteger zero <i>must</i> have
+     * a signum of 0.  This is necessary to ensures that there is exactly one
+     * representation for each BigInteger value.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    final int signum;
+
+    /**
+     * The magnitude of this BigInteger, in <i>big-endian</i> order: the
+     * zeroth element of this array is the most-significant int of the
+     * magnitude.  The magnitude must be "minimal" in that the most-significant
+     * int ({@code mag[0]}) must be non-zero.  This is necessary to
+     * ensure that there is exactly one representation for each BigInteger
+     * value.  Note that this implies that the BigInteger zero has a
+     * zero-length mag array.
+     */
+    final int[] mag;
+
+    // These "redundant fields" are initialized with recognizable nonsense
+    // values, and cached the first time they are needed (or never, if they
+    // aren't needed).
+
+     /**
+     * One plus the bitCount of this BigInteger. Zeros means unitialized.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     * @see #bitCount
+     * @deprecated Deprecated since logical value is offset from stored
+     * value and correction factor is applied in accessor method.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    private int bitCount;
+
+    /**
+     * One plus the bitLength of this BigInteger. Zeros means unitialized.
+     * (either value is acceptable).
+     *
+     * @serial
+     * @see #bitLength()
+     * @deprecated Deprecated since logical value is offset from stored
+     * value and correction factor is applied in accessor method.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    private int bitLength;
+
+    /**
+     * Two plus the lowest set bit of this BigInteger, as returned by
+     * getLowestSetBit().
+     *
+     * @serial
+     * @see #getLowestSetBit
+     * @deprecated Deprecated since logical value is offset from stored
+     * value and correction factor is applied in accessor method.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    private int lowestSetBit;
+
+    /**
+     * Two plus the index of the lowest-order int in the magnitude of this
+     * BigInteger that contains a nonzero int, or -2 (either value is acceptable).
+     * The least significant int has int-number 0, the next int in order of
+     * increasing significance has int-number 1, and so forth.
+     * @deprecated Deprecated since logical value is offset from stored
+     * value and correction factor is applied in accessor method.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    private int firstNonzeroIntNum;
+
+    /**
+     * This mask is used to obtain the value of an int as if it were unsigned.
+     */
+    final static long LONG_MASK = 0xffffffffL;
+
+    //Constructors
+
+    /**
+     * Translates a byte array containing the two's-complement binary
+     * representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger.  The input array is
+     * assumed to be in <i>big-endian</i> byte-order: the most significant
+     * byte is in the zeroth element.
+     *
+     * @param  val big-endian two's-complement binary representation of
+     *         BigInteger.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException {@code val} is zero bytes long.
+     */
+    public BigInteger(byte[] val) {
+        if (val.length == 0)
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length BigInteger");
+
+        if (val[0] < 0) {
+            mag = makePositive(val);
+            signum = -1;
+        } else {
+            mag = stripLeadingZeroBytes(val);
+            signum = (mag.length == 0 ? 0 : 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This private constructor translates an int array containing the
+     * two's-complement binary representation of a BigInteger into a
+     * BigInteger. The input array is assumed to be in <i>big-endian</i>
+     * int-order: the most significant int is in the zeroth element.
+     */
+    private BigInteger(int[] val) {
+        if (val.length == 0)
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length BigInteger");
+
+        if (val[0] < 0) {
+            mag = makePositive(val);
+            signum = -1;
+        } else {
+            mag = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(val);
+            signum = (mag.length == 0 ? 0 : 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates the sign-magnitude representation of a BigInteger into a
+     * BigInteger.  The sign is represented as an integer signum value: -1 for
+     * negative, 0 for zero, or 1 for positive.  The magnitude is a byte array
+     * in <i>big-endian</i> byte-order: the most significant byte is in the
+     * zeroth element.  A zero-length magnitude array is permissible, and will
+     * result in a BigInteger value of 0, whether signum is -1, 0 or 1.
+     *
+     * @param  signum signum of the number (-1 for negative, 0 for zero, 1
+     *         for positive).
+     * @param  magnitude big-endian binary representation of the magnitude of
+     *         the number.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException {@code signum} is not one of the three
+     *         legal values (-1, 0, and 1), or {@code signum} is 0 and
+     *         {@code magnitude} contains one or more non-zero bytes.
+     */
+    public BigInteger(int signum, byte[] magnitude) {
+        this.mag = stripLeadingZeroBytes(magnitude);
+
+        if (signum < -1 || signum > 1)
+            throw(new NumberFormatException("Invalid signum value"));
+
+        if (this.mag.length==0) {
+            this.signum = 0;
+        } else {
+            if (signum == 0)
+                throw(new NumberFormatException("signum-magnitude mismatch"));
+            this.signum = signum;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A constructor for internal use that translates the sign-magnitude
+     * representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger. It checks the
+     * arguments and copies the magnitude so this constructor would be
+     * safe for external use.
+     */
+    private BigInteger(int signum, int[] magnitude) {
+        this.mag = stripLeadingZeroInts(magnitude);
+
+        if (signum < -1 || signum > 1)
+            throw(new NumberFormatException("Invalid signum value"));
+
+        if (this.mag.length==0) {
+            this.signum = 0;
+        } else {
+            if (signum == 0)
+                throw(new NumberFormatException("signum-magnitude mismatch"));
+            this.signum = signum;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates the String representation of a BigInteger in the
+     * specified radix into a BigInteger.  The String representation
+     * consists of an optional minus or plus sign followed by a
+     * sequence of one or more digits in the specified radix.  The
+     * character-to-digit mapping is provided by {@code
+     * Character.digit}.  The String may not contain any extraneous
+     * characters (whitespace, for example).
+     *
+     * @param val String representation of BigInteger.
+     * @param radix radix to be used in interpreting {@code val}.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException {@code val} is not a valid representation
+     *         of a BigInteger in the specified radix, or {@code radix} is
+     *         outside the range from {@link Character#MIN_RADIX} to
+     *         {@link Character#MAX_RADIX}, inclusive.
+     * @see    Character#digit
+     */
+    public BigInteger(String val, int radix) {
+        int cursor = 0, numDigits;
+        final int len = val.length();
+
+        if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX || radix > Character.MAX_RADIX)
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Radix out of range");
+        if (len == 0)
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length BigInteger");
+
+        // Check for at most one leading sign
+        int sign = 1;
+        int index1 = val.lastIndexOf('-');
+        int index2 = val.lastIndexOf('+');
+        if ((index1 + index2) <= -1) {
+            // No leading sign character or at most one leading sign character
+            if (index1 == 0 || index2 == 0) {
+                cursor = 1;
+                if (len == 1)
+                    throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length BigInteger");
+            }
+            if (index1 == 0)
+                sign = -1;
+        } else
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Illegal embedded sign character");
+
+        // Skip leading zeros and compute number of digits in magnitude
+        while (cursor < len &&
+               Character.digit(val.charAt(cursor), radix) == 0)
+            cursor++;
+        if (cursor == len) {
+            signum = 0;
+            mag = ZERO.mag;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        numDigits = len - cursor;
+        signum = sign;
+
+        // Pre-allocate array of expected size. May be too large but can
+        // never be too small. Typically exact.
+        int numBits = (int)(((numDigits * bitsPerDigit[radix]) >>> 10) + 1);
+        int numWords = (numBits + 31) >>> 5;
+        int[] magnitude = new int[numWords];
+
+        // Process first (potentially short) digit group
+        int firstGroupLen = numDigits % digitsPerInt[radix];
+        if (firstGroupLen == 0)
+            firstGroupLen = digitsPerInt[radix];
+        String group = val.substring(cursor, cursor += firstGroupLen);
+        magnitude[numWords - 1] = Integer.parseInt(group, radix);
+        if (magnitude[numWords - 1] < 0)
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Illegal digit");
+
+        // Process remaining digit groups
+        int superRadix = intRadix[radix];
+        int groupVal = 0;
+        while (cursor < len) {
+            group = val.substring(cursor, cursor += digitsPerInt[radix]);
+            groupVal = Integer.parseInt(group, radix);
+            if (groupVal < 0)
+                throw new NumberFormatException("Illegal digit");
+            destructiveMulAdd(magnitude, superRadix, groupVal);
+        }
+        // Required for cases where the array was overallocated.
+        mag = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(magnitude);
+    }
+
+    // Constructs a new BigInteger using a char array with radix=10
+    BigInteger(char[] val) {
+        int cursor = 0, numDigits;
+        int len = val.length;
+
+        // Check for leading minus sign
+        int sign = 1;
+        if (val[0] == '-') {
+            if (len == 1)
+                throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length BigInteger");
+            sign = -1;
+            cursor = 1;
+        } else if (val[0] == '+') {
+            if (len == 1)
+                throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length BigInteger");
+            cursor = 1;
+        }
+
+        // Skip leading zeros and compute number of digits in magnitude
+        while (cursor < len && Character.digit(val[cursor], 10) == 0)
+            cursor++;
+        if (cursor == len) {
+            signum = 0;
+            mag = ZERO.mag;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        numDigits = len - cursor;
+        signum = sign;
+
+        // Pre-allocate array of expected size
+        int numWords;
+        if (len < 10) {
+            numWords = 1;
+        } else {
+            int numBits = (int)(((numDigits * bitsPerDigit[10]) >>> 10) + 1);
+            numWords = (numBits + 31) >>> 5;
+        }
+        int[] magnitude = new int[numWords];
+
+        // Process first (potentially short) digit group
+        int firstGroupLen = numDigits % digitsPerInt[10];
+        if (firstGroupLen == 0)
+            firstGroupLen = digitsPerInt[10];
+        magnitude[numWords - 1] = parseInt(val, cursor,  cursor += firstGroupLen);
+
+        // Process remaining digit groups
+        while (cursor < len) {
+            int groupVal = parseInt(val, cursor, cursor += digitsPerInt[10]);
+            destructiveMulAdd(magnitude, intRadix[10], groupVal);
+        }
+        mag = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(magnitude);
+    }
+
+    // Create an integer with the digits between the two indexes
+    // Assumes start < end. The result may be negative, but it
+    // is to be treated as an unsigned value.
+    private int parseInt(char[] source, int start, int end) {
+        int result = Character.digit(source[start++], 10);
+        if (result == -1)
+            throw new NumberFormatException(new String(source));
+
+        for (int index = start; index<end; index++) {
+            int nextVal = Character.digit(source[index], 10);
+            if (nextVal == -1)
+                throw new NumberFormatException(new String(source));
+            result = 10*result + nextVal;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // bitsPerDigit in the given radix times 1024
+    // Rounded up to avoid underallocation.
+    private static long bitsPerDigit[] = { 0, 0,
+        1024, 1624, 2048, 2378, 2648, 2875, 3072, 3247, 3402, 3543, 3672,
+        3790, 3899, 4001, 4096, 4186, 4271, 4350, 4426, 4498, 4567, 4633,
+        4696, 4756, 4814, 4870, 4923, 4975, 5025, 5074, 5120, 5166, 5210,
+                                           5253, 5295};
+
+    // Multiply x array times word y in place, and add word z
+    private static void destructiveMulAdd(int[] x, int y, int z) {
+        // Perform the multiplication word by word
+        long ylong = y & LONG_MASK;
+        long zlong = z & LONG_MASK;
+        int len = x.length;
+
+        long product = 0;
+        long carry = 0;
+        for (int i = len-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            product = ylong * (x[i] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            x[i] = (int)product;
+            carry = product >>> 32;
+        }
+
+        // Perform the addition
+        long sum = (x[len-1] & LONG_MASK) + zlong;
+        x[len-1] = (int)sum;
+        carry = sum >>> 32;
+        for (int i = len-2; i >= 0; i--) {
+            sum = (x[i] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            x[i] = (int)sum;
+            carry = sum >>> 32;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Translates the decimal String representation of a BigInteger into a
+     * BigInteger.  The String representation consists of an optional minus
+     * sign followed by a sequence of one or more decimal digits.  The
+     * character-to-digit mapping is provided by {@code Character.digit}.
+     * The String may not contain any extraneous characters (whitespace, for
+     * example).
+     *
+     * @param val decimal String representation of BigInteger.
+     * @throws NumberFormatException {@code val} is not a valid representation
+     *         of a BigInteger.
+     * @see    Character#digit
+     */
+    public BigInteger(String val) {
+        this(val, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a randomly generated BigInteger, uniformly distributed over
+     * the range 0 to (2<sup>{@code numBits}</sup> - 1), inclusive.
+     * The uniformity of the distribution assumes that a fair source of random
+     * bits is provided in {@code rnd}.  Note that this constructor always
+     * constructs a non-negative BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @param  numBits maximum bitLength of the new BigInteger.
+     * @param  rnd source of randomness to be used in computing the new
+     *         BigInteger.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@code numBits} is negative.
+     * @see #bitLength()
+     */
+    public BigInteger(int numBits, Random rnd) {
+        this(1, randomBits(numBits, rnd));
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] randomBits(int numBits, Random rnd) {
+        if (numBits < 0)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("numBits must be non-negative");
+        int numBytes = (int)(((long)numBits+7)/8); // avoid overflow
+        byte[] randomBits = new byte[numBytes];
+
+        // Generate random bytes and mask out any excess bits
+        if (numBytes > 0) {
+            rnd.nextBytes(randomBits);
+            int excessBits = 8*numBytes - numBits;
+            randomBits[0] &= (1 << (8-excessBits)) - 1;
+        }
+        return randomBits;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a randomly generated positive BigInteger that is probably
+     * prime, with the specified bitLength.
+     *
+     * <p>It is recommended that the {@link #probablePrime probablePrime}
+     * method be used in preference to this constructor unless there
+     * is a compelling need to specify a certainty.
+     *
+     * @param  bitLength bitLength of the returned BigInteger.
+     * @param  certainty a measure of the uncertainty that the caller is
+     *         willing to tolerate.  The probability that the new BigInteger
+     *         represents a prime number will exceed
+     *         (1 - 1/2<sup>{@code certainty}</sup>).  The execution time of
+     *         this constructor is proportional to the value of this parameter.
+     * @param  rnd source of random bits used to select candidates to be
+     *         tested for primality.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code bitLength < 2}.
+     * @see    #bitLength()
+     */
+    public BigInteger(int bitLength, int certainty, Random rnd) {
+        BigInteger prime;
+
+        if (bitLength < 2)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("bitLength < 2");
+        // The cutoff of 95 was chosen empirically for best performance
+        prime = (bitLength < 95 ? smallPrime(bitLength, certainty, rnd)
+                                : largePrime(bitLength, certainty, rnd));
+        signum = 1;
+        mag = prime.mag;
+    }
+
+    // Minimum size in bits that the requested prime number has
+    // before we use the large prime number generating algorithms
+    private static final int SMALL_PRIME_THRESHOLD = 95;
+
+    // Certainty required to meet the spec of probablePrime
+    private static final int DEFAULT_PRIME_CERTAINTY = 100;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a positive BigInteger that is probably prime, with the
+     * specified bitLength. The probability that a BigInteger returned
+     * by this method is composite does not exceed 2<sup>-100</sup>.
+     *
+     * @param  bitLength bitLength of the returned BigInteger.
+     * @param  rnd source of random bits used to select candidates to be
+     *         tested for primality.
+     * @return a BigInteger of {@code bitLength} bits that is probably prime
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code bitLength < 2}.
+     * @see    #bitLength()
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+    public static BigInteger probablePrime(int bitLength, Random rnd) {
+        if (bitLength < 2)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("bitLength < 2");
+
+        // The cutoff of 95 was chosen empirically for best performance
+        return (bitLength < SMALL_PRIME_THRESHOLD ?
+                smallPrime(bitLength, DEFAULT_PRIME_CERTAINTY, rnd) :
+                largePrime(bitLength, DEFAULT_PRIME_CERTAINTY, rnd));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find a random number of the specified bitLength that is probably prime.
+     * This method is used for smaller primes, its performance degrades on
+     * larger bitlengths.
+     *
+     * This method assumes bitLength > 1.
+     */
+    private static BigInteger smallPrime(int bitLength, int certainty, Random rnd) {
+        int magLen = (bitLength + 31) >>> 5;
+        int temp[] = new int[magLen];
+        int highBit = 1 << ((bitLength+31) & 0x1f);  // High bit of high int
+        int highMask = (highBit << 1) - 1;  // Bits to keep in high int
+
+        while(true) {
+            // Construct a candidate
+            for (int i=0; i<magLen; i++)
+                temp[i] = rnd.nextInt();
+            temp[0] = (temp[0] & highMask) | highBit;  // Ensure exact length
+            if (bitLength > 2)
+                temp[magLen-1] |= 1;  // Make odd if bitlen > 2
+
+            BigInteger p = new BigInteger(temp, 1);
+
+            // Do cheap "pre-test" if applicable
+            if (bitLength > 6) {
+                long r = p.remainder(SMALL_PRIME_PRODUCT).longValue();
+                if ((r%3==0)  || (r%5==0)  || (r%7==0)  || (r%11==0) ||
+                    (r%13==0) || (r%17==0) || (r%19==0) || (r%23==0) ||
+                    (r%29==0) || (r%31==0) || (r%37==0) || (r%41==0))
+                    continue; // Candidate is composite; try another
+            }
+
+            // All candidates of bitLength 2 and 3 are prime by this point
+            if (bitLength < 4)
+                return p;
+
+            // Do expensive test if we survive pre-test (or it's inapplicable)
+            if (p.primeToCertainty(certainty, rnd))
+                return p;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final BigInteger SMALL_PRIME_PRODUCT
+                       = valueOf(3L*5*7*11*13*17*19*23*29*31*37*41);
+
+    /**
+     * Find a random number of the specified bitLength that is probably prime.
+     * This method is more appropriate for larger bitlengths since it uses
+     * a sieve to eliminate most composites before using a more expensive
+     * test.
+     */
+    private static BigInteger largePrime(int bitLength, int certainty, Random rnd) {
+        BigInteger p;
+        p = new BigInteger(bitLength, rnd).setBit(bitLength-1);
+        p.mag[p.mag.length-1] &= 0xfffffffe;
+
+        // Use a sieve length likely to contain the next prime number
+        int searchLen = (bitLength / 20) * 64;
+        BitSieve searchSieve = new BitSieve(p, searchLen);
+        BigInteger candidate = searchSieve.retrieve(p, certainty, rnd);
+
+        while ((candidate == null) || (candidate.bitLength() != bitLength)) {
+            p = p.add(BigInteger.valueOf(2*searchLen));
+            if (p.bitLength() != bitLength)
+                p = new BigInteger(bitLength, rnd).setBit(bitLength-1);
+            p.mag[p.mag.length-1] &= 0xfffffffe;
+            searchSieve = new BitSieve(p, searchLen);
+            candidate = searchSieve.retrieve(p, certainty, rnd);
+        }
+        return candidate;
+    }
+
+   /**
+    * Returns the first integer greater than this {@code BigInteger} that
+    * is probably prime.  The probability that the number returned by this
+    * method is composite does not exceed 2<sup>-100</sup>. This method will
+    * never skip over a prime when searching: if it returns {@code p}, there
+    * is no prime {@code q} such that {@code this < q < p}.
+    *
+    * @return the first integer greater than this {@code BigInteger} that
+    *         is probably prime.
+    * @throws ArithmeticException {@code this < 0}.
+    * @since 1.5
+    */
+    public BigInteger nextProbablePrime() {
+        if (this.signum < 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("start < 0: " + this);
+
+        // Handle trivial cases
+        if ((this.signum == 0) || this.equals(ONE))
+            return TWO;
+
+        BigInteger result = this.add(ONE);
+
+        // Fastpath for small numbers
+        if (result.bitLength() < SMALL_PRIME_THRESHOLD) {
+
+            // Ensure an odd number
+            if (!result.testBit(0))
+                result = result.add(ONE);
+
+            while(true) {
+                // Do cheap "pre-test" if applicable
+                if (result.bitLength() > 6) {
+                    long r = result.remainder(SMALL_PRIME_PRODUCT).longValue();
+                    if ((r%3==0)  || (r%5==0)  || (r%7==0)  || (r%11==0) ||
+                        (r%13==0) || (r%17==0) || (r%19==0) || (r%23==0) ||
+                        (r%29==0) || (r%31==0) || (r%37==0) || (r%41==0)) {
+                        result = result.add(TWO);
+                        continue; // Candidate is composite; try another
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // All candidates of bitLength 2 and 3 are prime by this point
+                if (result.bitLength() < 4)
+                    return result;
+
+                // The expensive test
+                if (result.primeToCertainty(DEFAULT_PRIME_CERTAINTY, null))
+                    return result;
+
+                result = result.add(TWO);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Start at previous even number
+        if (result.testBit(0))
+            result = result.subtract(ONE);
+
+        // Looking for the next large prime
+        int searchLen = (result.bitLength() / 20) * 64;
+
+        while(true) {
+           BitSieve searchSieve = new BitSieve(result, searchLen);
+           BigInteger candidate = searchSieve.retrieve(result,
+                                                 DEFAULT_PRIME_CERTAINTY, null);
+           if (candidate != null)
+               return candidate;
+           result = result.add(BigInteger.valueOf(2 * searchLen));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this BigInteger is probably prime,
+     * {@code false} if it's definitely composite.
+     *
+     * This method assumes bitLength > 2.
+     *
+     * @param  certainty a measure of the uncertainty that the caller is
+     *         willing to tolerate: if the call returns {@code true}
+     *         the probability that this BigInteger is prime exceeds
+     *         {@code (1 - 1/2<sup>certainty</sup>)}.  The execution time of
+     *         this method is proportional to the value of this parameter.
+     * @return {@code true} if this BigInteger is probably prime,
+     *         {@code false} if it's definitely composite.
+     */
+    boolean primeToCertainty(int certainty, Random random) {
+        int rounds = 0;
+        int n = (Math.min(certainty, Integer.MAX_VALUE-1)+1)/2;
+
+        // The relationship between the certainty and the number of rounds
+        // we perform is given in the draft standard ANSI X9.80, "PRIME
+        // NUMBER GENERATION, PRIMALITY TESTING, AND PRIMALITY CERTIFICATES".
+        int sizeInBits = this.bitLength();
+        if (sizeInBits < 100) {
+            rounds = 50;
+            rounds = n < rounds ? n : rounds;
+            return passesMillerRabin(rounds, random);
+        }
+
+        if (sizeInBits < 256) {
+            rounds = 27;
+        } else if (sizeInBits < 512) {
+            rounds = 15;
+        } else if (sizeInBits < 768) {
+            rounds = 8;
+        } else if (sizeInBits < 1024) {
+            rounds = 4;
+        } else {
+            rounds = 2;
+        }
+        rounds = n < rounds ? n : rounds;
+
+        return passesMillerRabin(rounds, random) && passesLucasLehmer();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true iff this BigInteger is a Lucas-Lehmer probable prime.
+     *
+     * The following assumptions are made:
+     * This BigInteger is a positive, odd number.
+     */
+    private boolean passesLucasLehmer() {
+        BigInteger thisPlusOne = this.add(ONE);
+
+        // Step 1
+        int d = 5;
+        while (jacobiSymbol(d, this) != -1) {
+            // 5, -7, 9, -11, ...
+            d = (d<0) ? Math.abs(d)+2 : -(d+2);
+        }
+
+        // Step 2
+        BigInteger u = lucasLehmerSequence(d, thisPlusOne, this);
+
+        // Step 3
+        return u.mod(this).equals(ZERO);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes Jacobi(p,n).
+     * Assumes n positive, odd, n>=3.
+     */
+    private static int jacobiSymbol(int p, BigInteger n) {
+        if (p == 0)
+            return 0;
+
+        // Algorithm and comments adapted from Colin Plumb's C library.
+        int j = 1;
+        int u = n.mag[n.mag.length-1];
+
+        // Make p positive
+        if (p < 0) {
+            p = -p;
+            int n8 = u & 7;
+            if ((n8 == 3) || (n8 == 7))
+                j = -j; // 3 (011) or 7 (111) mod 8
+        }
+
+        // Get rid of factors of 2 in p
+        while ((p & 3) == 0)
+            p >>= 2;
+        if ((p & 1) == 0) {
+            p >>= 1;
+            if (((u ^ (u>>1)) & 2) != 0)
+                j = -j; // 3 (011) or 5 (101) mod 8
+        }
+        if (p == 1)
+            return j;
+        // Then, apply quadratic reciprocity
+        if ((p & u & 2) != 0)   // p = u = 3 (mod 4)?
+            j = -j;
+        // And reduce u mod p
+        u = n.mod(BigInteger.valueOf(p)).intValue();
+
+        // Now compute Jacobi(u,p), u < p
+        while (u != 0) {
+            while ((u & 3) == 0)
+                u >>= 2;
+            if ((u & 1) == 0) {
+                u >>= 1;
+                if (((p ^ (p>>1)) & 2) != 0)
+                    j = -j;     // 3 (011) or 5 (101) mod 8
+            }
+            if (u == 1)
+                return j;
+            // Now both u and p are odd, so use quadratic reciprocity
+            assert (u < p);
+            int t = u; u = p; p = t;
+            if ((u & p & 2) != 0) // u = p = 3 (mod 4)?
+                j = -j;
+            // Now u >= p, so it can be reduced
+            u %= p;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private static BigInteger lucasLehmerSequence(int z, BigInteger k, BigInteger n) {
+        BigInteger d = BigInteger.valueOf(z);
+        BigInteger u = ONE; BigInteger u2;
+        BigInteger v = ONE; BigInteger v2;
+
+        for (int i=k.bitLength()-2; i>=0; i--) {
+            u2 = u.multiply(v).mod(n);
+
+            v2 = v.square().add(d.multiply(u.square())).mod(n);
+            if (v2.testBit(0))
+                v2 = v2.subtract(n);
+
+            v2 = v2.shiftRight(1);
+
+            u = u2; v = v2;
+            if (k.testBit(i)) {
+                u2 = u.add(v).mod(n);
+                if (u2.testBit(0))
+                    u2 = u2.subtract(n);
+
+                u2 = u2.shiftRight(1);
+                v2 = v.add(d.multiply(u)).mod(n);
+                if (v2.testBit(0))
+                    v2 = v2.subtract(n);
+                v2 = v2.shiftRight(1);
+
+                u = u2; v = v2;
+            }
+        }
+        return u;
+    }
+
+    private static volatile Random staticRandom;
+
+    private static Random getSecureRandom() {
+        if (staticRandom == null) {
+            staticRandom = new java.security.SecureRandom();
+        }
+        return staticRandom;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true iff this BigInteger passes the specified number of
+     * Miller-Rabin tests. This test is taken from the DSA spec (NIST FIPS
+     * 186-2).
+     *
+     * The following assumptions are made:
+     * This BigInteger is a positive, odd number greater than 2.
+     * iterations<=50.
+     */
+    private boolean passesMillerRabin(int iterations, Random rnd) {
+        // Find a and m such that m is odd and this == 1 + 2**a * m
+        BigInteger thisMinusOne = this.subtract(ONE);
+        BigInteger m = thisMinusOne;
+        int a = m.getLowestSetBit();
+        m = m.shiftRight(a);
+
+        // Do the tests
+        if (rnd == null) {
+            rnd = getSecureRandom();
+        }
+        for (int i=0; i<iterations; i++) {
+            // Generate a uniform random on (1, this)
+            BigInteger b;
+            do {
+                b = new BigInteger(this.bitLength(), rnd);
+            } while (b.compareTo(ONE) <= 0 || b.compareTo(this) >= 0);
+
+            int j = 0;
+            BigInteger z = b.modPow(m, this);
+            while(!((j==0 && z.equals(ONE)) || z.equals(thisMinusOne))) {
+                if (j>0 && z.equals(ONE) || ++j==a)
+                    return false;
+                z = z.modPow(TWO, this);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This internal constructor differs from its public cousin
+     * with the arguments reversed in two ways: it assumes that its
+     * arguments are correct, and it doesn't copy the magnitude array.
+     */
+    BigInteger(int[] magnitude, int signum) {
+        this.signum = (magnitude.length==0 ? 0 : signum);
+        this.mag = magnitude;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This private constructor is for internal use and assumes that its
+     * arguments are correct.
+     */
+    private BigInteger(byte[] magnitude, int signum) {
+        this.signum = (magnitude.length==0 ? 0 : signum);
+        this.mag = stripLeadingZeroBytes(magnitude);
+    }
+
+    //Static Factory Methods
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is equal to that of the
+     * specified {@code long}.  This "static factory method" is
+     * provided in preference to a ({@code long}) constructor
+     * because it allows for reuse of frequently used BigIntegers.
+     *
+     * @param  val value of the BigInteger to return.
+     * @return a BigInteger with the specified value.
+     */
+    public static BigInteger valueOf(long val) {
+        // If -MAX_CONSTANT < val < MAX_CONSTANT, return stashed constant
+        if (val == 0)
+            return ZERO;
+        if (val > 0 && val <= MAX_CONSTANT)
+            return posConst[(int) val];
+        else if (val < 0 && val >= -MAX_CONSTANT)
+            return negConst[(int) -val];
+
+        return new BigInteger(val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a BigInteger with the specified value, which may not be zero.
+     */
+    private BigInteger(long val) {
+        if (val < 0) {
+            val = -val;
+            signum = -1;
+        } else {
+            signum = 1;
+        }
+
+        int highWord = (int)(val >>> 32);
+        if (highWord==0) {
+            mag = new int[1];
+            mag[0] = (int)val;
+        } else {
+            mag = new int[2];
+            mag[0] = highWord;
+            mag[1] = (int)val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger with the given two's complement representation.
+     * Assumes that the input array will not be modified (the returned
+     * BigInteger will reference the input array if feasible).
+     */
+    private static BigInteger valueOf(int val[]) {
+        return (val[0]>0 ? new BigInteger(val, 1) : new BigInteger(val));
+    }
+
+    // Constants
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize static constant array when class is loaded.
+     */
+    private final static int MAX_CONSTANT = 16;
+    private static BigInteger posConst[] = new BigInteger[MAX_CONSTANT+1];
+    private static BigInteger negConst[] = new BigInteger[MAX_CONSTANT+1];
+    static {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= MAX_CONSTANT; i++) {
+            int[] magnitude = new int[1];
+            magnitude[0] = i;
+            posConst[i] = new BigInteger(magnitude,  1);
+            negConst[i] = new BigInteger(magnitude, -1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The BigInteger constant zero.
+     *
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public static final BigInteger ZERO = new BigInteger(new int[0], 0);
+
+    /**
+     * The BigInteger constant one.
+     *
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public static final BigInteger ONE = valueOf(1);
+
+    /**
+     * The BigInteger constant two.  (Not exported.)
+     */
+    private static final BigInteger TWO = valueOf(2);
+
+    /**
+     * The BigInteger constant ten.
+     *
+     * @since   1.5
+     */
+    public static final BigInteger TEN = valueOf(10);
+
+    // Arithmetic Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this + val)}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value to be added to this BigInteger.
+     * @return {@code this + val}
+     */
+    public BigInteger add(BigInteger val) {
+        if (val.signum == 0)
+            return this;
+        if (signum == 0)
+            return val;
+        if (val.signum == signum)
+            return new BigInteger(add(mag, val.mag), signum);
+
+        int cmp = compareMagnitude(val);
+        if (cmp == 0)
+            return ZERO;
+        int[] resultMag = (cmp > 0 ? subtract(mag, val.mag)
+                           : subtract(val.mag, mag));
+        resultMag = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(resultMag);
+
+        return new BigInteger(resultMag, cmp == signum ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the contents of the int arrays x and y. This method allocates
+     * a new int array to hold the answer and returns a reference to that
+     * array.
+     */
+    private static int[] add(int[] x, int[] y) {
+        // If x is shorter, swap the two arrays
+        if (x.length < y.length) {
+            int[] tmp = x;
+            x = y;
+            y = tmp;
+        }
+
+        int xIndex = x.length;
+        int yIndex = y.length;
+        int result[] = new int[xIndex];
+        long sum = 0;
+
+        // Add common parts of both numbers
+        while(yIndex > 0) {
+            sum = (x[--xIndex] & LONG_MASK) +
+                  (y[--yIndex] & LONG_MASK) + (sum >>> 32);
+            result[xIndex] = (int)sum;
+        }
+
+        // Copy remainder of longer number while carry propagation is required
+        boolean carry = (sum >>> 32 != 0);
+        while (xIndex > 0 && carry)
+            carry = ((result[--xIndex] = x[xIndex] + 1) == 0);
+
+        // Copy remainder of longer number
+        while (xIndex > 0)
+            result[--xIndex] = x[xIndex];
+
+        // Grow result if necessary
+        if (carry) {
+            int bigger[] = new int[result.length + 1];
+            System.arraycopy(result, 0, bigger, 1, result.length);
+            bigger[0] = 0x01;
+            return bigger;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this - val)}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value to be subtracted from this BigInteger.
+     * @return {@code this - val}
+     */
+    public BigInteger subtract(BigInteger val) {
+        if (val.signum == 0)
+            return this;
+        if (signum == 0)
+            return val.negate();
+        if (val.signum != signum)
+            return new BigInteger(add(mag, val.mag), signum);
+
+        int cmp = compareMagnitude(val);
+        if (cmp == 0)
+            return ZERO;
+        int[] resultMag = (cmp > 0 ? subtract(mag, val.mag)
+                           : subtract(val.mag, mag));
+        resultMag = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(resultMag);
+        return new BigInteger(resultMag, cmp == signum ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts the contents of the second int arrays (little) from the
+     * first (big).  The first int array (big) must represent a larger number
+     * than the second.  This method allocates the space necessary to hold the
+     * answer.
+     */
+    private static int[] subtract(int[] big, int[] little) {
+        int bigIndex = big.length;
+        int result[] = new int[bigIndex];
+        int littleIndex = little.length;
+        long difference = 0;
+
+        // Subtract common parts of both numbers
+        while(littleIndex > 0) {
+            difference = (big[--bigIndex] & LONG_MASK) -
+                         (little[--littleIndex] & LONG_MASK) +
+                         (difference >> 32);
+            result[bigIndex] = (int)difference;
+        }
+
+        // Subtract remainder of longer number while borrow propagates
+        boolean borrow = (difference >> 32 != 0);
+        while (bigIndex > 0 && borrow)
+            borrow = ((result[--bigIndex] = big[bigIndex] - 1) == -1);
+
+        // Copy remainder of longer number
+        while (bigIndex > 0)
+            result[--bigIndex] = big[bigIndex];
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this * val)}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value to be multiplied by this BigInteger.
+     * @return {@code this * val}
+     */
+    public BigInteger multiply(BigInteger val) {
+        if (val.signum == 0 || signum == 0)
+            return ZERO;
+
+        int[] result = multiplyToLen(mag, mag.length,
+                                     val.mag, val.mag.length, null);
+        result = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(result);
+        return new BigInteger(result, signum == val.signum ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Package private methods used by BigDecimal code to multiply a BigInteger
+     * with a long. Assumes v is not equal to INFLATED.
+     */
+    BigInteger multiply(long v) {
+        if (v == 0 || signum == 0)
+          return ZERO;
+        if (v == BigDecimal.INFLATED)
+            return multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(v));
+        int rsign = (v > 0 ? signum : -signum);
+        if (v < 0)
+            v = -v;
+        long dh = v >>> 32;      // higher order bits
+        long dl = v & LONG_MASK; // lower order bits
+
+        int xlen = mag.length;
+        int[] value = mag;
+        int[] rmag = (dh == 0L) ? (new int[xlen + 1]) : (new int[xlen + 2]);
+        long carry = 0;
+        int rstart = rmag.length - 1;
+        for (int i = xlen - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            long product = (value[i] & LONG_MASK) * dl + carry;
+            rmag[rstart--] = (int)product;
+            carry = product >>> 32;
+        }
+        rmag[rstart] = (int)carry;
+        if (dh != 0L) {
+            carry = 0;
+            rstart = rmag.length - 2;
+            for (int i = xlen - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                long product = (value[i] & LONG_MASK) * dh +
+                    (rmag[rstart] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+                rmag[rstart--] = (int)product;
+                carry = product >>> 32;
+            }
+            rmag[0] = (int)carry;
+        }
+        if (carry == 0L)
+            rmag = java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(rmag, 1, rmag.length);
+        return new BigInteger(rmag, rsign);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies int arrays x and y to the specified lengths and places
+     * the result into z. There will be no leading zeros in the resultant array.
+     */
+    private int[] multiplyToLen(int[] x, int xlen, int[] y, int ylen, int[] z) {
+        int xstart = xlen - 1;
+        int ystart = ylen - 1;
+
+        if (z == null || z.length < (xlen+ ylen))
+            z = new int[xlen+ylen];
+
+        long carry = 0;
+        for (int j=ystart, k=ystart+1+xstart; j>=0; j--, k--) {
+            long product = (y[j] & LONG_MASK) *
+                           (x[xstart] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            z[k] = (int)product;
+            carry = product >>> 32;
+        }
+        z[xstart] = (int)carry;
+
+        for (int i = xstart-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            carry = 0;
+            for (int j=ystart, k=ystart+1+i; j>=0; j--, k--) {
+                long product = (y[j] & LONG_MASK) *
+                               (x[i] & LONG_MASK) +
+                               (z[k] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+                z[k] = (int)product;
+                carry = product >>> 32;
+            }
+            z[i] = (int)carry;
+        }
+        return z;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this<sup>2</sup>)}.
+     *
+     * @return {@code this<sup>2</sup>}
+     */
+    private BigInteger square() {
+        if (signum == 0)
+            return ZERO;
+        int[] z = squareToLen(mag, mag.length, null);
+        return new BigInteger(trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(z), 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Squares the contents of the int array x. The result is placed into the
+     * int array z.  The contents of x are not changed.
+     */
+    private static final int[] squareToLen(int[] x, int len, int[] z) {
+        /*
+         * The algorithm used here is adapted from Colin Plumb's C library.
+         * Technique: Consider the partial products in the multiplication
+         * of "abcde" by itself:
+         *
+         *               a  b  c  d  e
+         *            *  a  b  c  d  e
+         *          ==================
+         *              ae be ce de ee
+         *           ad bd cd dd de
+         *        ac bc cc cd ce
+         *     ab bb bc bd be
+         *  aa ab ac ad ae
+         *
+         * Note that everything above the main diagonal:
+         *              ae be ce de = (abcd) * e
+         *           ad bd cd       = (abc) * d
+         *        ac bc             = (ab) * c
+         *     ab                   = (a) * b
+         *
+         * is a copy of everything below the main diagonal:
+         *                       de
+         *                 cd ce
+         *           bc bd be
+         *     ab ac ad ae
+         *
+         * Thus, the sum is 2 * (off the diagonal) + diagonal.
+         *
+         * This is accumulated beginning with the diagonal (which
+         * consist of the squares of the digits of the input), which is then
+         * divided by two, the off-diagonal added, and multiplied by two
+         * again.  The low bit is simply a copy of the low bit of the
+         * input, so it doesn't need special care.
+         */
+        int zlen = len << 1;
+        if (z == null || z.length < zlen)
+            z = new int[zlen];
+
+        // Store the squares, right shifted one bit (i.e., divided by 2)
+        int lastProductLowWord = 0;
+        for (int j=0, i=0; j<len; j++) {
+            long piece = (x[j] & LONG_MASK);
+            long product = piece * piece;
+            z[i++] = (lastProductLowWord << 31) | (int)(product >>> 33);
+            z[i++] = (int)(product >>> 1);
+            lastProductLowWord = (int)product;
+        }
+
+        // Add in off-diagonal sums
+        for (int i=len, offset=1; i>0; i--, offset+=2) {
+            int t = x[i-1];
+            t = mulAdd(z, x, offset, i-1, t);
+            addOne(z, offset-1, i, t);
+        }
+
+        // Shift back up and set low bit
+        primitiveLeftShift(z, zlen, 1);
+        z[zlen-1] |= x[len-1] & 1;
+
+        return z;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this / val)}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value by which this BigInteger is to be divided.
+     * @return {@code this / val}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code val} is zero.
+     */
+    public BigInteger divide(BigInteger val) {
+        MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger(),
+                          a = new MutableBigInteger(this.mag),
+                          b = new MutableBigInteger(val.mag);
+
+        a.divide(b, q);
+        return q.toBigInteger(this.signum == val.signum ? 1 : -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of two BigIntegers containing {@code (this / val)}
+     * followed by {@code (this % val)}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value by which this BigInteger is to be divided, and the
+     *         remainder computed.
+     * @return an array of two BigIntegers: the quotient {@code (this / val)}
+     *         is the initial element, and the remainder {@code (this % val)}
+     *         is the final element.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code val} is zero.
+     */
+    public BigInteger[] divideAndRemainder(BigInteger val) {
+        BigInteger[] result = new BigInteger[2];
+        MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger(),
+                          a = new MutableBigInteger(this.mag),
+                          b = new MutableBigInteger(val.mag);
+        MutableBigInteger r = a.divide(b, q);
+        result[0] = q.toBigInteger(this.signum == val.signum ? 1 : -1);
+        result[1] = r.toBigInteger(this.signum);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this % val)}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value by which this BigInteger is to be divided, and the
+     *         remainder computed.
+     * @return {@code this % val}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if {@code val} is zero.
+     */
+    public BigInteger remainder(BigInteger val) {
+        MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger(),
+                          a = new MutableBigInteger(this.mag),
+                          b = new MutableBigInteger(val.mag);
+
+        return a.divide(b, q).toBigInteger(this.signum);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is <tt>(this<sup>exponent</sup>)</tt>.
+     * Note that {@code exponent} is an integer rather than a BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @param  exponent exponent to which this BigInteger is to be raised.
+     * @return <tt>this<sup>exponent</sup></tt>
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code exponent} is negative.  (This would
+     *         cause the operation to yield a non-integer value.)
+     */
+    public BigInteger pow(int exponent) {
+        if (exponent < 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Negative exponent");
+        if (signum==0)
+            return (exponent==0 ? ONE : this);
+
+        // Perform exponentiation using repeated squaring trick
+        int newSign = (signum<0 && (exponent&1)==1 ? -1 : 1);
+        int[] baseToPow2 = this.mag;
+        int[] result = {1};
+
+        while (exponent != 0) {
+            if ((exponent & 1)==1) {
+                result = multiplyToLen(result, result.length,
+                                       baseToPow2, baseToPow2.length, null);
+                result = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(result);
+            }
+            if ((exponent >>>= 1) != 0) {
+                baseToPow2 = squareToLen(baseToPow2, baseToPow2.length, null);
+                baseToPow2 = trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(baseToPow2);
+            }
+        }
+        return new BigInteger(result, newSign);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is the greatest common divisor of
+     * {@code abs(this)} and {@code abs(val)}.  Returns 0 if
+     * {@code this==0 && val==0}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value with which the GCD is to be computed.
+     * @return {@code GCD(abs(this), abs(val))}
+     */
+    public BigInteger gcd(BigInteger val) {
+        if (val.signum == 0)
+            return this.abs();
+        else if (this.signum == 0)
+            return val.abs();
+
+        MutableBigInteger a = new MutableBigInteger(this);
+        MutableBigInteger b = new MutableBigInteger(val);
+
+        MutableBigInteger result = a.hybridGCD(b);
+
+        return result.toBigInteger(1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Package private method to return bit length for an integer.
+     */
+    static int bitLengthForInt(int n) {
+        return 32 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Left shift int array a up to len by n bits. Returns the array that
+     * results from the shift since space may have to be reallocated.
+     */
+    private static int[] leftShift(int[] a, int len, int n) {
+        int nInts = n >>> 5;
+        int nBits = n&0x1F;
+        int bitsInHighWord = bitLengthForInt(a[0]);
+
+        // If shift can be done without recopy, do so
+        if (n <= (32-bitsInHighWord)) {
+            primitiveLeftShift(a, len, nBits);
+            return a;
+        } else { // Array must be resized
+            if (nBits <= (32-bitsInHighWord)) {
+                int result[] = new int[nInts+len];
+                for (int i=0; i<len; i++)
+                    result[i] = a[i];
+                primitiveLeftShift(result, result.length, nBits);
+                return result;
+            } else {
+                int result[] = new int[nInts+len+1];
+                for (int i=0; i<len; i++)
+                    result[i] = a[i];
+                primitiveRightShift(result, result.length, 32 - nBits);
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shifts a up to len right n bits assumes no leading zeros, 0<n<32
+    static void primitiveRightShift(int[] a, int len, int n) {
+        int n2 = 32 - n;
+        for (int i=len-1, c=a[i]; i>0; i--) {
+            int b = c;
+            c = a[i-1];
+            a[i] = (c << n2) | (b >>> n);
+        }
+        a[0] >>>= n;
+    }
+
+    // shifts a up to len left n bits assumes no leading zeros, 0<=n<32
+    static void primitiveLeftShift(int[] a, int len, int n) {
+        if (len == 0 || n == 0)
+            return;
+
+        int n2 = 32 - n;
+        for (int i=0, c=a[i], m=i+len-1; i<m; i++) {
+            int b = c;
+            c = a[i+1];
+            a[i] = (b << n) | (c >>> n2);
+        }
+        a[len-1] <<= n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate bitlength of contents of the first len elements an int array,
+     * assuming there are no leading zero ints.
+     */
+    private static int bitLength(int[] val, int len) {
+        if (len == 0)
+            return 0;
+        return ((len - 1) << 5) + bitLengthForInt(val[0]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is the absolute value of this
+     * BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @return {@code abs(this)}
+     */
+    public BigInteger abs() {
+        return (signum >= 0 ? this : this.negate());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (-this)}.
+     *
+     * @return {@code -this}
+     */
+    public BigInteger negate() {
+        return new BigInteger(this.mag, -this.signum);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the signum function of this BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @return -1, 0 or 1 as the value of this BigInteger is negative, zero or
+     *         positive.
+     */
+    public int signum() {
+        return this.signum;
+    }
+
+    // Modular Arithmetic Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this mod m}).  This method
+     * differs from {@code remainder} in that it always returns a
+     * <i>non-negative</i> BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @param  m the modulus.
+     * @return {@code this mod m}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code m} &le; 0
+     * @see    #remainder
+     */
+    public BigInteger mod(BigInteger m) {
+        if (m.signum <= 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger: modulus not positive");
+
+        BigInteger result = this.remainder(m);
+        return (result.signum >= 0 ? result : result.add(m));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is
+     * <tt>(this<sup>exponent</sup> mod m)</tt>.  (Unlike {@code pow}, this
+     * method permits negative exponents.)
+     *
+     * @param  exponent the exponent.
+     * @param  m the modulus.
+     * @return <tt>this<sup>exponent</sup> mod m</tt>
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code m} &le; 0 or the exponent is
+     *         negative and this BigInteger is not <i>relatively
+     *         prime</i> to {@code m}.
+     * @see    #modInverse
+     */
+    public BigInteger modPow(BigInteger exponent, BigInteger m) {
+        if (m.signum <= 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger: modulus not positive");
+
+        // Trivial cases
+        if (exponent.signum == 0)
+            return (m.equals(ONE) ? ZERO : ONE);
+
+        if (this.equals(ONE))
+            return (m.equals(ONE) ? ZERO : ONE);
+
+        if (this.equals(ZERO) && exponent.signum >= 0)
+            return ZERO;
+
+        if (this.equals(negConst[1]) && (!exponent.testBit(0)))
+            return (m.equals(ONE) ? ZERO : ONE);
+
+        boolean invertResult;
+        if ((invertResult = (exponent.signum < 0)))
+            exponent = exponent.negate();
+
+        BigInteger base = (this.signum < 0 || this.compareTo(m) >= 0
+                           ? this.mod(m) : this);
+        BigInteger result;
+        if (m.testBit(0)) { // odd modulus
+            result = base.oddModPow(exponent, m);
+        } else {
+            /*
+             * Even modulus.  Tear it into an "odd part" (m1) and power of two
+             * (m2), exponentiate mod m1, manually exponentiate mod m2, and
+             * use Chinese Remainder Theorem to combine results.
+             */
+
+            // Tear m apart into odd part (m1) and power of 2 (m2)
+            int p = m.getLowestSetBit();   // Max pow of 2 that divides m
+
+            BigInteger m1 = m.shiftRight(p);  // m/2**p
+            BigInteger m2 = ONE.shiftLeft(p); // 2**p
+
+            // Calculate new base from m1
+            BigInteger base2 = (this.signum < 0 || this.compareTo(m1) >= 0
+                                ? this.mod(m1) : this);
+
+            // Caculate (base ** exponent) mod m1.
+            BigInteger a1 = (m1.equals(ONE) ? ZERO :
+                             base2.oddModPow(exponent, m1));
+
+            // Calculate (this ** exponent) mod m2
+            BigInteger a2 = base.modPow2(exponent, p);
+
+            // Combine results using Chinese Remainder Theorem
+            BigInteger y1 = m2.modInverse(m1);
+            BigInteger y2 = m1.modInverse(m2);
+
+            result = a1.multiply(m2).multiply(y1).add
+                     (a2.multiply(m1).multiply(y2)).mod(m);
+        }
+
+        return (invertResult ? result.modInverse(m) : result);
+    }
+
+    static int[] bnExpModThreshTable = {7, 25, 81, 241, 673, 1793,
+                                                Integer.MAX_VALUE}; // Sentinel
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is x to the power of y mod z.
+     * Assumes: z is odd && x < z.
+     */
+    private BigInteger oddModPow(BigInteger y, BigInteger z) {
+    /*
+     * The algorithm is adapted from Colin Plumb's C library.
+     *
+     * The window algorithm:
+     * The idea is to keep a running product of b1 = n^(high-order bits of exp)
+     * and then keep appending exponent bits to it.  The following patterns
+     * apply to a 3-bit window (k = 3):
+     * To append   0: square
+     * To append   1: square, multiply by n^1
+     * To append  10: square, multiply by n^1, square
+     * To append  11: square, square, multiply by n^3
+     * To append 100: square, multiply by n^1, square, square
+     * To append 101: square, square, square, multiply by n^5
+     * To append 110: square, square, multiply by n^3, square
+     * To append 111: square, square, square, multiply by n^7
+     *
+     * Since each pattern involves only one multiply, the longer the pattern
+     * the better, except that a 0 (no multiplies) can be appended directly.
+     * We precompute a table of odd powers of n, up to 2^k, and can then
+     * multiply k bits of exponent at a time.  Actually, assuming random
+     * exponents, there is on average one zero bit between needs to
+     * multiply (1/2 of the time there's none, 1/4 of the time there's 1,
+     * 1/8 of the time, there's 2, 1/32 of the time, there's 3, etc.), so
+     * you have to do one multiply per k+1 bits of exponent.
+     *
+     * The loop walks down the exponent, squaring the result buffer as
+     * it goes.  There is a wbits+1 bit lookahead buffer, buf, that is
+     * filled with the upcoming exponent bits.  (What is read after the
+     * end of the exponent is unimportant, but it is filled with zero here.)
+     * When the most-significant bit of this buffer becomes set, i.e.
+     * (buf & tblmask) != 0, we have to decide what pattern to multiply
+     * by, and when to do it.  We decide, remember to do it in future
+     * after a suitable number of squarings have passed (e.g. a pattern
+     * of "100" in the buffer requires that we multiply by n^1 immediately;
+     * a pattern of "110" calls for multiplying by n^3 after one more
+     * squaring), clear the buffer, and continue.
+     *
+     * When we start, there is one more optimization: the result buffer
+     * is implcitly one, so squaring it or multiplying by it can be
+     * optimized away.  Further, if we start with a pattern like "100"
+     * in the lookahead window, rather than placing n into the buffer
+     * and then starting to square it, we have already computed n^2
+     * to compute the odd-powers table, so we can place that into
+     * the buffer and save a squaring.
+     *
+     * This means that if you have a k-bit window, to compute n^z,
+     * where z is the high k bits of the exponent, 1/2 of the time
+     * it requires no squarings.  1/4 of the time, it requires 1
+     * squaring, ... 1/2^(k-1) of the time, it reqires k-2 squarings.
+     * And the remaining 1/2^(k-1) of the time, the top k bits are a
+     * 1 followed by k-1 0 bits, so it again only requires k-2
+     * squarings, not k-1.  The average of these is 1.  Add that
+     * to the one squaring we have to do to compute the table,
+     * and you'll see that a k-bit window saves k-2 squarings
+     * as well as reducing the multiplies.  (It actually doesn't
+     * hurt in the case k = 1, either.)
+     */
+        // Special case for exponent of one
+        if (y.equals(ONE))
+            return this;
+
+        // Special case for base of zero
+        if (signum==0)
+            return ZERO;
+
+        int[] base = mag.clone();
+        int[] exp = y.mag;
+        int[] mod = z.mag;
+        int modLen = mod.length;
+
+        // Select an appropriate window size
+        int wbits = 0;
+        int ebits = bitLength(exp, exp.length);
+        // if exponent is 65537 (0x10001), use minimum window size
+        if ((ebits != 17) || (exp[0] != 65537)) {
+            while (ebits > bnExpModThreshTable[wbits]) {
+                wbits++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Calculate appropriate table size
+        int tblmask = 1 << wbits;
+
+        // Allocate table for precomputed odd powers of base in Montgomery form
+        int[][] table = new int[tblmask][];
+        for (int i=0; i<tblmask; i++)
+            table[i] = new int[modLen];
+
+        // Compute the modular inverse
+        int inv = -MutableBigInteger.inverseMod32(mod[modLen-1]);
+
+        // Convert base to Montgomery form
+        int[] a = leftShift(base, base.length, modLen << 5);
+
+        MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger(),
+                          a2 = new MutableBigInteger(a),
+                          b2 = new MutableBigInteger(mod);
+
+        MutableBigInteger r= a2.divide(b2, q);
+        table[0] = r.toIntArray();
+
+        // Pad table[0] with leading zeros so its length is at least modLen
+        if (table[0].length < modLen) {
+           int offset = modLen - table[0].length;
+           int[] t2 = new int[modLen];
+           for (int i=0; i<table[0].length; i++)
+               t2[i+offset] = table[0][i];
+           table[0] = t2;
+        }
+
+        // Set b to the square of the base
+        int[] b = squareToLen(table[0], modLen, null);
+        b = montReduce(b, mod, modLen, inv);
+
+        // Set t to high half of b
+        int[] t = new int[modLen];
+        for(int i=0; i<modLen; i++)
+            t[i] = b[i];
+
+        // Fill in the table with odd powers of the base
+        for (int i=1; i<tblmask; i++) {
+            int[] prod = multiplyToLen(t, modLen, table[i-1], modLen, null);
+            table[i] = montReduce(prod, mod, modLen, inv);
+        }
+
+        // Pre load the window that slides over the exponent
+        int bitpos = 1 << ((ebits-1) & (32-1));
+
+        int buf = 0;
+        int elen = exp.length;
+        int eIndex = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i <= wbits; i++) {
+            buf = (buf << 1) | (((exp[eIndex] & bitpos) != 0)?1:0);
+            bitpos >>>= 1;
+            if (bitpos == 0) {
+                eIndex++;
+                bitpos = 1 << (32-1);
+                elen--;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int multpos = ebits;
+
+        // The first iteration, which is hoisted out of the main loop
+        ebits--;
+        boolean isone = true;
+
+        multpos = ebits - wbits;
+        while ((buf & 1) == 0) {
+            buf >>>= 1;
+            multpos++;
+        }
+
+        int[] mult = table[buf >>> 1];
+
+        buf = 0;
+        if (multpos == ebits)
+            isone = false;
+
+        // The main loop
+        while(true) {
+            ebits--;
+            // Advance the window
+            buf <<= 1;
+
+            if (elen != 0) {
+                buf |= ((exp[eIndex] & bitpos) != 0) ? 1 : 0;
+                bitpos >>>= 1;
+                if (bitpos == 0) {
+                    eIndex++;
+                    bitpos = 1 << (32-1);
+                    elen--;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Examine the window for pending multiplies
+            if ((buf & tblmask) != 0) {
+                multpos = ebits - wbits;
+                while ((buf & 1) == 0) {
+                    buf >>>= 1;
+                    multpos++;
+                }
+                mult = table[buf >>> 1];
+                buf = 0;
+            }
+
+            // Perform multiply
+            if (ebits == multpos) {
+                if (isone) {
+                    b = mult.clone();
+                    isone = false;
+                } else {
+                    t = b;
+                    a = multiplyToLen(t, modLen, mult, modLen, a);
+                    a = montReduce(a, mod, modLen, inv);
+                    t = a; a = b; b = t;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Check if done
+            if (ebits == 0)
+                break;
+
+            // Square the input
+            if (!isone) {
+                t = b;
+                a = squareToLen(t, modLen, a);
+                a = montReduce(a, mod, modLen, inv);
+                t = a; a = b; b = t;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Convert result out of Montgomery form and return
+        int[] t2 = new int[2*modLen];
+        for(int i=0; i<modLen; i++)
+            t2[i+modLen] = b[i];
+
+        b = montReduce(t2, mod, modLen, inv);
+
+        t2 = new int[modLen];
+        for(int i=0; i<modLen; i++)
+            t2[i] = b[i];
+
+        return new BigInteger(1, t2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Montgomery reduce n, modulo mod.  This reduces modulo mod and divides
+     * by 2^(32*mlen). Adapted from Colin Plumb's C library.
+     */
+    private static int[] montReduce(int[] n, int[] mod, int mlen, int inv) {
+        int c=0;
+        int len = mlen;
+        int offset=0;
+
+        do {
+            int nEnd = n[n.length-1-offset];
+            int carry = mulAdd(n, mod, offset, mlen, inv * nEnd);
+            c += addOne(n, offset, mlen, carry);
+            offset++;
+        } while(--len > 0);
+
+        while(c>0)
+            c += subN(n, mod, mlen);
+
+        while (intArrayCmpToLen(n, mod, mlen) >= 0)
+            subN(n, mod, mlen);
+
+        return n;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+     * Returns -1, 0 or +1 as big-endian unsigned int array arg1 is less than,
+     * equal to, or greater than arg2 up to length len.
+     */
+    private static int intArrayCmpToLen(int[] arg1, int[] arg2, int len) {
+        for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+            long b1 = arg1[i] & LONG_MASK;
+            long b2 = arg2[i] & LONG_MASK;
+            if (b1 < b2)
+                return -1;
+            if (b1 > b2)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts two numbers of same length, returning borrow.
+     */
+    private static int subN(int[] a, int[] b, int len) {
+        long sum = 0;
+
+        while(--len >= 0) {
+            sum = (a[len] & LONG_MASK) -
+                 (b[len] & LONG_MASK) + (sum >> 32);
+            a[len] = (int)sum;
+        }
+
+        return (int)(sum >> 32);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiply an array by one word k and add to result, return the carry
+     */
+    static int mulAdd(int[] out, int[] in, int offset, int len, int k) {
+        long kLong = k & LONG_MASK;
+        long carry = 0;
+
+        offset = out.length-offset - 1;
+        for (int j=len-1; j >= 0; j--) {
+            long product = (in[j] & LONG_MASK) * kLong +
+                           (out[offset] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            out[offset--] = (int)product;
+            carry = product >>> 32;
+        }
+        return (int)carry;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add one word to the number a mlen words into a. Return the resulting
+     * carry.
+     */
+    static int addOne(int[] a, int offset, int mlen, int carry) {
+        offset = a.length-1-mlen-offset;
+        long t = (a[offset] & LONG_MASK) + (carry & LONG_MASK);
+
+        a[offset] = (int)t;
+        if ((t >>> 32) == 0)
+            return 0;
+        while (--mlen >= 0) {
+            if (--offset < 0) { // Carry out of number
+                return 1;
+            } else {
+                a[offset]++;
+                if (a[offset] != 0)
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this ** exponent) mod (2**p)
+     */
+    private BigInteger modPow2(BigInteger exponent, int p) {
+        /*
+         * Perform exponentiation using repeated squaring trick, chopping off
+         * high order bits as indicated by modulus.
+         */
+        BigInteger result = valueOf(1);
+        BigInteger baseToPow2 = this.mod2(p);
+        int expOffset = 0;
+
+        int limit = exponent.bitLength();
+
+        if (this.testBit(0))
+           limit = (p-1) < limit ? (p-1) : limit;
+
+        while (expOffset < limit) {
+            if (exponent.testBit(expOffset))
+                result = result.multiply(baseToPow2).mod2(p);
+            expOffset++;
+            if (expOffset < limit)
+                baseToPow2 = baseToPow2.square().mod2(p);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is this mod(2**p).
+     * Assumes that this {@code BigInteger >= 0} and {@code p > 0}.
+     */
+    private BigInteger mod2(int p) {
+        if (bitLength() <= p)
+            return this;
+
+        // Copy remaining ints of mag
+        int numInts = (p + 31) >>> 5;
+        int[] mag = new int[numInts];
+        for (int i=0; i<numInts; i++)
+            mag[i] = this.mag[i + (this.mag.length - numInts)];
+
+        // Mask out any excess bits
+        int excessBits = (numInts << 5) - p;
+        mag[0] &= (1L << (32-excessBits)) - 1;
+
+        return (mag[0]==0 ? new BigInteger(1, mag) : new BigInteger(mag, 1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this}<sup>-1</sup> {@code mod m)}.
+     *
+     * @param  m the modulus.
+     * @return {@code this}<sup>-1</sup> {@code mod m}.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code  m} &le; 0, or this BigInteger
+     *         has no multiplicative inverse mod m (that is, this BigInteger
+     *         is not <i>relatively prime</i> to m).
+     */
+    public BigInteger modInverse(BigInteger m) {
+        if (m.signum != 1)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger: modulus not positive");
+
+        if (m.equals(ONE))
+            return ZERO;
+
+        // Calculate (this mod m)
+        BigInteger modVal = this;
+        if (signum < 0 || (this.compareMagnitude(m) >= 0))
+            modVal = this.mod(m);
+
+        if (modVal.equals(ONE))
+            return ONE;
+
+        MutableBigInteger a = new MutableBigInteger(modVal);
+        MutableBigInteger b = new MutableBigInteger(m);
+
+        MutableBigInteger result = a.mutableModInverse(b);
+        return result.toBigInteger(1);
+    }
+
+    // Shift Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this << n)}.
+     * The shift distance, {@code n}, may be negative, in which case
+     * this method performs a right shift.
+     * (Computes <tt>floor(this * 2<sup>n</sup>)</tt>.)
+     *
+     * @param  n shift distance, in bits.
+     * @return {@code this << n}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the shift distance is {@code
+     *         Integer.MIN_VALUE}.
+     * @see #shiftRight
+     */
+    public BigInteger shiftLeft(int n) {
+        if (signum == 0)
+            return ZERO;
+        if (n==0)
+            return this;
+        if (n<0) {
+            if (n == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Shift distance of Integer.MIN_VALUE not supported.");
+            } else {
+                return shiftRight(-n);
+            }
+        }
+
+        int nInts = n >>> 5;
+        int nBits = n & 0x1f;
+        int magLen = mag.length;
+        int newMag[] = null;
+
+        if (nBits == 0) {
+            newMag = new int[magLen + nInts];
+            for (int i=0; i<magLen; i++)
+                newMag[i] = mag[i];
+        } else {
+            int i = 0;
+            int nBits2 = 32 - nBits;
+            int highBits = mag[0] >>> nBits2;
+            if (highBits != 0) {
+                newMag = new int[magLen + nInts + 1];
+                newMag[i++] = highBits;
+            } else {
+                newMag = new int[magLen + nInts];
+            }
+            int j=0;
+            while (j < magLen-1)
+                newMag[i++] = mag[j++] << nBits | mag[j] >>> nBits2;
+            newMag[i] = mag[j] << nBits;
+        }
+
+        return new BigInteger(newMag, signum);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this >> n)}.  Sign
+     * extension is performed.  The shift distance, {@code n}, may be
+     * negative, in which case this method performs a left shift.
+     * (Computes <tt>floor(this / 2<sup>n</sup>)</tt>.)
+     *
+     * @param  n shift distance, in bits.
+     * @return {@code this >> n}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if the shift distance is {@code
+     *         Integer.MIN_VALUE}.
+     * @see #shiftLeft
+     */
+    public BigInteger shiftRight(int n) {
+        if (n==0)
+            return this;
+        if (n<0) {
+            if (n == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Shift distance of Integer.MIN_VALUE not supported.");
+            } else {
+                return shiftLeft(-n);
+            }
+        }
+
+        int nInts = n >>> 5;
+        int nBits = n & 0x1f;
+        int magLen = mag.length;
+        int newMag[] = null;
+
+        // Special case: entire contents shifted off the end
+        if (nInts >= magLen)
+            return (signum >= 0 ? ZERO : negConst[1]);
+
+        if (nBits == 0) {
+            int newMagLen = magLen - nInts;
+            newMag = new int[newMagLen];
+            for (int i=0; i<newMagLen; i++)
+                newMag[i] = mag[i];
+        } else {
+            int i = 0;
+            int highBits = mag[0] >>> nBits;
+            if (highBits != 0) {
+                newMag = new int[magLen - nInts];
+                newMag[i++] = highBits;
+            } else {
+                newMag = new int[magLen - nInts -1];
+            }
+
+            int nBits2 = 32 - nBits;
+            int j=0;
+            while (j < magLen - nInts - 1)
+                newMag[i++] = (mag[j++] << nBits2) | (mag[j] >>> nBits);
+        }
+
+        if (signum < 0) {
+            // Find out whether any one-bits were shifted off the end.
+            boolean onesLost = false;
+            for (int i=magLen-1, j=magLen-nInts; i>=j && !onesLost; i--)
+                onesLost = (mag[i] != 0);
+            if (!onesLost && nBits != 0)
+                onesLost = (mag[magLen - nInts - 1] << (32 - nBits) != 0);
+
+            if (onesLost)
+                newMag = javaIncrement(newMag);
+        }
+
+        return new BigInteger(newMag, signum);
+    }
+
+    int[] javaIncrement(int[] val) {
+        int lastSum = 0;
+        for (int i=val.length-1;  i >= 0 && lastSum == 0; i--)
+            lastSum = (val[i] += 1);
+        if (lastSum == 0) {
+            val = new int[val.length+1];
+            val[0] = 1;
+        }
+        return val;
+    }
+
+    // Bitwise Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this & val)}.  (This
+     * method returns a negative BigInteger if and only if this and val are
+     * both negative.)
+     *
+     * @param val value to be AND'ed with this BigInteger.
+     * @return {@code this & val}
+     */
+    public BigInteger and(BigInteger val) {
+        int[] result = new int[Math.max(intLength(), val.intLength())];
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[i] = (getInt(result.length-i-1)
+                         & val.getInt(result.length-i-1));
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this | val)}.  (This method
+     * returns a negative BigInteger if and only if either this or val is
+     * negative.)
+     *
+     * @param val value to be OR'ed with this BigInteger.
+     * @return {@code this | val}
+     */
+    public BigInteger or(BigInteger val) {
+        int[] result = new int[Math.max(intLength(), val.intLength())];
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[i] = (getInt(result.length-i-1)
+                         | val.getInt(result.length-i-1));
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this ^ val)}.  (This method
+     * returns a negative BigInteger if and only if exactly one of this and
+     * val are negative.)
+     *
+     * @param val value to be XOR'ed with this BigInteger.
+     * @return {@code this ^ val}
+     */
+    public BigInteger xor(BigInteger val) {
+        int[] result = new int[Math.max(intLength(), val.intLength())];
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[i] = (getInt(result.length-i-1)
+                         ^ val.getInt(result.length-i-1));
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (~this)}.  (This method
+     * returns a negative value if and only if this BigInteger is
+     * non-negative.)
+     *
+     * @return {@code ~this}
+     */
+    public BigInteger not() {
+        int[] result = new int[intLength()];
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[i] = ~getInt(result.length-i-1);
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is {@code (this & ~val)}.  This
+     * method, which is equivalent to {@code and(val.not())}, is provided as
+     * a convenience for masking operations.  (This method returns a negative
+     * BigInteger if and only if {@code this} is negative and {@code val} is
+     * positive.)
+     *
+     * @param val value to be complemented and AND'ed with this BigInteger.
+     * @return {@code this & ~val}
+     */
+    public BigInteger andNot(BigInteger val) {
+        int[] result = new int[Math.max(intLength(), val.intLength())];
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[i] = (getInt(result.length-i-1)
+                         & ~val.getInt(result.length-i-1));
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+
+    // Single Bit Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if and only if the designated bit is set.
+     * (Computes {@code ((this & (1<<n)) != 0)}.)
+     *
+     * @param  n index of bit to test.
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if the designated bit is set.
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code n} is negative.
+     */
+    public boolean testBit(int n) {
+        if (n<0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Negative bit address");
+
+        return (getInt(n >>> 5) & (1 << (n & 31))) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger
+     * with the designated bit set.  (Computes {@code (this | (1<<n))}.)
+     *
+     * @param  n index of bit to set.
+     * @return {@code this | (1<<n)}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code n} is negative.
+     */
+    public BigInteger setBit(int n) {
+        if (n<0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Negative bit address");
+
+        int intNum = n >>> 5;
+        int[] result = new int[Math.max(intLength(), intNum+2)];
+
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[result.length-i-1] = getInt(i);
+
+        result[result.length-intNum-1] |= (1 << (n & 31));
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger
+     * with the designated bit cleared.
+     * (Computes {@code (this & ~(1<<n))}.)
+     *
+     * @param  n index of bit to clear.
+     * @return {@code this & ~(1<<n)}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code n} is negative.
+     */
+    public BigInteger clearBit(int n) {
+        if (n<0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Negative bit address");
+
+        int intNum = n >>> 5;
+        int[] result = new int[Math.max(intLength(), ((n + 1) >>> 5) + 1)];
+
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[result.length-i-1] = getInt(i);
+
+        result[result.length-intNum-1] &= ~(1 << (n & 31));
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger
+     * with the designated bit flipped.
+     * (Computes {@code (this ^ (1<<n))}.)
+     *
+     * @param  n index of bit to flip.
+     * @return {@code this ^ (1<<n)}
+     * @throws ArithmeticException {@code n} is negative.
+     */
+    public BigInteger flipBit(int n) {
+        if (n<0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Negative bit address");
+
+        int intNum = n >>> 5;
+        int[] result = new int[Math.max(intLength(), intNum+2)];
+
+        for (int i=0; i<result.length; i++)
+            result[result.length-i-1] = getInt(i);
+
+        result[result.length-intNum-1] ^= (1 << (n & 31));
+
+        return valueOf(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the index of the rightmost (lowest-order) one bit in this
+     * BigInteger (the number of zero bits to the right of the rightmost
+     * one bit).  Returns -1 if this BigInteger contains no one bits.
+     * (Computes {@code (this==0? -1 : log2(this & -this))}.)
+     *
+     * @return index of the rightmost one bit in this BigInteger.
+     */
+    public int getLowestSetBit() {
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") int lsb = lowestSetBit - 2;
+        if (lsb == -2) {  // lowestSetBit not initialized yet
+            lsb = 0;
+            if (signum == 0) {
+                lsb -= 1;
+            } else {
+                // Search for lowest order nonzero int
+                int i,b;
+                for (i=0; (b = getInt(i))==0; i++)
+                    ;
+                lsb += (i << 5) + Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(b);
+            }
+            lowestSetBit = lsb + 2;
+        }
+        return lsb;
+    }
+
+
+    // Miscellaneous Bit Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of bits in the minimal two's-complement
+     * representation of this BigInteger, <i>excluding</i> a sign bit.
+     * For positive BigIntegers, this is equivalent to the number of bits in
+     * the ordinary binary representation.  (Computes
+     * {@code (ceil(log2(this < 0 ? -this : this+1)))}.)
+     *
+     * @return number of bits in the minimal two's-complement
+     *         representation of this BigInteger, <i>excluding</i> a sign bit.
+     */
+    public int bitLength() {
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") int n = bitLength - 1;
+        if (n == -1) { // bitLength not initialized yet
+            int[] m = mag;
+            int len = m.length;
+            if (len == 0) {
+                n = 0; // offset by one to initialize
+            }  else {
+                // Calculate the bit length of the magnitude
+                int magBitLength = ((len - 1) << 5) + bitLengthForInt(mag[0]);
+                 if (signum < 0) {
+                     // Check if magnitude is a power of two
+                     boolean pow2 = (Integer.bitCount(mag[0]) == 1);
+                     for(int i=1; i< len && pow2; i++)
+                         pow2 = (mag[i] == 0);
+
+                     n = (pow2 ? magBitLength -1 : magBitLength);
+                 } else {
+                     n = magBitLength;
+                 }
+            }
+            bitLength = n + 1;
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of bits in the two's complement representation
+     * of this BigInteger that differ from its sign bit.  This method is
+     * useful when implementing bit-vector style sets atop BigIntegers.
+     *
+     * @return number of bits in the two's complement representation
+     *         of this BigInteger that differ from its sign bit.
+     */
+    public int bitCount() {
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") int bc = bitCount - 1;
+        if (bc == -1) {  // bitCount not initialized yet
+            bc = 0;      // offset by one to initialize
+            // Count the bits in the magnitude
+            for (int i=0; i<mag.length; i++)
+                bc += Integer.bitCount(mag[i]);
+            if (signum < 0) {
+                // Count the trailing zeros in the magnitude
+                int magTrailingZeroCount = 0, j;
+                for (j=mag.length-1; mag[j]==0; j--)
+                    magTrailingZeroCount += 32;
+                magTrailingZeroCount += Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(mag[j]);
+                bc += magTrailingZeroCount - 1;
+            }
+            bitCount = bc + 1;
+        }
+        return bc;
+    }
+
+    // Primality Testing
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this BigInteger is probably prime,
+     * {@code false} if it's definitely composite.  If
+     * {@code certainty} is &le; 0, {@code true} is
+     * returned.
+     *
+     * @param  certainty a measure of the uncertainty that the caller is
+     *         willing to tolerate: if the call returns {@code true}
+     *         the probability that this BigInteger is prime exceeds
+     *         (1 - 1/2<sup>{@code certainty}</sup>).  The execution time of
+     *         this method is proportional to the value of this parameter.
+     * @return {@code true} if this BigInteger is probably prime,
+     *         {@code false} if it's definitely composite.
+     */
+    public boolean isProbablePrime(int certainty) {
+        if (certainty <= 0)
+            return true;
+        BigInteger w = this.abs();
+        if (w.equals(TWO))
+            return true;
+        if (!w.testBit(0) || w.equals(ONE))
+            return false;
+
+        return w.primeToCertainty(certainty, null);
+    }
+
+    // Comparison Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this BigInteger with the specified BigInteger.  This
+     * method is provided in preference to individual methods for each
+     * of the six boolean comparison operators ({@literal <}, ==,
+     * {@literal >}, {@literal >=}, !=, {@literal <=}).  The suggested
+     * idiom for performing these comparisons is: {@code
+     * (x.compareTo(y)} &lt;<i>op</i>&gt; {@code 0)}, where
+     * &lt;<i>op</i>&gt; is one of the six comparison operators.
+     *
+     * @param  val BigInteger to which this BigInteger is to be compared.
+     * @return -1, 0 or 1 as this BigInteger is numerically less than, equal
+     *         to, or greater than {@code val}.
+     */
+    public int compareTo(BigInteger val) {
+        if (signum == val.signum) {
+            switch (signum) {
+            case 1:
+                return compareMagnitude(val);
+            case -1:
+                return val.compareMagnitude(this);
+            default:
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return signum > val.signum ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares the magnitude array of this BigInteger with the specified
+     * BigInteger's. This is the version of compareTo ignoring sign.
+     *
+     * @param val BigInteger whose magnitude array to be compared.
+     * @return -1, 0 or 1 as this magnitude array is less than, equal to or
+     *         greater than the magnitude aray for the specified BigInteger's.
+     */
+    final int compareMagnitude(BigInteger val) {
+        int[] m1 = mag;
+        int len1 = m1.length;
+        int[] m2 = val.mag;
+        int len2 = m2.length;
+        if (len1 < len2)
+            return -1;
+        if (len1 > len2)
+            return 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < len1; i++) {
+            int a = m1[i];
+            int b = m2[i];
+            if (a != b)
+                return ((a & LONG_MASK) < (b & LONG_MASK)) ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this BigInteger with the specified Object for equality.
+     *
+     * @param  x Object to which this BigInteger is to be compared.
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if the specified Object is a
+     *         BigInteger whose value is numerically equal to this BigInteger.
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object x) {
+        // This test is just an optimization, which may or may not help
+        if (x == this)
+            return true;
+
+        if (!(x instanceof BigInteger))
+            return false;
+
+        BigInteger xInt = (BigInteger) x;
+        if (xInt.signum != signum)
+            return false;
+
+        int[] m = mag;
+        int len = m.length;
+        int[] xm = xInt.mag;
+        if (len != xm.length)
+            return false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            if (xm[i] != m[i])
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum of this BigInteger and {@code val}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value with which the minimum is to be computed.
+     * @return the BigInteger whose value is the lesser of this BigInteger and
+     *         {@code val}.  If they are equal, either may be returned.
+     */
+    public BigInteger min(BigInteger val) {
+        return (compareTo(val)<0 ? this : val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum of this BigInteger and {@code val}.
+     *
+     * @param  val value with which the maximum is to be computed.
+     * @return the BigInteger whose value is the greater of this and
+     *         {@code val}.  If they are equal, either may be returned.
+     */
+    public BigInteger max(BigInteger val) {
+        return (compareTo(val)>0 ? this : val);
+    }
+
+
+    // Hash Function
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hash code for this BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @return hash code for this BigInteger.
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int hashCode = 0;
+
+        for (int i=0; i<mag.length; i++)
+            hashCode = (int)(31*hashCode + (mag[i] & LONG_MASK));
+
+        return hashCode * signum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the String representation of this BigInteger in the
+     * given radix.  If the radix is outside the range from {@link
+     * Character#MIN_RADIX} to {@link Character#MAX_RADIX} inclusive,
+     * it will default to 10 (as is the case for
+     * {@code Integer.toString}).  The digit-to-character mapping
+     * provided by {@code Character.forDigit} is used, and a minus
+     * sign is prepended if appropriate.  (This representation is
+     * compatible with the {@link #BigInteger(String, int) (String,
+     * int)} constructor.)
+     *
+     * @param  radix  radix of the String representation.
+     * @return String representation of this BigInteger in the given radix.
+     * @see    Integer#toString
+     * @see    Character#forDigit
+     * @see    #BigInteger(java.lang.String, int)
+     */
+    public String toString(int radix) {
+        if (signum == 0)
+            return "0";
+        if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX || radix > Character.MAX_RADIX)
+            radix = 10;
+
+        // Compute upper bound on number of digit groups and allocate space
+        int maxNumDigitGroups = (4*mag.length + 6)/7;
+        String digitGroup[] = new String[maxNumDigitGroups];
+
+        // Translate number to string, a digit group at a time
+        BigInteger tmp = this.abs();
+        int numGroups = 0;
+        while (tmp.signum != 0) {
+            BigInteger d = longRadix[radix];
+
+            MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger(),
+                              a = new MutableBigInteger(tmp.mag),
+                              b = new MutableBigInteger(d.mag);
+            MutableBigInteger r = a.divide(b, q);
+            BigInteger q2 = q.toBigInteger(tmp.signum * d.signum);
+            BigInteger r2 = r.toBigInteger(tmp.signum * d.signum);
+
+            digitGroup[numGroups++] = Long.toString(r2.longValue(), radix);
+            tmp = q2;
+        }
+
+        // Put sign (if any) and first digit group into result buffer
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(numGroups*digitsPerLong[radix]+1);
+        if (signum<0)
+            buf.append('-');
+        buf.append(digitGroup[numGroups-1]);
+
+        // Append remaining digit groups padded with leading zeros
+        for (int i=numGroups-2; i>=0; i--) {
+            // Prepend (any) leading zeros for this digit group
+            int numLeadingZeros = digitsPerLong[radix]-digitGroup[i].length();
+            if (numLeadingZeros != 0)
+                buf.append(zeros[numLeadingZeros]);
+            buf.append(digitGroup[i]);
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /* zero[i] is a string of i consecutive zeros. */
+    private static String zeros[] = new String[64];
+    static {
+        zeros[63] =
+            "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+        for (int i=0; i<63; i++)
+            zeros[i] = zeros[63].substring(0, i);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the decimal String representation of this BigInteger.
+     * The digit-to-character mapping provided by
+     * {@code Character.forDigit} is used, and a minus sign is
+     * prepended if appropriate.  (This representation is compatible
+     * with the {@link #BigInteger(String) (String)} constructor, and
+     * allows for String concatenation with Java's + operator.)
+     *
+     * @return decimal String representation of this BigInteger.
+     * @see    Character#forDigit
+     * @see    #BigInteger(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return toString(10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a byte array containing the two's-complement
+     * representation of this BigInteger.  The byte array will be in
+     * <i>big-endian</i> byte-order: the most significant byte is in
+     * the zeroth element.  The array will contain the minimum number
+     * of bytes required to represent this BigInteger, including at
+     * least one sign bit, which is {@code (ceil((this.bitLength() +
+     * 1)/8))}.  (This representation is compatible with the
+     * {@link #BigInteger(byte[]) (byte[])} constructor.)
+     *
+     * @return a byte array containing the two's-complement representation of
+     *         this BigInteger.
+     * @see    #BigInteger(byte[])
+     */
+    public byte[] toByteArray() {
+        int byteLen = bitLength()/8 + 1;
+        byte[] byteArray = new byte[byteLen];
+
+        for (int i=byteLen-1, bytesCopied=4, nextInt=0, intIndex=0; i>=0; i--) {
+            if (bytesCopied == 4) {
+                nextInt = getInt(intIndex++);
+                bytesCopied = 1;
+            } else {
+                nextInt >>>= 8;
+                bytesCopied++;
+            }
+            byteArray[i] = (byte)nextInt;
+        }
+        return byteArray;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigInteger to an {@code int}.  This
+     * conversion is analogous to a
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code long} to
+     * {@code int} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * if this BigInteger is too big to fit in an
+     * {@code int}, only the low-order 32 bits are returned.
+     * Note that this conversion can lose information about the
+     * overall magnitude of the BigInteger value as well as return a
+     * result with the opposite sign.
+     *
+     * @return this BigInteger converted to an {@code int}.
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        int result = 0;
+        result = getInt(0);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigInteger to a {@code long}.  This
+     * conversion is analogous to a
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code long} to
+     * {@code int} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * if this BigInteger is too big to fit in a
+     * {@code long}, only the low-order 64 bits are returned.
+     * Note that this conversion can lose information about the
+     * overall magnitude of the BigInteger value as well as return a
+     * result with the opposite sign.
+     *
+     * @return this BigInteger converted to a {@code long}.
+     */
+    public long longValue() {
+        long result = 0;
+
+        for (int i=1; i>=0; i--)
+            result = (result << 32) + (getInt(i) & LONG_MASK);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigInteger to a {@code float}.  This
+     * conversion is similar to the
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code double} to
+     * {@code float} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * if this BigInteger has too great a magnitude
+     * to represent as a {@code float}, it will be converted to
+     * {@link Float#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} or {@link
+     * Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} as appropriate.  Note that even when
+     * the return value is finite, this conversion can lose
+     * information about the precision of the BigInteger value.
+     *
+     * @return this BigInteger converted to a {@code float}.
+     */
+    public float floatValue() {
+        // Somewhat inefficient, but guaranteed to work.
+        return Float.parseFloat(this.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigInteger to a {@code double}.  This
+     * conversion is similar to the
+     * <i>narrowing primitive conversion</i> from {@code double} to
+     * {@code float} as defined in section 5.1.3 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>:
+     * if this BigInteger has too great a magnitude
+     * to represent as a {@code double}, it will be converted to
+     * {@link Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} or {@link
+     * Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} as appropriate.  Note that even when
+     * the return value is finite, this conversion can lose
+     * information about the precision of the BigInteger value.
+     *
+     * @return this BigInteger converted to a {@code double}.
+     */
+    public double doubleValue() {
+        // Somewhat inefficient, but guaranteed to work.
+        return Double.parseDouble(this.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a copy of the input array stripped of any leading zero bytes.
+     */
+    private static int[] stripLeadingZeroInts(int val[]) {
+        int vlen = val.length;
+        int keep;
+
+        // Find first nonzero byte
+        for (keep = 0; keep < vlen && val[keep] == 0; keep++)
+            ;
+        return java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(val, keep, vlen);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the input array stripped of any leading zero bytes.
+     * Since the source is trusted the copying may be skipped.
+     */
+    private static int[] trustedStripLeadingZeroInts(int val[]) {
+        int vlen = val.length;
+        int keep;
+
+        // Find first nonzero byte
+        for (keep = 0; keep < vlen && val[keep] == 0; keep++)
+            ;
+        return keep == 0 ? val : java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(val, keep, vlen);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a copy of the input array stripped of any leading zero bytes.
+     */
+    private static int[] stripLeadingZeroBytes(byte a[]) {
+        int byteLength = a.length;
+        int keep;
+
+        // Find first nonzero byte
+        for (keep = 0; keep < byteLength && a[keep]==0; keep++)
+            ;
+
+        // Allocate new array and copy relevant part of input array
+        int intLength = ((byteLength - keep) + 3) >>> 2;
+        int[] result = new int[intLength];
+        int b = byteLength - 1;
+        for (int i = intLength-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            result[i] = a[b--] & 0xff;
+            int bytesRemaining = b - keep + 1;
+            int bytesToTransfer = Math.min(3, bytesRemaining);
+            for (int j=8; j <= (bytesToTransfer << 3); j += 8)
+                result[i] |= ((a[b--] & 0xff) << j);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an array a representing a negative 2's-complement number and
+     * returns the minimal (no leading zero bytes) unsigned whose value is -a.
+     */
+    private static int[] makePositive(byte a[]) {
+        int keep, k;
+        int byteLength = a.length;
+
+        // Find first non-sign (0xff) byte of input
+        for (keep=0; keep<byteLength && a[keep]==-1; keep++)
+            ;
+
+
+        /* Allocate output array.  If all non-sign bytes are 0x00, we must
+         * allocate space for one extra output byte. */
+        for (k=keep; k<byteLength && a[k]==0; k++)
+            ;
+
+        int extraByte = (k==byteLength) ? 1 : 0;
+        int intLength = ((byteLength - keep + extraByte) + 3)/4;
+        int result[] = new int[intLength];
+
+        /* Copy one's complement of input into output, leaving extra
+         * byte (if it exists) == 0x00 */
+        int b = byteLength - 1;
+        for (int i = intLength-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            result[i] = a[b--] & 0xff;
+            int numBytesToTransfer = Math.min(3, b-keep+1);
+            if (numBytesToTransfer < 0)
+                numBytesToTransfer = 0;
+            for (int j=8; j <= 8*numBytesToTransfer; j += 8)
+                result[i] |= ((a[b--] & 0xff) << j);
+
+            // Mask indicates which bits must be complemented
+            int mask = -1 >>> (8*(3-numBytesToTransfer));
+            result[i] = ~result[i] & mask;
+        }
+
+        // Add one to one's complement to generate two's complement
+        for (int i=result.length-1; i>=0; i--) {
+            result[i] = (int)((result[i] & LONG_MASK) + 1);
+            if (result[i] != 0)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an array a representing a negative 2's-complement number and
+     * returns the minimal (no leading zero ints) unsigned whose value is -a.
+     */
+    private static int[] makePositive(int a[]) {
+        int keep, j;
+
+        // Find first non-sign (0xffffffff) int of input
+        for (keep=0; keep<a.length && a[keep]==-1; keep++)
+            ;
+
+        /* Allocate output array.  If all non-sign ints are 0x00, we must
+         * allocate space for one extra output int. */
+        for (j=keep; j<a.length && a[j]==0; j++)
+            ;
+        int extraInt = (j==a.length ? 1 : 0);
+        int result[] = new int[a.length - keep + extraInt];
+
+        /* Copy one's complement of input into output, leaving extra
+         * int (if it exists) == 0x00 */
+        for (int i = keep; i<a.length; i++)
+            result[i - keep + extraInt] = ~a[i];
+
+        // Add one to one's complement to generate two's complement
+        for (int i=result.length-1; ++result[i]==0; i--)
+            ;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The following two arrays are used for fast String conversions.  Both
+     * are indexed by radix.  The first is the number of digits of the given
+     * radix that can fit in a Java long without "going negative", i.e., the
+     * highest integer n such that radix**n < 2**63.  The second is the
+     * "long radix" that tears each number into "long digits", each of which
+     * consists of the number of digits in the corresponding element in
+     * digitsPerLong (longRadix[i] = i**digitPerLong[i]).  Both arrays have
+     * nonsense values in their 0 and 1 elements, as radixes 0 and 1 are not
+     * used.
+     */
+    private static int digitsPerLong[] = {0, 0,
+        62, 39, 31, 27, 24, 22, 20, 19, 18, 18, 17, 17, 16, 16, 15, 15, 15, 14,
+        14, 14, 14, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12};
+
+    private static BigInteger longRadix[] = {null, null,
+        valueOf(0x4000000000000000L), valueOf(0x383d9170b85ff80bL),
+        valueOf(0x4000000000000000L), valueOf(0x6765c793fa10079dL),
+        valueOf(0x41c21cb8e1000000L), valueOf(0x3642798750226111L),
+        valueOf(0x1000000000000000L), valueOf(0x12bf307ae81ffd59L),
+        valueOf( 0xde0b6b3a7640000L), valueOf(0x4d28cb56c33fa539L),
+        valueOf(0x1eca170c00000000L), valueOf(0x780c7372621bd74dL),
+        valueOf(0x1e39a5057d810000L), valueOf(0x5b27ac993df97701L),
+        valueOf(0x1000000000000000L), valueOf(0x27b95e997e21d9f1L),
+        valueOf(0x5da0e1e53c5c8000L), valueOf( 0xb16a458ef403f19L),
+        valueOf(0x16bcc41e90000000L), valueOf(0x2d04b7fdd9c0ef49L),
+        valueOf(0x5658597bcaa24000L), valueOf( 0x6feb266931a75b7L),
+        valueOf( 0xc29e98000000000L), valueOf(0x14adf4b7320334b9L),
+        valueOf(0x226ed36478bfa000L), valueOf(0x383d9170b85ff80bL),
+        valueOf(0x5a3c23e39c000000L), valueOf( 0x4e900abb53e6b71L),
+        valueOf( 0x7600ec618141000L), valueOf( 0xaee5720ee830681L),
+        valueOf(0x1000000000000000L), valueOf(0x172588ad4f5f0981L),
+        valueOf(0x211e44f7d02c1000L), valueOf(0x2ee56725f06e5c71L),
+        valueOf(0x41c21cb8e1000000L)};
+
+    /*
+     * These two arrays are the integer analogue of above.
+     */
+    private static int digitsPerInt[] = {0, 0, 30, 19, 15, 13, 11,
+        11, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+        6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5};
+
+    private static int intRadix[] = {0, 0,
+        0x40000000, 0x4546b3db, 0x40000000, 0x48c27395, 0x159fd800,
+        0x75db9c97, 0x40000000, 0x17179149, 0x3b9aca00, 0xcc6db61,
+        0x19a10000, 0x309f1021, 0x57f6c100, 0xa2f1b6f,  0x10000000,
+        0x18754571, 0x247dbc80, 0x3547667b, 0x4c4b4000, 0x6b5a6e1d,
+        0x6c20a40,  0x8d2d931,  0xb640000,  0xe8d4a51,  0x1269ae40,
+        0x17179149, 0x1cb91000, 0x23744899, 0x2b73a840, 0x34e63b41,
+        0x40000000, 0x4cfa3cc1, 0x5c13d840, 0x6d91b519, 0x39aa400
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * These routines provide access to the two's complement representation
+     * of BigIntegers.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the two's complement representation in ints,
+     * including space for at least one sign bit.
+     */
+    private int intLength() {
+        return (bitLength() >>> 5) + 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Returns sign bit */
+    private int signBit() {
+        return signum < 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Returns an int of sign bits */
+    private int signInt() {
+        return signum < 0 ? -1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the specified int of the little-endian two's complement
+     * representation (int 0 is the least significant).  The int number can
+     * be arbitrarily high (values are logically preceded by infinitely many
+     * sign ints).
+     */
+    private int getInt(int n) {
+        if (n < 0)
+            return 0;
+        if (n >= mag.length)
+            return signInt();
+
+        int magInt = mag[mag.length-n-1];
+
+        return (signum >= 0 ? magInt :
+                (n <= firstNonzeroIntNum() ? -magInt : ~magInt));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the index of the int that contains the first nonzero int in the
+     * little-endian binary representation of the magnitude (int 0 is the
+     * least significant). If the magnitude is zero, return value is undefined.
+     */
+     private int firstNonzeroIntNum() {
+         int fn = firstNonzeroIntNum - 2;
+         if (fn == -2) { // firstNonzeroIntNum not initialized yet
+             fn = 0;
+
+             // Search for the first nonzero int
+             int i;
+             int mlen = mag.length;
+             for (i = mlen - 1; i >= 0 && mag[i] == 0; i--)
+                 ;
+             fn = mlen - i - 1;
+             firstNonzeroIntNum = fn + 2; // offset by two to initialize
+         }
+         return fn;
+     }
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1. for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -8287574255936472291L;
+
+    /**
+     * Serializable fields for BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @serialField signum  int
+     *              signum of this BigInteger.
+     * @serialField magnitude int[]
+     *              magnitude array of this BigInteger.
+     * @serialField bitCount  int
+     *              number of bits in this BigInteger
+     * @serialField bitLength int
+     *              the number of bits in the minimal two's-complement
+     *              representation of this BigInteger
+     * @serialField lowestSetBit int
+     *              lowest set bit in the twos complement representation
+     */
+    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields = {
+        new ObjectStreamField("signum", Integer.TYPE),
+        new ObjectStreamField("magnitude", byte[].class),
+        new ObjectStreamField("bitCount", Integer.TYPE),
+        new ObjectStreamField("bitLength", Integer.TYPE),
+        new ObjectStreamField("firstNonzeroByteNum", Integer.TYPE),
+        new ObjectStreamField("lowestSetBit", Integer.TYPE)
+        };
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstitute the {@code BigInteger} instance from a stream (that is,
+     * deserialize it). The magnitude is read in as an array of bytes
+     * for historical reasons, but it is converted to an array of ints
+     * and the byte array is discarded.
+     * Note:
+     * The current convention is to initialize the cache fields, bitCount,
+     * bitLength and lowestSetBit, to 0 rather than some other marker value.
+     * Therefore, no explicit action to set these fields needs to be taken in
+     * readObject because those fields already have a 0 value be default since
+     * defaultReadObject is not being used.
+     */
+    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        /*
+         * In order to maintain compatibility with previous serialized forms,
+         * the magnitude of a BigInteger is serialized as an array of bytes.
+         * The magnitude field is used as a temporary store for the byte array
+         * that is deserialized. The cached computation fields should be
+         * transient but are serialized for compatibility reasons.
+         */
+
+        // prepare to read the alternate persistent fields
+        ObjectInputStream.GetField fields = s.readFields();
+
+        // Read the alternate persistent fields that we care about
+        int sign = fields.get("signum", -2);
+        byte[] magnitude = (byte[])fields.get("magnitude", null);
+
+        // Validate signum
+        if (sign < -1 || sign > 1) {
+            String message = "BigInteger: Invalid signum value";
+            if (fields.defaulted("signum"))
+                message = "BigInteger: Signum not present in stream";
+            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException(message);
+        }
+        if ((magnitude.length == 0) != (sign == 0)) {
+            String message = "BigInteger: signum-magnitude mismatch";
+            if (fields.defaulted("magnitude"))
+                message = "BigInteger: Magnitude not present in stream";
+            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException(message);
+        }
+
+        // Commit final fields via Unsafe
+        unsafe.putIntVolatile(this, signumOffset, sign);
+
+        // Calculate mag field from magnitude and discard magnitude
+        unsafe.putObjectVolatile(this, magOffset,
+                                 stripLeadingZeroBytes(magnitude));
+    }
+
+    // Support for resetting final fields while deserializing
+    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe unsafe = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
+    private static final long signumOffset;
+    private static final long magOffset;
+    static {
+        try {
+            signumOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
+                (BigInteger.class.getDeclaredField("signum"));
+            magOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset
+                (BigInteger.class.getDeclaredField("mag"));
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            throw new Error(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Save the {@code BigInteger} instance to a stream.
+     * The magnitude of a BigInteger is serialized as a byte array for
+     * historical reasons.
+     *
+     * @serialData two necessary fields are written as well as obsolete
+     *             fields for compatibility with older versions.
+     */
+    private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
+        // set the values of the Serializable fields
+        ObjectOutputStream.PutField fields = s.putFields();
+        fields.put("signum", signum);
+        fields.put("magnitude", magSerializedForm());
+        // The values written for cached fields are compatible with older
+        // versions, but are ignored in readObject so don't otherwise matter.
+        fields.put("bitCount", -1);
+        fields.put("bitLength", -1);
+        fields.put("lowestSetBit", -2);
+        fields.put("firstNonzeroByteNum", -2);
+
+        // save them
+        s.writeFields();
+}
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mag array as an array of bytes.
+     */
+    private byte[] magSerializedForm() {
+        int len = mag.length;
+
+        int bitLen = (len == 0 ? 0 : ((len - 1) << 5) + bitLengthForInt(mag[0]));
+        int byteLen = (bitLen + 7) >>> 3;
+        byte[] result = new byte[byteLen];
+
+        for (int i = byteLen - 1, bytesCopied = 4, intIndex = len - 1, nextInt = 0;
+             i>=0; i--) {
+            if (bytesCopied == 4) {
+                nextInt = mag[intIndex--];
+                bytesCopied = 1;
+            } else {
+                nextInt >>>= 8;
+                bytesCopied++;
+            }
+            result[i] = (byte)nextInt;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/BitSieve.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/BitSieve.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2007, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.math;
+
+/**
+ * A simple bit sieve used for finding prime number candidates. Allows setting
+ * and clearing of bits in a storage array. The size of the sieve is assumed to
+ * be constant to reduce overhead. All the bits of a new bitSieve are zero, and
+ * bits are removed from it by setting them.
+ *
+ * To reduce storage space and increase efficiency, no even numbers are
+ * represented in the sieve (each bit in the sieve represents an odd number).
+ * The relationship between the index of a bit and the number it represents is
+ * given by
+ * N = offset + (2*index + 1);
+ * Where N is the integer represented by a bit in the sieve, offset is some
+ * even integer offset indicating where the sieve begins, and index is the
+ * index of a bit in the sieve array.
+ *
+ * @see     BigInteger
+ * @author  Michael McCloskey
+ * @since   1.3
+ */
+class BitSieve {
+    /**
+     * Stores the bits in this bitSieve.
+     */
+    private long bits[];
+
+    /**
+     * Length is how many bits this sieve holds.
+     */
+    private int length;
+
+    /**
+     * A small sieve used to filter out multiples of small primes in a search
+     * sieve.
+     */
+    private static BitSieve smallSieve = new BitSieve();
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a "small sieve" with a base of 0.  This constructor is
+     * used internally to generate the set of "small primes" whose multiples
+     * are excluded from sieves generated by the main (package private)
+     * constructor, BitSieve(BigInteger base, int searchLen).  The length
+     * of the sieve generated by this constructor was chosen for performance;
+     * it controls a tradeoff between how much time is spent constructing
+     * other sieves, and how much time is wasted testing composite candidates
+     * for primality.  The length was chosen experimentally to yield good
+     * performance.
+     */
+    private BitSieve() {
+        length = 150 * 64;
+        bits = new long[(unitIndex(length - 1) + 1)];
+
+        // Mark 1 as composite
+        set(0);
+        int nextIndex = 1;
+        int nextPrime = 3;
+
+        // Find primes and remove their multiples from sieve
+        do {
+            sieveSingle(length, nextIndex + nextPrime, nextPrime);
+            nextIndex = sieveSearch(length, nextIndex + 1);
+            nextPrime = 2*nextIndex + 1;
+        } while((nextIndex > 0) && (nextPrime < length));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a bit sieve of searchLen bits used for finding prime number
+     * candidates. The new sieve begins at the specified base, which must
+     * be even.
+     */
+    BitSieve(BigInteger base, int searchLen) {
+        /*
+         * Candidates are indicated by clear bits in the sieve. As a candidates
+         * nonprimality is calculated, a bit is set in the sieve to eliminate
+         * it. To reduce storage space and increase efficiency, no even numbers
+         * are represented in the sieve (each bit in the sieve represents an
+         * odd number).
+         */
+        bits = new long[(unitIndex(searchLen-1) + 1)];
+        length = searchLen;
+        int start = 0;
+
+        int step = smallSieve.sieveSearch(smallSieve.length, start);
+        int convertedStep = (step *2) + 1;
+
+        // Construct the large sieve at an even offset specified by base
+        MutableBigInteger b = new MutableBigInteger(base);
+        MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger();
+        do {
+            // Calculate base mod convertedStep
+            start = b.divideOneWord(convertedStep, q);
+
+            // Take each multiple of step out of sieve
+            start = convertedStep - start;
+            if (start%2 == 0)
+                start += convertedStep;
+            sieveSingle(searchLen, (start-1)/2, convertedStep);
+
+            // Find next prime from small sieve
+            step = smallSieve.sieveSearch(smallSieve.length, step+1);
+            convertedStep = (step *2) + 1;
+        } while (step > 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a bit index return unit index containing it.
+     */
+    private static int unitIndex(int bitIndex) {
+        return bitIndex >>> 6;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a unit that masks the specified bit in its unit.
+     */
+    private static long bit(int bitIndex) {
+        return 1L << (bitIndex & ((1<<6) - 1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of the bit at the specified index.
+     */
+    private boolean get(int bitIndex) {
+        int unitIndex = unitIndex(bitIndex);
+        return ((bits[unitIndex] & bit(bitIndex)) != 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the bit at the specified index.
+     */
+    private void set(int bitIndex) {
+        int unitIndex = unitIndex(bitIndex);
+        bits[unitIndex] |= bit(bitIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns the index of the first clear bit in the search
+     * array that occurs at or after start. It will not search past the
+     * specified limit. It returns -1 if there is no such clear bit.
+     */
+    private int sieveSearch(int limit, int start) {
+        if (start >= limit)
+            return -1;
+
+        int index = start;
+        do {
+            if (!get(index))
+                return index;
+            index++;
+        } while(index < limit-1);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sieve a single set of multiples out of the sieve. Begin to remove
+     * multiples of the specified step starting at the specified start index,
+     * up to the specified limit.
+     */
+    private void sieveSingle(int limit, int start, int step) {
+        while(start < limit) {
+            set(start);
+            start += step;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test probable primes in the sieve and return successful candidates.
+     */
+    BigInteger retrieve(BigInteger initValue, int certainty, java.util.Random random) {
+        // Examine the sieve one long at a time to find possible primes
+        int offset = 1;
+        for (int i=0; i<bits.length; i++) {
+            long nextLong = ~bits[i];
+            for (int j=0; j<64; j++) {
+                if ((nextLong & 1) == 1) {
+                    BigInteger candidate = initValue.add(
+                                           BigInteger.valueOf(offset));
+                    if (candidate.primeToCertainty(certainty, random))
+                        return candidate;
+                }
+                nextLong >>>= 1;
+                offset+=2;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/MathContext.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/MathContext.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2007, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Portions Copyright IBM Corporation, 1997, 2001. All Rights Reserved.
+ */
+
+package java.math;
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable objects which encapsulate the context settings which
+ * describe certain rules for numerical operators, such as those
+ * implemented by the {@link BigDecimal} class.
+ *
+ * <p>The base-independent settings are:
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>{@code precision}:
+ * the number of digits to be used for an operation; results are
+ * rounded to this precision
+ *
+ * <li>{@code roundingMode}:
+ * a {@link RoundingMode} object which specifies the algorithm to be
+ * used for rounding.
+ * </ol>
+ *
+ * @see     BigDecimal
+ * @see     RoundingMode
+ * @author  Mike Cowlishaw
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @since 1.5
+ */
+
+public final class MathContext implements Serializable {
+
+    /* ----- Constants ----- */
+
+    // defaults for constructors
+    private static final int DEFAULT_DIGITS = 9;
+    private static final RoundingMode DEFAULT_ROUNDINGMODE = RoundingMode.HALF_UP;
+    // Smallest values for digits (Maximum is Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+    private static final int MIN_DIGITS = 0;
+
+    // Serialization version
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5579720004786848255L;
+
+    /* ----- Public Properties ----- */
+    /**
+     *  A {@code MathContext} object whose settings have the values
+     *  required for unlimited precision arithmetic.
+     *  The values of the settings are:
+     *  <code>
+     *  precision=0 roundingMode=HALF_UP
+     *  </code>
+     */
+    public static final MathContext UNLIMITED =
+        new MathContext(0, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);
+
+    /**
+     *  A {@code MathContext} object with a precision setting
+     *  matching the IEEE 754R Decimal32 format, 7 digits, and a
+     *  rounding mode of {@link RoundingMode#HALF_EVEN HALF_EVEN}, the
+     *  IEEE 754R default.
+     */
+    public static final MathContext DECIMAL32 =
+        new MathContext(7, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
+
+    /**
+     *  A {@code MathContext} object with a precision setting
+     *  matching the IEEE 754R Decimal64 format, 16 digits, and a
+     *  rounding mode of {@link RoundingMode#HALF_EVEN HALF_EVEN}, the
+     *  IEEE 754R default.
+     */
+    public static final MathContext DECIMAL64 =
+        new MathContext(16, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
+
+    /**
+     *  A {@code MathContext} object with a precision setting
+     *  matching the IEEE 754R Decimal128 format, 34 digits, and a
+     *  rounding mode of {@link RoundingMode#HALF_EVEN HALF_EVEN}, the
+     *  IEEE 754R default.
+     */
+    public static final MathContext DECIMAL128 =
+        new MathContext(34, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
+
+    /* ----- Shared Properties ----- */
+    /**
+     * The number of digits to be used for an operation.  A value of 0
+     * indicates that unlimited precision (as many digits as are
+     * required) will be used.  Note that leading zeros (in the
+     * coefficient of a number) are never significant.
+     *
+     * <p>{@code precision} will always be non-negative.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    final int precision;
+
+    /**
+     * The rounding algorithm to be used for an operation.
+     *
+     * @see RoundingMode
+     * @serial
+     */
+    final RoundingMode roundingMode;
+
+    /* ----- Constructors ----- */
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@code MathContext} with the specified
+     * precision and the {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP} rounding
+     * mode.
+     *
+     * @param setPrecision The non-negative {@code int} precision setting.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the {@code setPrecision} parameter is less
+     *         than zero.
+     */
+    public MathContext(int setPrecision) {
+        this(setPrecision, DEFAULT_ROUNDINGMODE);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@code MathContext} with a specified
+     * precision and rounding mode.
+     *
+     * @param setPrecision The non-negative {@code int} precision setting.
+     * @param setRoundingMode The rounding mode to use.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the {@code setPrecision} parameter is less
+     *         than zero.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the rounding mode argument is {@code null}
+     */
+    public MathContext(int setPrecision,
+                       RoundingMode setRoundingMode) {
+        if (setPrecision < MIN_DIGITS)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Digits < 0");
+        if (setRoundingMode == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException("null RoundingMode");
+
+        precision = setPrecision;
+        roundingMode = setRoundingMode;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@code MathContext} from a string.
+     *
+     * The string must be in the same format as that produced by the
+     * {@link #toString} method.
+     *
+     * <p>An {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown if the precision
+     * section of the string is out of range ({@code < 0}) or the string is
+     * not in the format created by the {@link #toString} method.
+     *
+     * @param val The string to be parsed
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the precision section is out of range
+     * or of incorrect format
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is {@code null}
+     */
+    public MathContext(String val) {
+        boolean bad = false;
+        int setPrecision;
+        if (val == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException("null String");
+        try { // any error here is a string format problem
+            if (!val.startsWith("precision=")) throw new RuntimeException();
+            int fence = val.indexOf(' ');    // could be -1
+            int off = 10;                     // where value starts
+            setPrecision = Integer.parseInt(val.substring(10, fence));
+
+            if (!val.startsWith("roundingMode=", fence+1))
+                throw new RuntimeException();
+            off = fence + 1 + 13;
+            String str = val.substring(off, val.length());
+            roundingMode = RoundingMode.valueOf(str);
+        } catch (RuntimeException re) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad string format");
+        }
+
+        if (setPrecision < MIN_DIGITS)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Digits < 0");
+        // the other parameters cannot be invalid if we got here
+        precision = setPrecision;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code precision} setting.
+     * This value is always non-negative.
+     *
+     * @return an {@code int} which is the value of the {@code precision}
+     *         setting
+     */
+    public int getPrecision() {
+        return precision;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the roundingMode setting.
+     * This will be one of
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#CEILING},
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#DOWN},
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#FLOOR},
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#HALF_DOWN},
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#HALF_EVEN},
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#HALF_UP},
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#UNNECESSARY}, or
+     * {@link  RoundingMode#UP}.
+     *
+     * @return a {@code RoundingMode} object which is the value of the
+     *         {@code roundingMode} setting
+     */
+
+    public RoundingMode getRoundingMode() {
+        return roundingMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this {@code MathContext} with the specified
+     * {@code Object} for equality.
+     *
+     * @param  x {@code Object} to which this {@code MathContext} is to
+     *         be compared.
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if the specified {@code Object} is
+     *         a {@code MathContext} object which has exactly the same
+     *         settings as this object
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object x){
+        MathContext mc;
+        if (!(x instanceof MathContext))
+            return false;
+        mc = (MathContext) x;
+        return mc.precision == this.precision
+            && mc.roundingMode == this.roundingMode; // no need for .equals()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hash code for this {@code MathContext}.
+     *
+     * @return hash code for this {@code MathContext}
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.precision + roundingMode.hashCode() * 59;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the string representation of this {@code MathContext}.
+     * The {@code String} returned represents the settings of the
+     * {@code MathContext} object as two space-delimited words
+     * (separated by a single space character, <tt>'&#92;u0020'</tt>,
+     * and with no leading or trailing white space), as follows:
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>
+     * The string {@code "precision="}, immediately followed
+     * by the value of the precision setting as a numeric string as if
+     * generated by the {@link Integer#toString(int) Integer.toString}
+     * method.
+     *
+     * <li>
+     * The string {@code "roundingMode="}, immediately
+     * followed by the value of the {@code roundingMode} setting as a
+     * word.  This word will be the same as the name of the
+     * corresponding public constant in the {@link RoundingMode}
+     * enum.
+     * </ol>
+     * <p>
+     * For example:
+     * <pre>
+     * precision=9 roundingMode=HALF_UP
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * Additional words may be appended to the result of
+     * {@code toString} in the future if more properties are added to
+     * this class.
+     *
+     * @return a {@code String} representing the context settings
+     */
+    public java.lang.String toString() {
+        return "precision=" +           precision + " " +
+               "roundingMode=" +        roundingMode.toString();
+    }
+
+    // Private methods
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstitute the {@code MathContext} instance from a stream (that is,
+     * deserialize it).
+     *
+     * @param s the stream being read.
+     */
+    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        s.defaultReadObject();     // read in all fields
+        // validate possibly bad fields
+        if (precision < MIN_DIGITS) {
+            String message = "MathContext: invalid digits in stream";
+            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException(message);
+        }
+        if (roundingMode == null) {
+            String message = "MathContext: null roundingMode in stream";
+            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException(message);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/MutableBigInteger.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/MutableBigInteger.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1477 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2007, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.math;
+
+/**
+ * A class used to represent multiprecision integers that makes efficient
+ * use of allocated space by allowing a number to occupy only part of
+ * an array so that the arrays do not have to be reallocated as often.
+ * When performing an operation with many iterations the array used to
+ * hold a number is only reallocated when necessary and does not have to
+ * be the same size as the number it represents. A mutable number allows
+ * calculations to occur on the same number without having to create
+ * a new number for every step of the calculation as occurs with
+ * BigIntegers.
+ *
+ * @see     BigInteger
+ * @author  Michael McCloskey
+ * @since   1.3
+ */
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import static java.math.BigInteger.LONG_MASK;
+import static java.math.BigDecimal.INFLATED;
+
+class MutableBigInteger {
+    /**
+     * Holds the magnitude of this MutableBigInteger in big endian order.
+     * The magnitude may start at an offset into the value array, and it may
+     * end before the length of the value array.
+     */
+    int[] value;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of ints of the value array that are currently used
+     * to hold the magnitude of this MutableBigInteger. The magnitude starts
+     * at an offset and offset + intLen may be less than value.length.
+     */
+    int intLen;
+
+    /**
+     * The offset into the value array where the magnitude of this
+     * MutableBigInteger begins.
+     */
+    int offset = 0;
+
+    // Constants
+    /**
+     * MutableBigInteger with one element value array with the value 1. Used by
+     * BigDecimal divideAndRound to increment the quotient. Use this constant
+     * only when the method is not going to modify this object.
+     */
+    static final MutableBigInteger ONE = new MutableBigInteger(1);
+
+    // Constructors
+
+    /**
+     * The default constructor. An empty MutableBigInteger is created with
+     * a one word capacity.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger() {
+        value = new int[1];
+        intLen = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new MutableBigInteger with a magnitude specified by
+     * the int val.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger(int val) {
+        value = new int[1];
+        intLen = 1;
+        value[0] = val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new MutableBigInteger with the specified value array
+     * up to the length of the array supplied.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger(int[] val) {
+        value = val;
+        intLen = val.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new MutableBigInteger with a magnitude equal to the
+     * specified BigInteger.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger(BigInteger b) {
+        intLen = b.mag.length;
+        value = Arrays.copyOf(b.mag, intLen);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new MutableBigInteger with a magnitude equal to the
+     * specified MutableBigInteger.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger(MutableBigInteger val) {
+        intLen = val.intLen;
+        value = Arrays.copyOfRange(val.value, val.offset, val.offset + intLen);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal helper method to return the magnitude array. The caller is not
+     * supposed to modify the returned array.
+     */
+    private int[] getMagnitudeArray() {
+        if (offset > 0 || value.length != intLen)
+            return Arrays.copyOfRange(value, offset, offset + intLen);
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert this MutableBigInteger to a long value. The caller has to make
+     * sure this MutableBigInteger can be fit into long.
+     */
+    private long toLong() {
+        assert (intLen <= 2) : "this MutableBigInteger exceeds the range of long";
+        if (intLen == 0)
+            return 0;
+        long d = value[offset] & LONG_MASK;
+        return (intLen == 2) ? d << 32 | (value[offset + 1] & LONG_MASK) : d;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert this MutableBigInteger to a BigInteger object.
+     */
+    BigInteger toBigInteger(int sign) {
+        if (intLen == 0 || sign == 0)
+            return BigInteger.ZERO;
+        return new BigInteger(getMagnitudeArray(), sign);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert this MutableBigInteger to BigDecimal object with the specified sign
+     * and scale.
+     */
+    BigDecimal toBigDecimal(int sign, int scale) {
+        if (intLen == 0 || sign == 0)
+            return BigDecimal.valueOf(0, scale);
+        int[] mag = getMagnitudeArray();
+        int len = mag.length;
+        int d = mag[0];
+        // If this MutableBigInteger can't be fit into long, we need to
+        // make a BigInteger object for the resultant BigDecimal object.
+        if (len > 2 || (d < 0 && len == 2))
+            return new BigDecimal(new BigInteger(mag, sign), INFLATED, scale, 0);
+        long v = (len == 2) ?
+            ((mag[1] & LONG_MASK) | (d & LONG_MASK) << 32) :
+            d & LONG_MASK;
+        return new BigDecimal(null, sign == -1 ? -v : v, scale, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear out a MutableBigInteger for reuse.
+     */
+    void clear() {
+        offset = intLen = 0;
+        for (int index=0, n=value.length; index < n; index++)
+            value[index] = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a MutableBigInteger to zero, removing its offset.
+     */
+    void reset() {
+        offset = intLen = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare the magnitude of two MutableBigIntegers. Returns -1, 0 or 1
+     * as this MutableBigInteger is numerically less than, equal to, or
+     * greater than <tt>b</tt>.
+     */
+    final int compare(MutableBigInteger b) {
+        int blen = b.intLen;
+        if (intLen < blen)
+            return -1;
+        if (intLen > blen)
+           return 1;
+
+        // Add Integer.MIN_VALUE to make the comparison act as unsigned integer
+        // comparison.
+        int[] bval = b.value;
+        for (int i = offset, j = b.offset; i < intLen + offset; i++, j++) {
+            int b1 = value[i] + 0x80000000;
+            int b2 = bval[j]  + 0x80000000;
+            if (b1 < b2)
+                return -1;
+            if (b1 > b2)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare this against half of a MutableBigInteger object (Needed for
+     * remainder tests).
+     * Assumes no leading unnecessary zeros, which holds for results
+     * from divide().
+     */
+    final int compareHalf(MutableBigInteger b) {
+        int blen = b.intLen;
+        int len = intLen;
+        if (len <= 0)
+            return blen <=0 ? 0 : -1;
+        if (len > blen)
+            return 1;
+        if (len < blen - 1)
+            return -1;
+        int[] bval = b.value;
+        int bstart = 0;
+        int carry = 0;
+        // Only 2 cases left:len == blen or len == blen - 1
+        if (len != blen) { // len == blen - 1
+            if (bval[bstart] == 1) {
+                ++bstart;
+                carry = 0x80000000;
+            } else
+                return -1;
+        }
+        // compare values with right-shifted values of b,
+        // carrying shifted-out bits across words
+        int[] val = value;
+        for (int i = offset, j = bstart; i < len + offset;) {
+            int bv = bval[j++];
+            long hb = ((bv >>> 1) + carry) & LONG_MASK;
+            long v = val[i++] & LONG_MASK;
+            if (v != hb)
+                return v < hb ? -1 : 1;
+            carry = (bv & 1) << 31; // carray will be either 0x80000000 or 0
+        }
+        return carry == 0? 0 : -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the index of the lowest set bit in this MutableBigInteger. If the
+     * magnitude of this MutableBigInteger is zero, -1 is returned.
+     */
+    private final int getLowestSetBit() {
+        if (intLen == 0)
+            return -1;
+        int j, b;
+        for (j=intLen-1; (j>0) && (value[j+offset]==0); j--)
+            ;
+        b = value[j+offset];
+        if (b==0)
+            return -1;
+        return ((intLen-1-j)<<5) + Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(b);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the int in use in this MutableBigInteger at the specified
+     * index. This method is not used because it is not inlined on all
+     * platforms.
+     */
+    private final int getInt(int index) {
+        return value[offset+index];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a long which is equal to the unsigned value of the int in
+     * use in this MutableBigInteger at the specified index. This method is
+     * not used because it is not inlined on all platforms.
+     */
+    private final long getLong(int index) {
+        return value[offset+index] & LONG_MASK;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure that the MutableBigInteger is in normal form, specifically
+     * making sure that there are no leading zeros, and that if the
+     * magnitude is zero, then intLen is zero.
+     */
+    final void normalize() {
+        if (intLen == 0) {
+            offset = 0;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int index = offset;
+        if (value[index] != 0)
+            return;
+
+        int indexBound = index+intLen;
+        do {
+            index++;
+        } while(index < indexBound && value[index]==0);
+
+        int numZeros = index - offset;
+        intLen -= numZeros;
+        offset = (intLen==0 ?  0 : offset+numZeros);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If this MutableBigInteger cannot hold len words, increase the size
+     * of the value array to len words.
+     */
+    private final void ensureCapacity(int len) {
+        if (value.length < len) {
+            value = new int[len];
+            offset = 0;
+            intLen = len;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert this MutableBigInteger into an int array with no leading
+     * zeros, of a length that is equal to this MutableBigInteger's intLen.
+     */
+    int[] toIntArray() {
+        int[] result = new int[intLen];
+        for(int i=0; i<intLen; i++)
+            result[i] = value[offset+i];
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the int at index+offset in this MutableBigInteger to val.
+     * This does not get inlined on all platforms so it is not used
+     * as often as originally intended.
+     */
+    void setInt(int index, int val) {
+        value[offset + index] = val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets this MutableBigInteger's value array to the specified array.
+     * The intLen is set to the specified length.
+     */
+    void setValue(int[] val, int length) {
+        value = val;
+        intLen = length;
+        offset = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets this MutableBigInteger's value array to a copy of the specified
+     * array. The intLen is set to the length of the new array.
+     */
+    void copyValue(MutableBigInteger src) {
+        int len = src.intLen;
+        if (value.length < len)
+            value = new int[len];
+        System.arraycopy(src.value, src.offset, value, 0, len);
+        intLen = len;
+        offset = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets this MutableBigInteger's value array to a copy of the specified
+     * array. The intLen is set to the length of the specified array.
+     */
+    void copyValue(int[] val) {
+        int len = val.length;
+        if (value.length < len)
+            value = new int[len];
+        System.arraycopy(val, 0, value, 0, len);
+        intLen = len;
+        offset = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true iff this MutableBigInteger has a value of one.
+     */
+    boolean isOne() {
+        return (intLen == 1) && (value[offset] == 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true iff this MutableBigInteger has a value of zero.
+     */
+    boolean isZero() {
+        return (intLen == 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true iff this MutableBigInteger is even.
+     */
+    boolean isEven() {
+        return (intLen == 0) || ((value[offset + intLen - 1] & 1) == 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true iff this MutableBigInteger is odd.
+     */
+    boolean isOdd() {
+        return isZero() ? false : ((value[offset + intLen - 1] & 1) == 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true iff this MutableBigInteger is in normal form. A
+     * MutableBigInteger is in normal form if it has no leading zeros
+     * after the offset, and intLen + offset <= value.length.
+     */
+    boolean isNormal() {
+        if (intLen + offset > value.length)
+            return false;
+        if (intLen ==0)
+            return true;
+        return (value[offset] != 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a String representation of this MutableBigInteger in radix 10.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        BigInteger b = toBigInteger(1);
+        return b.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Right shift this MutableBigInteger n bits. The MutableBigInteger is left
+     * in normal form.
+     */
+    void rightShift(int n) {
+        if (intLen == 0)
+            return;
+        int nInts = n >>> 5;
+        int nBits = n & 0x1F;
+        this.intLen -= nInts;
+        if (nBits == 0)
+            return;
+        int bitsInHighWord = BigInteger.bitLengthForInt(value[offset]);
+        if (nBits >= bitsInHighWord) {
+            this.primitiveLeftShift(32 - nBits);
+            this.intLen--;
+        } else {
+            primitiveRightShift(nBits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Left shift this MutableBigInteger n bits.
+     */
+    void leftShift(int n) {
+        /*
+         * If there is enough storage space in this MutableBigInteger already
+         * the available space will be used. Space to the right of the used
+         * ints in the value array is faster to utilize, so the extra space
+         * will be taken from the right if possible.
+         */
+        if (intLen == 0)
+           return;
+        int nInts = n >>> 5;
+        int nBits = n&0x1F;
+        int bitsInHighWord = BigInteger.bitLengthForInt(value[offset]);
+
+        // If shift can be done without moving words, do so
+        if (n <= (32-bitsInHighWord)) {
+            primitiveLeftShift(nBits);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int newLen = intLen + nInts +1;
+        if (nBits <= (32-bitsInHighWord))
+            newLen--;
+        if (value.length < newLen) {
+            // The array must grow
+            int[] result = new int[newLen];
+            for (int i=0; i<intLen; i++)
+                result[i] = value[offset+i];
+            setValue(result, newLen);
+        } else if (value.length - offset >= newLen) {
+            // Use space on right
+            for(int i=0; i<newLen - intLen; i++)
+                value[offset+intLen+i] = 0;
+        } else {
+            // Must use space on left
+            for (int i=0; i<intLen; i++)
+                value[i] = value[offset+i];
+            for (int i=intLen; i<newLen; i++)
+                value[i] = 0;
+            offset = 0;
+        }
+        intLen = newLen;
+        if (nBits == 0)
+            return;
+        if (nBits <= (32-bitsInHighWord))
+            primitiveLeftShift(nBits);
+        else
+            primitiveRightShift(32 -nBits);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A primitive used for division. This method adds in one multiple of the
+     * divisor a back to the dividend result at a specified offset. It is used
+     * when qhat was estimated too large, and must be adjusted.
+     */
+    private int divadd(int[] a, int[] result, int offset) {
+        long carry = 0;
+
+        for (int j=a.length-1; j >= 0; j--) {
+            long sum = (a[j] & LONG_MASK) +
+                       (result[j+offset] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            result[j+offset] = (int)sum;
+            carry = sum >>> 32;
+        }
+        return (int)carry;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is used for division. It multiplies an n word input a by one
+     * word input x, and subtracts the n word product from q. This is needed
+     * when subtracting qhat*divisor from dividend.
+     */
+    private int mulsub(int[] q, int[] a, int x, int len, int offset) {
+        long xLong = x & LONG_MASK;
+        long carry = 0;
+        offset += len;
+
+        for (int j=len-1; j >= 0; j--) {
+            long product = (a[j] & LONG_MASK) * xLong + carry;
+            long difference = q[offset] - product;
+            q[offset--] = (int)difference;
+            carry = (product >>> 32)
+                     + (((difference & LONG_MASK) >
+                         (((~(int)product) & LONG_MASK))) ? 1:0);
+        }
+        return (int)carry;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Right shift this MutableBigInteger n bits, where n is
+     * less than 32.
+     * Assumes that intLen > 0, n > 0 for speed
+     */
+    private final void primitiveRightShift(int n) {
+        int[] val = value;
+        int n2 = 32 - n;
+        for (int i=offset+intLen-1, c=val[i]; i>offset; i--) {
+            int b = c;
+            c = val[i-1];
+            val[i] = (c << n2) | (b >>> n);
+        }
+        val[offset] >>>= n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Left shift this MutableBigInteger n bits, where n is
+     * less than 32.
+     * Assumes that intLen > 0, n > 0 for speed
+     */
+    private final void primitiveLeftShift(int n) {
+        int[] val = value;
+        int n2 = 32 - n;
+        for (int i=offset, c=val[i], m=i+intLen-1; i<m; i++) {
+            int b = c;
+            c = val[i+1];
+            val[i] = (b << n) | (c >>> n2);
+        }
+        val[offset+intLen-1] <<= n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the contents of two MutableBigInteger objects.The result
+     * is placed within this MutableBigInteger.
+     * The contents of the addend are not changed.
+     */
+    void add(MutableBigInteger addend) {
+        int x = intLen;
+        int y = addend.intLen;
+        int resultLen = (intLen > addend.intLen ? intLen : addend.intLen);
+        int[] result = (value.length < resultLen ? new int[resultLen] : value);
+
+        int rstart = result.length-1;
+        long sum;
+        long carry = 0;
+
+        // Add common parts of both numbers
+        while(x>0 && y>0) {
+            x--; y--;
+            sum = (value[x+offset] & LONG_MASK) +
+                (addend.value[y+addend.offset] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            result[rstart--] = (int)sum;
+            carry = sum >>> 32;
+        }
+
+        // Add remainder of the longer number
+        while(x>0) {
+            x--;
+            if (carry == 0 && result == value && rstart == (x + offset))
+                return;
+            sum = (value[x+offset] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            result[rstart--] = (int)sum;
+            carry = sum >>> 32;
+        }
+        while(y>0) {
+            y--;
+            sum = (addend.value[y+addend.offset] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            result[rstart--] = (int)sum;
+            carry = sum >>> 32;
+        }
+
+        if (carry > 0) { // Result must grow in length
+            resultLen++;
+            if (result.length < resultLen) {
+                int temp[] = new int[resultLen];
+                // Result one word longer from carry-out; copy low-order
+                // bits into new result.
+                System.arraycopy(result, 0, temp, 1, result.length);
+                temp[0] = 1;
+                result = temp;
+            } else {
+                result[rstart--] = 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        value = result;
+        intLen = resultLen;
+        offset = result.length - resultLen;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts the smaller of this and b from the larger and places the
+     * result into this MutableBigInteger.
+     */
+    int subtract(MutableBigInteger b) {
+        MutableBigInteger a = this;
+
+        int[] result = value;
+        int sign = a.compare(b);
+
+        if (sign == 0) {
+            reset();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (sign < 0) {
+            MutableBigInteger tmp = a;
+            a = b;
+            b = tmp;
+        }
+
+        int resultLen = a.intLen;
+        if (result.length < resultLen)
+            result = new int[resultLen];
+
+        long diff = 0;
+        int x = a.intLen;
+        int y = b.intLen;
+        int rstart = result.length - 1;
+
+        // Subtract common parts of both numbers
+        while (y>0) {
+            x--; y--;
+
+            diff = (a.value[x+a.offset] & LONG_MASK) -
+                   (b.value[y+b.offset] & LONG_MASK) - ((int)-(diff>>32));
+            result[rstart--] = (int)diff;
+        }
+        // Subtract remainder of longer number
+        while (x>0) {
+            x--;
+            diff = (a.value[x+a.offset] & LONG_MASK) - ((int)-(diff>>32));
+            result[rstart--] = (int)diff;
+        }
+
+        value = result;
+        intLen = resultLen;
+        offset = value.length - resultLen;
+        normalize();
+        return sign;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts the smaller of a and b from the larger and places the result
+     * into the larger. Returns 1 if the answer is in a, -1 if in b, 0 if no
+     * operation was performed.
+     */
+    private int difference(MutableBigInteger b) {
+        MutableBigInteger a = this;
+        int sign = a.compare(b);
+        if (sign ==0)
+            return 0;
+        if (sign < 0) {
+            MutableBigInteger tmp = a;
+            a = b;
+            b = tmp;
+        }
+
+        long diff = 0;
+        int x = a.intLen;
+        int y = b.intLen;
+
+        // Subtract common parts of both numbers
+        while (y>0) {
+            x--; y--;
+            diff = (a.value[a.offset+ x] & LONG_MASK) -
+                (b.value[b.offset+ y] & LONG_MASK) - ((int)-(diff>>32));
+            a.value[a.offset+x] = (int)diff;
+        }
+        // Subtract remainder of longer number
+        while (x>0) {
+            x--;
+            diff = (a.value[a.offset+ x] & LONG_MASK) - ((int)-(diff>>32));
+            a.value[a.offset+x] = (int)diff;
+        }
+
+        a.normalize();
+        return sign;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiply the contents of two MutableBigInteger objects. The result is
+     * placed into MutableBigInteger z. The contents of y are not changed.
+     */
+    void multiply(MutableBigInteger y, MutableBigInteger z) {
+        int xLen = intLen;
+        int yLen = y.intLen;
+        int newLen = xLen + yLen;
+
+        // Put z into an appropriate state to receive product
+        if (z.value.length < newLen)
+            z.value = new int[newLen];
+        z.offset = 0;
+        z.intLen = newLen;
+
+        // The first iteration is hoisted out of the loop to avoid extra add
+        long carry = 0;
+        for (int j=yLen-1, k=yLen+xLen-1; j >= 0; j--, k--) {
+                long product = (y.value[j+y.offset] & LONG_MASK) *
+                               (value[xLen-1+offset] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+                z.value[k] = (int)product;
+                carry = product >>> 32;
+        }
+        z.value[xLen-1] = (int)carry;
+
+        // Perform the multiplication word by word
+        for (int i = xLen-2; i >= 0; i--) {
+            carry = 0;
+            for (int j=yLen-1, k=yLen+i; j >= 0; j--, k--) {
+                long product = (y.value[j+y.offset] & LONG_MASK) *
+                               (value[i+offset] & LONG_MASK) +
+                               (z.value[k] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+                z.value[k] = (int)product;
+                carry = product >>> 32;
+            }
+            z.value[i] = (int)carry;
+        }
+
+        // Remove leading zeros from product
+        z.normalize();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiply the contents of this MutableBigInteger by the word y. The
+     * result is placed into z.
+     */
+    void mul(int y, MutableBigInteger z) {
+        if (y == 1) {
+            z.copyValue(this);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (y == 0) {
+            z.clear();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Perform the multiplication word by word
+        long ylong = y & LONG_MASK;
+        int[] zval = (z.value.length<intLen+1 ? new int[intLen + 1]
+                                              : z.value);
+        long carry = 0;
+        for (int i = intLen-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            long product = ylong * (value[i+offset] & LONG_MASK) + carry;
+            zval[i+1] = (int)product;
+            carry = product >>> 32;
+        }
+
+        if (carry == 0) {
+            z.offset = 1;
+            z.intLen = intLen;
+        } else {
+            z.offset = 0;
+            z.intLen = intLen + 1;
+            zval[0] = (int)carry;
+        }
+        z.value = zval;
+    }
+
+     /**
+     * This method is used for division of an n word dividend by a one word
+     * divisor. The quotient is placed into quotient. The one word divisor is
+     * specified by divisor.
+     *
+     * @return the remainder of the division is returned.
+     *
+     */
+    int divideOneWord(int divisor, MutableBigInteger quotient) {
+        long divisorLong = divisor & LONG_MASK;
+
+        // Special case of one word dividend
+        if (intLen == 1) {
+            long dividendValue = value[offset] & LONG_MASK;
+            int q = (int) (dividendValue / divisorLong);
+            int r = (int) (dividendValue - q * divisorLong);
+            quotient.value[0] = q;
+            quotient.intLen = (q == 0) ? 0 : 1;
+            quotient.offset = 0;
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        if (quotient.value.length < intLen)
+            quotient.value = new int[intLen];
+        quotient.offset = 0;
+        quotient.intLen = intLen;
+
+        // Normalize the divisor
+        int shift = Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(divisor);
+
+        int rem = value[offset];
+        long remLong = rem & LONG_MASK;
+        if (remLong < divisorLong) {
+            quotient.value[0] = 0;
+        } else {
+            quotient.value[0] = (int)(remLong / divisorLong);
+            rem = (int) (remLong - (quotient.value[0] * divisorLong));
+            remLong = rem & LONG_MASK;
+        }
+
+        int xlen = intLen;
+        int[] qWord = new int[2];
+        while (--xlen > 0) {
+            long dividendEstimate = (remLong<<32) |
+                (value[offset + intLen - xlen] & LONG_MASK);
+            if (dividendEstimate >= 0) {
+                qWord[0] = (int) (dividendEstimate / divisorLong);
+                qWord[1] = (int) (dividendEstimate - qWord[0] * divisorLong);
+            } else {
+                divWord(qWord, dividendEstimate, divisor);
+            }
+            quotient.value[intLen - xlen] = qWord[0];
+            rem = qWord[1];
+            remLong = rem & LONG_MASK;
+        }
+
+        quotient.normalize();
+        // Unnormalize
+        if (shift > 0)
+            return rem % divisor;
+        else
+            return rem;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the quotient of this div b and places the quotient in the
+     * provided MutableBigInteger objects and the remainder object is returned.
+     *
+     * Uses Algorithm D in Knuth section 4.3.1.
+     * Many optimizations to that algorithm have been adapted from the Colin
+     * Plumb C library.
+     * It special cases one word divisors for speed. The content of b is not
+     * changed.
+     *
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger divide(MutableBigInteger b, MutableBigInteger quotient) {
+        if (b.intLen == 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger divide by zero");
+
+        // Dividend is zero
+        if (intLen == 0) {
+            quotient.intLen = quotient.offset;
+            return new MutableBigInteger();
+        }
+
+        int cmp = compare(b);
+        // Dividend less than divisor
+        if (cmp < 0) {
+            quotient.intLen = quotient.offset = 0;
+            return new MutableBigInteger(this);
+        }
+        // Dividend equal to divisor
+        if (cmp == 0) {
+            quotient.value[0] = quotient.intLen = 1;
+            quotient.offset = 0;
+            return new MutableBigInteger();
+        }
+
+        quotient.clear();
+        // Special case one word divisor
+        if (b.intLen == 1) {
+            int r = divideOneWord(b.value[b.offset], quotient);
+            if (r == 0)
+                return new MutableBigInteger();
+            return new MutableBigInteger(r);
+        }
+
+        // Copy divisor value to protect divisor
+        int[] div = Arrays.copyOfRange(b.value, b.offset, b.offset + b.intLen);
+        return divideMagnitude(div, quotient);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internally used  to calculate the quotient of this div v and places the
+     * quotient in the provided MutableBigInteger object and the remainder is
+     * returned.
+     *
+     * @return the remainder of the division will be returned.
+     */
+    long divide(long v, MutableBigInteger quotient) {
+        if (v == 0)
+            throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger divide by zero");
+
+        // Dividend is zero
+        if (intLen == 0) {
+            quotient.intLen = quotient.offset = 0;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (v < 0)
+            v = -v;
+
+        int d = (int)(v >>> 32);
+        quotient.clear();
+        // Special case on word divisor
+        if (d == 0)
+            return divideOneWord((int)v, quotient) & LONG_MASK;
+        else {
+            int[] div = new int[]{ d, (int)(v & LONG_MASK) };
+            return divideMagnitude(div, quotient).toLong();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Divide this MutableBigInteger by the divisor represented by its magnitude
+     * array. The quotient will be placed into the provided quotient object &
+     * the remainder object is returned.
+     */
+    private MutableBigInteger divideMagnitude(int[] divisor,
+                                              MutableBigInteger quotient) {
+
+        // Remainder starts as dividend with space for a leading zero
+        MutableBigInteger rem = new MutableBigInteger(new int[intLen + 1]);
+        System.arraycopy(value, offset, rem.value, 1, intLen);
+        rem.intLen = intLen;
+        rem.offset = 1;
+
+        int nlen = rem.intLen;
+
+        // Set the quotient size
+        int dlen = divisor.length;
+        int limit = nlen - dlen + 1;
+        if (quotient.value.length < limit) {
+            quotient.value = new int[limit];
+            quotient.offset = 0;
+        }
+        quotient.intLen = limit;
+        int[] q = quotient.value;
+
+        // D1 normalize the divisor
+        int shift = Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(divisor[0]);
+        if (shift > 0) {
+            // First shift will not grow array
+            BigInteger.primitiveLeftShift(divisor, dlen, shift);
+            // But this one might
+            rem.leftShift(shift);
+        }
+
+        // Must insert leading 0 in rem if its length did not change
+        if (rem.intLen == nlen) {
+            rem.offset = 0;
+            rem.value[0] = 0;
+            rem.intLen++;
+        }
+
+        int dh = divisor[0];
+        long dhLong = dh & LONG_MASK;
+        int dl = divisor[1];
+        int[] qWord = new int[2];
+
+        // D2 Initialize j
+        for(int j=0; j<limit; j++) {
+            // D3 Calculate qhat
+            // estimate qhat
+            int qhat = 0;
+            int qrem = 0;
+            boolean skipCorrection = false;
+            int nh = rem.value[j+rem.offset];
+            int nh2 = nh + 0x80000000;
+            int nm = rem.value[j+1+rem.offset];
+
+            if (nh == dh) {
+                qhat = ~0;
+                qrem = nh + nm;
+                skipCorrection = qrem + 0x80000000 < nh2;
+            } else {
+                long nChunk = (((long)nh) << 32) | (nm & LONG_MASK);
+                if (nChunk >= 0) {
+                    qhat = (int) (nChunk / dhLong);
+                    qrem = (int) (nChunk - (qhat * dhLong));
+                } else {
+                    divWord(qWord, nChunk, dh);
+                    qhat = qWord[0];
+                    qrem = qWord[1];
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (qhat == 0)
+                continue;
+
+            if (!skipCorrection) { // Correct qhat
+                long nl = rem.value[j+2+rem.offset] & LONG_MASK;
+                long rs = ((qrem & LONG_MASK) << 32) | nl;
+                long estProduct = (dl & LONG_MASK) * (qhat & LONG_MASK);
+
+                if (unsignedLongCompare(estProduct, rs)) {
+                    qhat--;
+                    qrem = (int)((qrem & LONG_MASK) + dhLong);
+                    if ((qrem & LONG_MASK) >=  dhLong) {
+                        estProduct -= (dl & LONG_MASK);
+                        rs = ((qrem & LONG_MASK) << 32) | nl;
+                        if (unsignedLongCompare(estProduct, rs))
+                            qhat--;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // D4 Multiply and subtract
+            rem.value[j+rem.offset] = 0;
+            int borrow = mulsub(rem.value, divisor, qhat, dlen, j+rem.offset);
+
+            // D5 Test remainder
+            if (borrow + 0x80000000 > nh2) {
+                // D6 Add back
+                divadd(divisor, rem.value, j+1+rem.offset);
+                qhat--;
+            }
+
+            // Store the quotient digit
+            q[j] = qhat;
+        } // D7 loop on j
+
+        // D8 Unnormalize
+        if (shift > 0)
+            rem.rightShift(shift);
+
+        quotient.normalize();
+        rem.normalize();
+        return rem;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare two longs as if they were unsigned.
+     * Returns true iff one is bigger than two.
+     */
+    private boolean unsignedLongCompare(long one, long two) {
+        return (one+Long.MIN_VALUE) > (two+Long.MIN_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method divides a long quantity by an int to estimate
+     * qhat for two multi precision numbers. It is used when
+     * the signed value of n is less than zero.
+     */
+    private void divWord(int[] result, long n, int d) {
+        long dLong = d & LONG_MASK;
+
+        if (dLong == 1) {
+            result[0] = (int)n;
+            result[1] = 0;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Approximate the quotient and remainder
+        long q = (n >>> 1) / (dLong >>> 1);
+        long r = n - q*dLong;
+
+        // Correct the approximation
+        while (r < 0) {
+            r += dLong;
+            q--;
+        }
+        while (r >= dLong) {
+            r -= dLong;
+            q++;
+        }
+
+        // n - q*dlong == r && 0 <= r <dLong, hence we're done.
+        result[0] = (int)q;
+        result[1] = (int)r;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate GCD of this and b. This and b are changed by the computation.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger hybridGCD(MutableBigInteger b) {
+        // Use Euclid's algorithm until the numbers are approximately the
+        // same length, then use the binary GCD algorithm to find the GCD.
+        MutableBigInteger a = this;
+        MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger();
+
+        while (b.intLen != 0) {
+            if (Math.abs(a.intLen - b.intLen) < 2)
+                return a.binaryGCD(b);
+
+            MutableBigInteger r = a.divide(b, q);
+            a = b;
+            b = r;
+        }
+        return a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate GCD of this and v.
+     * Assumes that this and v are not zero.
+     */
+    private MutableBigInteger binaryGCD(MutableBigInteger v) {
+        // Algorithm B from Knuth section 4.5.2
+        MutableBigInteger u = this;
+        MutableBigInteger r = new MutableBigInteger();
+
+        // step B1
+        int s1 = u.getLowestSetBit();
+        int s2 = v.getLowestSetBit();
+        int k = (s1 < s2) ? s1 : s2;
+        if (k != 0) {
+            u.rightShift(k);
+            v.rightShift(k);
+        }
+
+        // step B2
+        boolean uOdd = (k==s1);
+        MutableBigInteger t = uOdd ? v: u;
+        int tsign = uOdd ? -1 : 1;
+
+        int lb;
+        while ((lb = t.getLowestSetBit()) >= 0) {
+            // steps B3 and B4
+            t.rightShift(lb);
+            // step B5
+            if (tsign > 0)
+                u = t;
+            else
+                v = t;
+
+            // Special case one word numbers
+            if (u.intLen < 2 && v.intLen < 2) {
+                int x = u.value[u.offset];
+                int y = v.value[v.offset];
+                x  = binaryGcd(x, y);
+                r.value[0] = x;
+                r.intLen = 1;
+                r.offset = 0;
+                if (k > 0)
+                    r.leftShift(k);
+                return r;
+            }
+
+            // step B6
+            if ((tsign = u.difference(v)) == 0)
+                break;
+            t = (tsign >= 0) ? u : v;
+        }
+
+        if (k > 0)
+            u.leftShift(k);
+        return u;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate GCD of a and b interpreted as unsigned integers.
+     */
+    static int binaryGcd(int a, int b) {
+        if (b==0)
+            return a;
+        if (a==0)
+            return b;
+
+        // Right shift a & b till their last bits equal to 1.
+        int aZeros = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(a);
+        int bZeros = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(b);
+        a >>>= aZeros;
+        b >>>= bZeros;
+
+        int t = (aZeros < bZeros ? aZeros : bZeros);
+
+        while (a != b) {
+            if ((a+0x80000000) > (b+0x80000000)) {  // a > b as unsigned
+                a -= b;
+                a >>>= Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(a);
+            } else {
+                b -= a;
+                b >>>= Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(b);
+            }
+        }
+        return a<<t;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the modInverse of this mod p. This and p are not affected by
+     * the operation.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger mutableModInverse(MutableBigInteger p) {
+        // Modulus is odd, use Schroeppel's algorithm
+        if (p.isOdd())
+            return modInverse(p);
+
+        // Base and modulus are even, throw exception
+        if (isEven())
+            throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible.");
+
+        // Get even part of modulus expressed as a power of 2
+        int powersOf2 = p.getLowestSetBit();
+
+        // Construct odd part of modulus
+        MutableBigInteger oddMod = new MutableBigInteger(p);
+        oddMod.rightShift(powersOf2);
+
+        if (oddMod.isOne())
+            return modInverseMP2(powersOf2);
+
+        // Calculate 1/a mod oddMod
+        MutableBigInteger oddPart = modInverse(oddMod);
+
+        // Calculate 1/a mod evenMod
+        MutableBigInteger evenPart = modInverseMP2(powersOf2);
+
+        // Combine the results using Chinese Remainder Theorem
+        MutableBigInteger y1 = modInverseBP2(oddMod, powersOf2);
+        MutableBigInteger y2 = oddMod.modInverseMP2(powersOf2);
+
+        MutableBigInteger temp1 = new MutableBigInteger();
+        MutableBigInteger temp2 = new MutableBigInteger();
+        MutableBigInteger result = new MutableBigInteger();
+
+        oddPart.leftShift(powersOf2);
+        oddPart.multiply(y1, result);
+
+        evenPart.multiply(oddMod, temp1);
+        temp1.multiply(y2, temp2);
+
+        result.add(temp2);
+        return result.divide(p, temp1);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Calculate the multiplicative inverse of this mod 2^k.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger modInverseMP2(int k) {
+        if (isEven())
+            throw new ArithmeticException("Non-invertible. (GCD != 1)");
+
+        if (k > 64)
+            return euclidModInverse(k);
+
+        int t = inverseMod32(value[offset+intLen-1]);
+
+        if (k < 33) {
+            t = (k == 32 ? t : t & ((1 << k) - 1));
+            return new MutableBigInteger(t);
+        }
+
+        long pLong = (value[offset+intLen-1] & LONG_MASK);
+        if (intLen > 1)
+            pLong |=  ((long)value[offset+intLen-2] << 32);
+        long tLong = t & LONG_MASK;
+        tLong = tLong * (2 - pLong * tLong);  // 1 more Newton iter step
+        tLong = (k == 64 ? tLong : tLong & ((1L << k) - 1));
+
+        MutableBigInteger result = new MutableBigInteger(new int[2]);
+        result.value[0] = (int)(tLong >>> 32);
+        result.value[1] = (int)tLong;
+        result.intLen = 2;
+        result.normalize();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Returns the multiplicative inverse of val mod 2^32.  Assumes val is odd.
+     */
+    static int inverseMod32(int val) {
+        // Newton's iteration!
+        int t = val;
+        t *= 2 - val*t;
+        t *= 2 - val*t;
+        t *= 2 - val*t;
+        t *= 2 - val*t;
+        return t;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Calculate the multiplicative inverse of 2^k mod mod, where mod is odd.
+     */
+    static MutableBigInteger modInverseBP2(MutableBigInteger mod, int k) {
+        // Copy the mod to protect original
+        return fixup(new MutableBigInteger(1), new MutableBigInteger(mod), k);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate the multiplicative inverse of this mod mod, where mod is odd.
+     * This and mod are not changed by the calculation.
+     *
+     * This method implements an algorithm due to Richard Schroeppel, that uses
+     * the same intermediate representation as Montgomery Reduction
+     * ("Montgomery Form").  The algorithm is described in an unpublished
+     * manuscript entitled "Fast Modular Reciprocals."
+     */
+    private MutableBigInteger modInverse(MutableBigInteger mod) {
+        MutableBigInteger p = new MutableBigInteger(mod);
+        MutableBigInteger f = new MutableBigInteger(this);
+        MutableBigInteger g = new MutableBigInteger(p);
+        SignedMutableBigInteger c = new SignedMutableBigInteger(1);
+        SignedMutableBigInteger d = new SignedMutableBigInteger();
+        MutableBigInteger temp = null;
+        SignedMutableBigInteger sTemp = null;
+
+        int k = 0;
+        // Right shift f k times until odd, left shift d k times
+        if (f.isEven()) {
+            int trailingZeros = f.getLowestSetBit();
+            f.rightShift(trailingZeros);
+            d.leftShift(trailingZeros);
+            k = trailingZeros;
+        }
+
+        // The Almost Inverse Algorithm
+        while(!f.isOne()) {
+            // If gcd(f, g) != 1, number is not invertible modulo mod
+            if (f.isZero())
+                throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible.");
+
+            // If f < g exchange f, g and c, d
+            if (f.compare(g) < 0) {
+                temp = f; f = g; g = temp;
+                sTemp = d; d = c; c = sTemp;
+            }
+
+            // If f == g (mod 4)
+            if (((f.value[f.offset + f.intLen - 1] ^
+                 g.value[g.offset + g.intLen - 1]) & 3) == 0) {
+                f.subtract(g);
+                c.signedSubtract(d);
+            } else { // If f != g (mod 4)
+                f.add(g);
+                c.signedAdd(d);
+            }
+
+            // Right shift f k times until odd, left shift d k times
+            int trailingZeros = f.getLowestSetBit();
+            f.rightShift(trailingZeros);
+            d.leftShift(trailingZeros);
+            k += trailingZeros;
+        }
+
+        while (c.sign < 0)
+           c.signedAdd(p);
+
+        return fixup(c, p, k);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The Fixup Algorithm
+     * Calculates X such that X = C * 2^(-k) (mod P)
+     * Assumes C<P and P is odd.
+     */
+    static MutableBigInteger fixup(MutableBigInteger c, MutableBigInteger p,
+                                                                      int k) {
+        MutableBigInteger temp = new MutableBigInteger();
+        // Set r to the multiplicative inverse of p mod 2^32
+        int r = -inverseMod32(p.value[p.offset+p.intLen-1]);
+
+        for(int i=0, numWords = k >> 5; i<numWords; i++) {
+            // V = R * c (mod 2^j)
+            int  v = r * c.value[c.offset + c.intLen-1];
+            // c = c + (v * p)
+            p.mul(v, temp);
+            c.add(temp);
+            // c = c / 2^j
+            c.intLen--;
+        }
+        int numBits = k & 0x1f;
+        if (numBits != 0) {
+            // V = R * c (mod 2^j)
+            int v = r * c.value[c.offset + c.intLen-1];
+            v &= ((1<<numBits) - 1);
+            // c = c + (v * p)
+            p.mul(v, temp);
+            c.add(temp);
+            // c = c / 2^j
+            c.rightShift(numBits);
+        }
+
+        // In theory, c may be greater than p at this point (Very rare!)
+        while (c.compare(p) >= 0)
+            c.subtract(p);
+
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses the extended Euclidean algorithm to compute the modInverse of base
+     * mod a modulus that is a power of 2. The modulus is 2^k.
+     */
+    MutableBigInteger euclidModInverse(int k) {
+        MutableBigInteger b = new MutableBigInteger(1);
+        b.leftShift(k);
+        MutableBigInteger mod = new MutableBigInteger(b);
+
+        MutableBigInteger a = new MutableBigInteger(this);
+        MutableBigInteger q = new MutableBigInteger();
+        MutableBigInteger r = b.divide(a, q);
+
+        MutableBigInteger swapper = b;
+        // swap b & r
+        b = r;
+        r = swapper;
+
+        MutableBigInteger t1 = new MutableBigInteger(q);
+        MutableBigInteger t0 = new MutableBigInteger(1);
+        MutableBigInteger temp = new MutableBigInteger();
+
+        while (!b.isOne()) {
+            r = a.divide(b, q);
+
+            if (r.intLen == 0)
+                throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible.");
+
+            swapper = r;
+            a = swapper;
+
+            if (q.intLen == 1)
+                t1.mul(q.value[q.offset], temp);
+            else
+                q.multiply(t1, temp);
+            swapper = q;
+            q = temp;
+            temp = swapper;
+            t0.add(q);
+
+            if (a.isOne())
+                return t0;
+
+            r = b.divide(a, q);
+
+            if (r.intLen == 0)
+                throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible.");
+
+            swapper = b;
+            b =  r;
+
+            if (q.intLen == 1)
+                t0.mul(q.value[q.offset], temp);
+            else
+                q.multiply(t0, temp);
+            swapper = q; q = temp; temp = swapper;
+
+            t1.add(q);
+        }
+        mod.subtract(t1);
+        return mod;
+    }
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/RoundingMode.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/RoundingMode.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Portions Copyright IBM Corporation, 2001. All Rights Reserved.
+ */
+package java.math;
+
+/**
+ * Specifies a <i>rounding behavior</i> for numerical operations
+ * capable of discarding precision. Each rounding mode indicates how
+ * the least significant returned digit of a rounded result is to be
+ * calculated.  If fewer digits are returned than the digits needed to
+ * represent the exact numerical result, the discarded digits will be
+ * referred to as the <i>discarded fraction</i> regardless the digits'
+ * contribution to the value of the number.  In other words,
+ * considered as a numerical value, the discarded fraction could have
+ * an absolute value greater than one.
+ *
+ * <p>Each rounding mode description includes a table listing how
+ * different two-digit decimal values would round to a one digit
+ * decimal value under the rounding mode in question.  The result
+ * column in the tables could be gotten by creating a
+ * {@code BigDecimal} number with the specified value, forming a
+ * {@link MathContext} object with the proper settings
+ * ({@code precision} set to {@code 1}, and the
+ * {@code roundingMode} set to the rounding mode in question), and
+ * calling {@link BigDecimal#round round} on this number with the
+ * proper {@code MathContext}.  A summary table showing the results
+ * of these rounding operations for all rounding modes appears below.
+ *
+ *<p>
+ *<table border>
+ * <caption><b>Summary of Rounding Operations Under Different Rounding Modes</b></caption>
+ * <tr><th></th><th colspan=8>Result of rounding input to one digit with the given
+ *                           rounding mode</th>
+ * <tr valign=top>
+ * <th>Input Number</th>         <th>{@code UP}</th>
+ *                                           <th>{@code DOWN}</th>
+ *                                                        <th>{@code CEILING}</th>
+ *                                                                       <th>{@code FLOOR}</th>
+ *                                                                                    <th>{@code HALF_UP}</th>
+ *                                                                                                   <th>{@code HALF_DOWN}</th>
+ *                                                                                                                    <th>{@code HALF_EVEN}</th>
+ *                                                                                                                                     <th>{@code UNNECESSARY}</th>
+ *
+ * <tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>6</td>  <td>5</td>    <td>6</td>    <td>5</td>  <td>6</td>      <td>5</td>       <td>6</td>       <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>3</td>  <td>2</td>    <td>3</td>    <td>2</td>  <td>3</td>      <td>2</td>       <td>2</td>       <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>2</td>  <td>1</td>    <td>2</td>    <td>1</td>  <td>2</td>      <td>2</td>       <td>2</td>       <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>2</td>  <td>1</td>    <td>2</td>    <td>1</td>  <td>1</td>      <td>1</td>       <td>1</td>       <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>  <td>1</td>    <td>1</td>    <td>1</td>  <td>1</td>      <td>1</td>       <td>1</td>       <td>1</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td> <td>-1</td>   <td>-1</td>   <td>-1</td> <td>-1</td>     <td>-1</td>      <td>-1</td>      <td>-1</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-2</td> <td>-1</td>   <td>-1</td>   <td>-2</td> <td>-1</td>     <td>-1</td>      <td>-1</td>      <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-2</td> <td>-1</td>   <td>-1</td>   <td>-2</td> <td>-2</td>     <td>-2</td>      <td>-2</td>      <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-3</td> <td>-2</td>   <td>-2</td>   <td>-3</td> <td>-3</td>     <td>-2</td>      <td>-2</td>      <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ * <tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-6</td> <td>-5</td>   <td>-5</td>   <td>-6</td> <td>-6</td>     <td>-5</td>      <td>-6</td>      <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+ *</table>
+ *
+ *
+ * <p>This {@code enum} is intended to replace the integer-based
+ * enumeration of rounding mode constants in {@link BigDecimal}
+ * ({@link BigDecimal#ROUND_UP}, {@link BigDecimal#ROUND_DOWN},
+ * etc. ).
+ *
+ * @see     BigDecimal
+ * @see     MathContext
+ * @author  Josh Bloch
+ * @author  Mike Cowlishaw
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @since 1.5
+ */
+public enum RoundingMode {
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to round away from zero.  Always increments the
+         * digit prior to a non-zero discarded fraction.  Note that this
+         * rounding mode never decreases the magnitude of the calculated
+         * value.
+         *
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code UP} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>6</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>3</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-3</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-6</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    UP(BigDecimal.ROUND_UP),
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to round towards zero.  Never increments the digit
+         * prior to a discarded fraction (i.e., truncates).  Note that this
+         * rounding mode never increases the magnitude of the calculated value.
+         *
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code DOWN} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>5</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-5</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    DOWN(BigDecimal.ROUND_DOWN),
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to round towards positive infinity.  If the
+         * result is positive, behaves as for {@code RoundingMode.UP};
+         * if negative, behaves as for {@code RoundingMode.DOWN}.  Note
+         * that this rounding mode never decreases the calculated value.
+         *
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code CEILING} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>6</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>3</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-5</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    CEILING(BigDecimal.ROUND_CEILING),
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to round towards negative infinity.  If the
+         * result is positive, behave as for {@code RoundingMode.DOWN};
+         * if negative, behave as for {@code RoundingMode.UP}.  Note that
+         * this rounding mode never increases the calculated value.
+         *
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code FLOOR} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>5</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-3</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-6</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    FLOOR(BigDecimal.ROUND_FLOOR),
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to round towards {@literal "nearest neighbor"}
+         * unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round up.
+         * Behaves as for {@code RoundingMode.UP} if the discarded
+         * fraction is &ge; 0.5; otherwise, behaves as for
+         * {@code RoundingMode.DOWN}.  Note that this is the rounding
+         * mode commonly taught at school.
+         *
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code HALF_UP} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>6</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>3</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-3</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-6</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    HALF_UP(BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_UP),
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to round towards {@literal "nearest neighbor"}
+         * unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round
+         * down.  Behaves as for {@code RoundingMode.UP} if the discarded
+         * fraction is &gt; 0.5; otherwise, behaves as for
+         * {@code RoundingMode.DOWN}.
+         *
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code HALF_DOWN} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>5</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-5</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    HALF_DOWN(BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN),
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to round towards the {@literal "nearest neighbor"}
+         * unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case, round
+         * towards the even neighbor.  Behaves as for
+         * {@code RoundingMode.HALF_UP} if the digit to the left of the
+         * discarded fraction is odd; behaves as for
+         * {@code RoundingMode.HALF_DOWN} if it's even.  Note that this
+         * is the rounding mode that statistically minimizes cumulative
+         * error when applied repeatedly over a sequence of calculations.
+         * It is sometimes known as {@literal "Banker's rounding,"} and is
+         * chiefly used in the USA.  This rounding mode is analogous to
+         * the rounding policy used for {@code float} and {@code double}
+         * arithmetic in Java.
+         *
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code HALF_EVEN} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>6</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>-2</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>-6</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    HALF_EVEN(BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN),
+
+        /**
+         * Rounding mode to assert that the requested operation has an exact
+         * result, hence no rounding is necessary.  If this rounding mode is
+         * specified on an operation that yields an inexact result, an
+         * {@code ArithmeticException} is thrown.
+         *<p>Example:
+         *<table border>
+         *<tr valign=top><th>Input Number</th>
+         *    <th>Input rounded to one digit<br> with {@code UNNECESSARY} rounding
+         *<tr align=right><td>5.5</td>  <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>2.5</td>  <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.6</td>  <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.1</td>  <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>1.0</td>  <td>1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.0</td> <td>-1</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.1</td> <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-1.6</td> <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-2.5</td> <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *<tr align=right><td>-5.5</td> <td>throw {@code ArithmeticException}</td>
+         *</table>
+         */
+    UNNECESSARY(BigDecimal.ROUND_UNNECESSARY);
+
+    // Corresponding BigDecimal rounding constant
+    final int oldMode;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param oldMode The {@code BigDecimal} constant corresponding to
+     *        this mode
+     */
+    private RoundingMode(int oldMode) {
+        this.oldMode = oldMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code RoundingMode} object corresponding to a
+     * legacy integer rounding mode constant in {@link BigDecimal}.
+     *
+     * @param  rm legacy integer rounding mode to convert
+     * @return {@code RoundingMode} corresponding to the given integer.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException integer is out of range
+     */
+    public static RoundingMode valueOf(int rm) {
+        switch(rm) {
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_UP:
+            return UP;
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_DOWN:
+            return DOWN;
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_CEILING:
+            return CEILING;
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_FLOOR:
+            return FLOOR;
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_UP:
+            return HALF_UP;
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN:
+            return HALF_DOWN;
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN:
+            return HALF_EVEN;
+
+        case BigDecimal.ROUND_UNNECESSARY:
+            return UNNECESSARY;
+
+        default:
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument out of range");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/SignedMutableBigInteger.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/SignedMutableBigInteger.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2007, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.math;
+
+/**
+ * A class used to represent multiprecision integers that makes efficient
+ * use of allocated space by allowing a number to occupy only part of
+ * an array so that the arrays do not have to be reallocated as often.
+ * When performing an operation with many iterations the array used to
+ * hold a number is only increased when necessary and does not have to
+ * be the same size as the number it represents. A mutable number allows
+ * calculations to occur on the same number without having to create
+ * a new number for every step of the calculation as occurs with
+ * BigIntegers.
+ *
+ * Note that SignedMutableBigIntegers only support signed addition and
+ * subtraction. All other operations occur as with MutableBigIntegers.
+ *
+ * @see     BigInteger
+ * @author  Michael McCloskey
+ * @since   1.3
+ */
+
+class SignedMutableBigInteger extends MutableBigInteger {
+
+   /**
+     * The sign of this MutableBigInteger.
+     */
+    int sign = 1;
+
+    // Constructors
+
+    /**
+     * The default constructor. An empty MutableBigInteger is created with
+     * a one word capacity.
+     */
+    SignedMutableBigInteger() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new MutableBigInteger with a magnitude specified by
+     * the int val.
+     */
+    SignedMutableBigInteger(int val) {
+        super(val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new MutableBigInteger with a magnitude equal to the
+     * specified MutableBigInteger.
+     */
+    SignedMutableBigInteger(MutableBigInteger val) {
+        super(val);
+    }
+
+   // Arithmetic Operations
+
+   /**
+     * Signed addition built upon unsigned add and subtract.
+     */
+    void signedAdd(SignedMutableBigInteger addend) {
+        if (sign == addend.sign)
+            add(addend);
+        else
+            sign = sign * subtract(addend);
+
+    }
+
+   /**
+     * Signed addition built upon unsigned add and subtract.
+     */
+    void signedAdd(MutableBigInteger addend) {
+        if (sign == 1)
+            add(addend);
+        else
+            sign = sign * subtract(addend);
+
+    }
+
+   /**
+     * Signed subtraction built upon unsigned add and subtract.
+     */
+    void signedSubtract(SignedMutableBigInteger addend) {
+        if (sign == addend.sign)
+            sign = sign * subtract(addend);
+        else
+            add(addend);
+
+    }
+
+   /**
+     * Signed subtraction built upon unsigned add and subtract.
+     */
+    void signedSubtract(MutableBigInteger addend) {
+        if (sign == 1)
+            sign = sign * subtract(addend);
+        else
+            add(addend);
+        if (intLen == 0)
+             sign = 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print out the first intLen ints of this MutableBigInteger's value
+     * array starting at offset.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.toBigInteger(sign).toString();
+    }
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/package-info.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/math/package-info.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1998, 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Provides classes for performing arbitrary-precision integer
+ * arithmetic ({@code BigInteger}) and arbitrary-precision decimal
+ * arithmetic ({@code BigDecimal}).  {@code BigInteger} is analogous
+ * to the primitive integer types except that it provides arbitrary
+ * precision, hence operations on {@code BigInteger}s do not overflow
+ * or lose precision.  In addition to standard arithmetic operations,
+ * {@code BigInteger} provides modular arithmetic, GCD calculation,
+ * primality testing, prime generation, bit manipulation, and a few
+ * other miscellaneous operations.
+ *
+ * {@code BigDecimal} provides arbitrary-precision signed decimal
+ * numbers suitable for currency calculations and the like.  {@code
+ * BigDecimal} gives the user complete control over rounding behavior,
+ * allowing the user to choose from a comprehensive set of eight
+ * rounding modes.
+ *
+ * @since JDK1.1
+ */
+package java.math;
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/net/URI.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/net/URI.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,3524 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.net;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.CharBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+import java.nio.charset.CoderResult;
+import java.nio.charset.CodingErrorAction;
+import java.nio.charset.CharacterCodingException;
+import java.text.Normalizer;
+import sun.nio.cs.ThreadLocalCoders;
+
+import java.lang.Character;             // for javadoc
+import java.lang.NullPointerException;  // for javadoc
+
+
+/**
+ * Represents a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) reference.
+ *
+ * <p> Aside from some minor deviations noted below, an instance of this
+ * class represents a URI reference as defined by
+ * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt"><i>RFC&nbsp;2396: Uniform
+ * Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>, amended by <a
+ * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt"><i>RFC&nbsp;2732: Format for
+ * Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs</i></a>. The Literal IPv6 address format
+ * also supports scope_ids. The syntax and usage of scope_ids is described
+ * <a href="Inet6Address.html#scoped">here</a>.
+ * This class provides constructors for creating URI instances from
+ * their components or by parsing their string forms, methods for accessing the
+ * various components of an instance, and methods for normalizing, resolving,
+ * and relativizing URI instances.  Instances of this class are immutable.
+ *
+ *
+ * <h4> URI syntax and components </h4>
+ *
+ * At the highest level a URI reference (hereinafter simply "URI") in string
+ * form has the syntax
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * [<i>scheme</i><tt><b>:</b></tt><i></i>]<i>scheme-specific-part</i>[<tt><b>#</b></tt><i>fragment</i>]
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * where square brackets [...] delineate optional components and the characters
+ * <tt><b>:</b></tt> and <tt><b>#</b></tt> stand for themselves.
+ *
+ * <p> An <i>absolute</i> URI specifies a scheme; a URI that is not absolute is
+ * said to be <i>relative</i>.  URIs are also classified according to whether
+ * they are <i>opaque</i> or <i>hierarchical</i>.
+ *
+ * <p> An <i>opaque</i> URI is an absolute URI whose scheme-specific part does
+ * not begin with a slash character (<tt>'/'</tt>).  Opaque URIs are not
+ * subject to further parsing.  Some examples of opaque URIs are:
+ *
+ * <blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 summary="layout">
+ * <tr><td><tt>mailto:java-net@java.sun.com</tt><td></tr>
+ * <tr><td><tt>news:comp.lang.java</tt><td></tr>
+ * <tr><td><tt>urn:isbn:096139210x</tt></td></tr>
+ * </table></blockquote>
+ *
+ * <p> A <i>hierarchical</i> URI is either an absolute URI whose
+ * scheme-specific part begins with a slash character, or a relative URI, that
+ * is, a URI that does not specify a scheme.  Some examples of hierarchical
+ * URIs are:
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/</tt><br>
+ * <tt>docs/guide/collections/designfaq.html#28</tt><br>
+ * <tt>../../../demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java</tt><br>
+ * <tt>file:///~/calendar</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * <p> A hierarchical URI is subject to further parsing according to the syntax
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * [<i>scheme</i><tt><b>:</b></tt>][<tt><b>//</b></tt><i>authority</i>][<i>path</i>][<tt><b>?</b></tt><i>query</i>][<tt><b>#</b></tt><i>fragment</i>]
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * where the characters <tt><b>:</b></tt>, <tt><b>/</b></tt>,
+ * <tt><b>?</b></tt>, and <tt><b>#</b></tt> stand for themselves.  The
+ * scheme-specific part of a hierarchical URI consists of the characters
+ * between the scheme and fragment components.
+ *
+ * <p> The authority component of a hierarchical URI is, if specified, either
+ * <i>server-based</i> or <i>registry-based</i>.  A server-based authority
+ * parses according to the familiar syntax
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * [<i>user-info</i><tt><b>@</b></tt>]<i>host</i>[<tt><b>:</b></tt><i>port</i>]
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * where the characters <tt><b>@</b></tt> and <tt><b>:</b></tt> stand for
+ * themselves.  Nearly all URI schemes currently in use are server-based.  An
+ * authority component that does not parse in this way is considered to be
+ * registry-based.
+ *
+ * <p> The path component of a hierarchical URI is itself said to be absolute
+ * if it begins with a slash character (<tt>'/'</tt>); otherwise it is
+ * relative.  The path of a hierarchical URI that is either absolute or
+ * specifies an authority is always absolute.
+ *
+ * <p> All told, then, a URI instance has the following nine components:
+ *
+ * <blockquote><table summary="Describes the components of a URI:scheme,scheme-specific-part,authority,user-info,host,port,path,query,fragment">
+ * <tr><th><i>Component</i></th><th><i>Type</i></th></tr>
+ * <tr><td>scheme</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>scheme-specific-part&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>authority</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>user-info</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>host</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>port</td><td><tt>int</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>path</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>query</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>fragment</td><td><tt>String</tt></td></tr>
+ * </table></blockquote>
+ *
+ * In a given instance any particular component is either <i>undefined</i> or
+ * <i>defined</i> with a distinct value.  Undefined string components are
+ * represented by <tt>null</tt>, while undefined integer components are
+ * represented by <tt>-1</tt>.  A string component may be defined to have the
+ * empty string as its value; this is not equivalent to that component being
+ * undefined.
+ *
+ * <p> Whether a particular component is or is not defined in an instance
+ * depends upon the type of the URI being represented.  An absolute URI has a
+ * scheme component.  An opaque URI has a scheme, a scheme-specific part, and
+ * possibly a fragment, but has no other components.  A hierarchical URI always
+ * has a path (though it may be empty) and a scheme-specific-part (which at
+ * least contains the path), and may have any of the other components.  If the
+ * authority component is present and is server-based then the host component
+ * will be defined and the user-information and port components may be defined.
+ *
+ *
+ * <h4> Operations on URI instances </h4>
+ *
+ * The key operations supported by this class are those of
+ * <i>normalization</i>, <i>resolution</i>, and <i>relativization</i>.
+ *
+ * <p> <i>Normalization</i> is the process of removing unnecessary <tt>"."</tt>
+ * and <tt>".."</tt> segments from the path component of a hierarchical URI.
+ * Each <tt>"."</tt> segment is simply removed.  A <tt>".."</tt> segment is
+ * removed only if it is preceded by a non-<tt>".."</tt> segment.
+ * Normalization has no effect upon opaque URIs.
+ *
+ * <p> <i>Resolution</i> is the process of resolving one URI against another,
+ * <i>base</i> URI.  The resulting URI is constructed from components of both
+ * URIs in the manner specified by RFC&nbsp;2396, taking components from the
+ * base URI for those not specified in the original.  For hierarchical URIs,
+ * the path of the original is resolved against the path of the base and then
+ * normalized.  The result, for example, of resolving
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>docs/guide/collections/designfaq.html#28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt>(1)
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * against the base URI <tt>http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/</tt> is the result
+ * URI
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/collections/designfaq.html#28</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * Resolving the relative URI
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>../../../demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt>(2)
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * against this result yields, in turn,
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * Resolution of both absolute and relative URIs, and of both absolute and
+ * relative paths in the case of hierarchical URIs, is supported.  Resolving
+ * the URI <tt>file:///~calendar</tt> against any other URI simply yields the
+ * original URI, since it is absolute.  Resolving the relative URI (2) above
+ * against the relative base URI (1) yields the normalized, but still relative,
+ * URI
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>demo/jfc/SwingSet2/src/SwingSet2.java</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * <p> <i>Relativization</i>, finally, is the inverse of resolution: For any
+ * two normalized URIs <i>u</i> and&nbsp;<i>v</i>,
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ *   <i>u</i><tt>.relativize(</tt><i>u</i><tt>.resolve(</tt><i>v</i><tt>)).equals(</tt><i>v</i><tt>)</tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;and<br>
+ *   <i>u</i><tt>.resolve(</tt><i>u</i><tt>.relativize(</tt><i>v</i><tt>)).equals(</tt><i>v</i><tt>)</tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;.<br>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * This operation is often useful when constructing a document containing URIs
+ * that must be made relative to the base URI of the document wherever
+ * possible.  For example, relativizing the URI
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/index.html</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * against the base URI
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * yields the relative URI <tt>docs/guide/index.html</tt>.
+ *
+ *
+ * <h4> Character categories </h4>
+ *
+ * RFC&nbsp;2396 specifies precisely which characters are permitted in the
+ * various components of a URI reference.  The following categories, most of
+ * which are taken from that specification, are used below to describe these
+ * constraints:
+ *
+ * <blockquote><table cellspacing=2 summary="Describes categories alpha,digit,alphanum,unreserved,punct,reserved,escaped,and other">
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>alpha</i></th>
+ *       <td>The US-ASCII alphabetic characters,
+ *        <tt>'A'</tt>&nbsp;through&nbsp;<tt>'Z'</tt>
+ *        and <tt>'a'</tt>&nbsp;through&nbsp;<tt>'z'</tt></td></tr>
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>digit</i></th>
+ *       <td>The US-ASCII decimal digit characters,
+ *       <tt>'0'</tt>&nbsp;through&nbsp;<tt>'9'</tt></td></tr>
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>alphanum</i></th>
+ *       <td>All <i>alpha</i> and <i>digit</i> characters</td></tr>
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>unreserved</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
+ *       <td>All <i>alphanum</i> characters together with those in the string
+ *        <tt>"_-!.~'()*"</tt></td></tr>
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>punct</i></th>
+ *       <td>The characters in the string <tt>",;:$&+="</tt></td></tr>
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>reserved</i></th>
+ *       <td>All <i>punct</i> characters together with those in the string
+ *        <tt>"?/[]@"</tt></td></tr>
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>escaped</i></th>
+ *       <td>Escaped octets, that is, triplets consisting of the percent
+ *           character (<tt>'%'</tt>) followed by two hexadecimal digits
+ *           (<tt>'0'</tt>-<tt>'9'</tt>, <tt>'A'</tt>-<tt>'F'</tt>, and
+ *           <tt>'a'</tt>-<tt>'f'</tt>)</td></tr>
+ *   <tr><th valign=top><i>other</i></th>
+ *       <td>The Unicode characters that are not in the US-ASCII character set,
+ *           are not control characters (according to the {@link
+ *           java.lang.Character#isISOControl(char) Character.isISOControl}
+ *           method), and are not space characters (according to the {@link
+ *           java.lang.Character#isSpaceChar(char) Character.isSpaceChar}
+ *           method)&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>(<b>Deviation from RFC 2396</b>, which is
+ *           limited to US-ASCII)</i></td></tr>
+ * </table></blockquote>
+ *
+ * <p><a name="legal-chars"></a> The set of all legal URI characters consists of
+ * the <i>unreserved</i>, <i>reserved</i>, <i>escaped</i>, and <i>other</i>
+ * characters.
+ *
+ *
+ * <h4> Escaped octets, quotation, encoding, and decoding </h4>
+ *
+ * RFC 2396 allows escaped octets to appear in the user-info, path, query, and
+ * fragment components.  Escaping serves two purposes in URIs:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> To <i>encode</i> non-US-ASCII characters when a URI is required to
+ *   conform strictly to RFC&nbsp;2396 by not containing any <i>other</i>
+ *   characters.  </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> To <i>quote</i> characters that are otherwise illegal in a
+ *   component.  The user-info, path, query, and fragment components differ
+ *   slightly in terms of which characters are considered legal and illegal.
+ *   </p></li>
+ *
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * These purposes are served in this class by three related operations:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *
+ *   <li><p><a name="encode"></a> A character is <i>encoded</i> by replacing it
+ *   with the sequence of escaped octets that represent that character in the
+ *   UTF-8 character set.  The Euro currency symbol (<tt>'&#92;u20AC'</tt>),
+ *   for example, is encoded as <tt>"%E2%82%AC"</tt>.  <i>(<b>Deviation from
+ *   RFC&nbsp;2396</b>, which does not specify any particular character
+ *   set.)</i> </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p><a name="quote"></a> An illegal character is <i>quoted</i> simply by
+ *   encoding it.  The space character, for example, is quoted by replacing it
+ *   with <tt>"%20"</tt>.  UTF-8 contains US-ASCII, hence for US-ASCII
+ *   characters this transformation has exactly the effect required by
+ *   RFC&nbsp;2396. </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p><a name="decode"></a>
+ *   A sequence of escaped octets is <i>decoded</i> by
+ *   replacing it with the sequence of characters that it represents in the
+ *   UTF-8 character set.  UTF-8 contains US-ASCII, hence decoding has the
+ *   effect of de-quoting any quoted US-ASCII characters as well as that of
+ *   decoding any encoded non-US-ASCII characters.  If a <a
+ *   href="../nio/charset/CharsetDecoder.html#ce">decoding error</a> occurs
+ *   when decoding the escaped octets then the erroneous octets are replaced by
+ *   <tt>'&#92;uFFFD'</tt>, the Unicode replacement character.  </p></li>
+ *
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * These operations are exposed in the constructors and methods of this class
+ * as follows:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #URI(java.lang.String) <code>single-argument
+ *   constructor</code>} requires any illegal characters in its argument to be
+ *   quoted and preserves any escaped octets and <i>other</i> characters that
+ *   are present.  </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link
+ *   #URI(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String)
+ *   <code>multi-argument constructors</code>} quote illegal characters as
+ *   required by the components in which they appear.  The percent character
+ *   (<tt>'%'</tt>) is always quoted by these constructors.  Any <i>other</i>
+ *   characters are preserved.  </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #getRawUserInfo() getRawUserInfo}, {@link #getRawPath()
+ *   getRawPath}, {@link #getRawQuery() getRawQuery}, {@link #getRawFragment()
+ *   getRawFragment}, {@link #getRawAuthority() getRawAuthority}, and {@link
+ *   #getRawSchemeSpecificPart() getRawSchemeSpecificPart} methods return the
+ *   values of their corresponding components in raw form, without interpreting
+ *   any escaped octets.  The strings returned by these methods may contain
+ *   both escaped octets and <i>other</i> characters, and will not contain any
+ *   illegal characters.  </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #getUserInfo() getUserInfo}, {@link #getPath()
+ *   getPath}, {@link #getQuery() getQuery}, {@link #getFragment()
+ *   getFragment}, {@link #getAuthority() getAuthority}, and {@link
+ *   #getSchemeSpecificPart() getSchemeSpecificPart} methods decode any escaped
+ *   octets in their corresponding components.  The strings returned by these
+ *   methods may contain both <i>other</i> characters and illegal characters,
+ *   and will not contain any escaped octets.  </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #toString() toString} method returns a URI string with
+ *   all necessary quotation but which may contain <i>other</i> characters.
+ *   </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #toASCIIString() toASCIIString} method returns a fully
+ *   quoted and encoded URI string that does not contain any <i>other</i>
+ *   characters.  </p></li>
+ *
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ *
+ * <h4> Identities </h4>
+ *
+ * For any URI <i>u</i>, it is always the case that
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>new URI(</tt><i>u</i><tt>.toString()).equals(</tt><i>u</i><tt>)</tt>&nbsp;.
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * For any URI <i>u</i> that does not contain redundant syntax such as two
+ * slashes before an empty authority (as in <tt>file:///tmp/</tt>&nbsp;) or a
+ * colon following a host name but no port (as in
+ * <tt>http://java.sun.com:</tt>&nbsp;), and that does not encode characters
+ * except those that must be quoted, the following identities also hold:
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>new URI(</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getScheme(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getSchemeSpecificPart(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getFragment())<br>
+ * .equals(</tt><i>u</i><tt>)</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * in all cases,
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>new URI(</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getScheme(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getUserInfo(),&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getAuthority(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getPath(),&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getQuery(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getFragment())<br>
+ * .equals(</tt><i>u</i><tt>)</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * if <i>u</i> is hierarchical, and
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ * <tt>new URI(</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getScheme(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getUserInfo(),&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getHost(),&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getPort(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getPath(),&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getQuery(),<br>
+ * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt><i>u</i><tt>.getFragment())<br>
+ * .equals(</tt><i>u</i><tt>)</tt>
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * if <i>u</i> is hierarchical and has either no authority or a server-based
+ * authority.
+ *
+ *
+ * <h4> URIs, URLs, and URNs </h4>
+ *
+ * A URI is a uniform resource <i>identifier</i> while a URL is a uniform
+ * resource <i>locator</i>.  Hence every URL is a URI, abstractly speaking, but
+ * not every URI is a URL.  This is because there is another subcategory of
+ * URIs, uniform resource <i>names</i> (URNs), which name resources but do not
+ * specify how to locate them.  The <tt>mailto</tt>, <tt>news</tt>, and
+ * <tt>isbn</tt> URIs shown above are examples of URNs.
+ *
+ * <p> The conceptual distinction between URIs and URLs is reflected in the
+ * differences between this class and the {@link URL} class.
+ *
+ * <p> An instance of this class represents a URI reference in the syntactic
+ * sense defined by RFC&nbsp;2396.  A URI may be either absolute or relative.
+ * A URI string is parsed according to the generic syntax without regard to the
+ * scheme, if any, that it specifies.  No lookup of the host, if any, is
+ * performed, and no scheme-dependent stream handler is constructed.  Equality,
+ * hashing, and comparison are defined strictly in terms of the character
+ * content of the instance.  In other words, a URI instance is little more than
+ * a structured string that supports the syntactic, scheme-independent
+ * operations of comparison, normalization, resolution, and relativization.
+ *
+ * <p> An instance of the {@link URL} class, by contrast, represents the
+ * syntactic components of a URL together with some of the information required
+ * to access the resource that it describes.  A URL must be absolute, that is,
+ * it must always specify a scheme.  A URL string is parsed according to its
+ * scheme.  A stream handler is always established for a URL, and in fact it is
+ * impossible to create a URL instance for a scheme for which no handler is
+ * available.  Equality and hashing depend upon both the scheme and the
+ * Internet address of the host, if any; comparison is not defined.  In other
+ * words, a URL is a structured string that supports the syntactic operation of
+ * resolution as well as the network I/O operations of looking up the host and
+ * opening a connection to the specified resource.
+ *
+ *
+ * @author Mark Reinhold
+ * @since 1.4
+ *
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt"><i>RFC&nbsp;2279: UTF-8, a
+ * transformation format of ISO 10646</i></a>, <br><a
+ * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2373.txt"><i>RFC&nbsp;2373: IPv6 Addressing
+ * Architecture</i></a>, <br><a
+ * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt"><i>RFC&nbsp;2396: Uniform
+ * Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>, <br><a
+ * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt"><i>RFC&nbsp;2732: Format for
+ * Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs</i></a>, <br><a
+ * href="URISyntaxException.html">URISyntaxException</a>
+ */
+
+public final class URI
+    implements Comparable<URI>, Serializable
+{
+
+    // Note: Comments containing the word "ASSERT" indicate places where a
+    // throw of an InternalError should be replaced by an appropriate assertion
+    // statement once asserts are enabled in the build.
+
+    static final long serialVersionUID = -6052424284110960213L;
+
+
+    // -- Properties and components of this instance --
+
+    // Components of all URIs: [<scheme>:]<scheme-specific-part>[#<fragment>]
+    private transient String scheme;            // null ==> relative URI
+    private transient String fragment;
+
+    // Hierarchical URI components: [//<authority>]<path>[?<query>]
+    private transient String authority;         // Registry or server
+
+    // Server-based authority: [<userInfo>@]<host>[:<port>]
+    private transient String userInfo;
+    private transient String host;              // null ==> registry-based
+    private transient int port = -1;            // -1 ==> undefined
+
+    // Remaining components of hierarchical URIs
+    private transient String path;              // null ==> opaque
+    private transient String query;
+
+    // The remaining fields may be computed on demand
+
+    private volatile transient String schemeSpecificPart;
+    private volatile transient int hash;        // Zero ==> undefined
+
+    private volatile transient String decodedUserInfo = null;
+    private volatile transient String decodedAuthority = null;
+    private volatile transient String decodedPath = null;
+    private volatile transient String decodedQuery = null;
+    private volatile transient String decodedFragment = null;
+    private volatile transient String decodedSchemeSpecificPart = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The string form of this URI.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private volatile String string;             // The only serializable field
+
+
+
+    // -- Constructors and factories --
+
+    private URI() { }                           // Used internally
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a URI by parsing the given string.
+     *
+     * <p> This constructor parses the given string exactly as specified by the
+     * grammar in <a
+     * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>,
+     * Appendix&nbsp;A, <b><i>except for the following deviations:</i></b> </p>
+     *
+     * <ul type=disc>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> An empty authority component is permitted as long as it is
+     *   followed by a non-empty path, a query component, or a fragment
+     *   component.  This allows the parsing of URIs such as
+     *   <tt>"file:///foo/bar"</tt>, which seems to be the intent of
+     *   RFC&nbsp;2396 although the grammar does not permit it.  If the
+     *   authority component is empty then the user-information, host, and port
+     *   components are undefined. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Empty relative paths are permitted; this seems to be the
+     *   intent of RFC&nbsp;2396 although the grammar does not permit it.  The
+     *   primary consequence of this deviation is that a standalone fragment
+     *   such as <tt>"#foo"</tt> parses as a relative URI with an empty path
+     *   and the given fragment, and can be usefully <a
+     *   href="#resolve-frag">resolved</a> against a base URI.
+     *
+     *   <li><p> IPv4 addresses in host components are parsed rigorously, as
+     *   specified by <a
+     *   href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt">RFC&nbsp;2732</a>: Each
+     *   element of a dotted-quad address must contain no more than three
+     *   decimal digits.  Each element is further constrained to have a value
+     *   no greater than 255. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li> <p> Hostnames in host components that comprise only a single
+     *   domain label are permitted to start with an <i>alphanum</i>
+     *   character. This seems to be the intent of <a
+     *   href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>
+     *   section&nbsp;3.2.2 although the grammar does not permit it. The
+     *   consequence of this deviation is that the authority component of a
+     *   hierarchical URI such as <tt>s://123</tt>, will parse as a server-based
+     *   authority. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> IPv6 addresses are permitted for the host component.  An IPv6
+     *   address must be enclosed in square brackets (<tt>'['</tt> and
+     *   <tt>']'</tt>) as specified by <a
+     *   href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt">RFC&nbsp;2732</a>.  The
+     *   IPv6 address itself must parse according to <a
+     *   href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2373.txt">RFC&nbsp;2373</a>.  IPv6
+     *   addresses are further constrained to describe no more than sixteen
+     *   bytes of address information, a constraint implicit in RFC&nbsp;2373
+     *   but not expressible in the grammar. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Characters in the <i>other</i> category are permitted wherever
+     *   RFC&nbsp;2396 permits <i>escaped</i> octets, that is, in the
+     *   user-information, path, query, and fragment components, as well as in
+     *   the authority component if the authority is registry-based.  This
+     *   allows URIs to contain Unicode characters beyond those in the US-ASCII
+     *   character set. </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param  str   The string to be parsed into a URI
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <tt>str</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  URISyntaxException
+     *          If the given string violates RFC&nbsp;2396, as augmented
+     *          by the above deviations
+     */
+    public URI(String str) throws URISyntaxException {
+        new Parser(str).parse(false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.
+     *
+     * <p> If a scheme is given then the path, if also given, must either be
+     * empty or begin with a slash character (<tt>'/'</tt>).  Otherwise a
+     * component of the new URI may be left undefined by passing <tt>null</tt>
+     * for the corresponding parameter or, in the case of the <tt>port</tt>
+     * parameter, by passing <tt>-1</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> This constructor first builds a URI string from the given components
+     * according to the rules specified in <a
+     * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>,
+     * section&nbsp;5.2, step&nbsp;7: </p>
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Initially, the result string is empty. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a scheme is given then it is appended to the result,
+     *   followed by a colon character (<tt>':'</tt>).  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If user information, a host, or a port are given then the
+     *   string <tt>"//"</tt> is appended.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If user information is given then it is appended, followed by
+     *   a commercial-at character (<tt>'@'</tt>).  Any character not in the
+     *   <i>unreserved</i>, <i>punct</i>, <i>escaped</i>, or <i>other</i>
+     *   categories is <a href="#quote">quoted</a>.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a host is given then it is appended.  If the host is a
+     *   literal IPv6 address but is not enclosed in square brackets
+     *   (<tt>'['</tt> and <tt>']'</tt>) then the square brackets are added.
+     *   </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a port number is given then a colon character
+     *   (<tt>':'</tt>) is appended, followed by the port number in decimal.
+     *   </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a path is given then it is appended.  Any character not in
+     *   the <i>unreserved</i>, <i>punct</i>, <i>escaped</i>, or <i>other</i>
+     *   categories, and not equal to the slash character (<tt>'/'</tt>) or the
+     *   commercial-at character (<tt>'@'</tt>), is quoted.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a query is given then a question-mark character
+     *   (<tt>'?'</tt>) is appended, followed by the query.  Any character that
+     *   is not a <a href="#legal-chars">legal URI character</a> is quoted.
+     *   </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Finally, if a fragment is given then a hash character
+     *   (<tt>'#'</tt>) is appended, followed by the fragment.  Any character
+     *   that is not a legal URI character is quoted.  </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * <p> The resulting URI string is then parsed as if by invoking the {@link
+     * #URI(String)} constructor and then invoking the {@link
+     * #parseServerAuthority()} method upon the result; this may cause a {@link
+     * URISyntaxException} to be thrown.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param   scheme    Scheme name
+     * @param   userInfo  User name and authorization information
+     * @param   host      Host name
+     * @param   port      Port number
+     * @param   path      Path
+     * @param   query     Query
+     * @param   fragment  Fragment
+     *
+     * @throws URISyntaxException
+     *         If both a scheme and a path are given but the path is relative,
+     *         if the URI string constructed from the given components violates
+     *         RFC&nbsp;2396, or if the authority component of the string is
+     *         present but cannot be parsed as a server-based authority
+     */
+    public URI(String scheme,
+               String userInfo, String host, int port,
+               String path, String query, String fragment)
+        throws URISyntaxException
+    {
+        String s = toString(scheme, null,
+                            null, userInfo, host, port,
+                            path, query, fragment);
+        checkPath(s, scheme, path);
+        new Parser(s).parse(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.
+     *
+     * <p> If a scheme is given then the path, if also given, must either be
+     * empty or begin with a slash character (<tt>'/'</tt>).  Otherwise a
+     * component of the new URI may be left undefined by passing <tt>null</tt>
+     * for the corresponding parameter.
+     *
+     * <p> This constructor first builds a URI string from the given components
+     * according to the rules specified in <a
+     * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>,
+     * section&nbsp;5.2, step&nbsp;7: </p>
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Initially, the result string is empty.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a scheme is given then it is appended to the result,
+     *   followed by a colon character (<tt>':'</tt>).  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If an authority is given then the string <tt>"//"</tt> is
+     *   appended, followed by the authority.  If the authority contains a
+     *   literal IPv6 address then the address must be enclosed in square
+     *   brackets (<tt>'['</tt> and <tt>']'</tt>).  Any character not in the
+     *   <i>unreserved</i>, <i>punct</i>, <i>escaped</i>, or <i>other</i>
+     *   categories, and not equal to the commercial-at character
+     *   (<tt>'@'</tt>), is <a href="#quote">quoted</a>.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a path is given then it is appended.  Any character not in
+     *   the <i>unreserved</i>, <i>punct</i>, <i>escaped</i>, or <i>other</i>
+     *   categories, and not equal to the slash character (<tt>'/'</tt>) or the
+     *   commercial-at character (<tt>'@'</tt>), is quoted.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a query is given then a question-mark character
+     *   (<tt>'?'</tt>) is appended, followed by the query.  Any character that
+     *   is not a <a href="#legal-chars">legal URI character</a> is quoted.
+     *   </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Finally, if a fragment is given then a hash character
+     *   (<tt>'#'</tt>) is appended, followed by the fragment.  Any character
+     *   that is not a legal URI character is quoted.  </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * <p> The resulting URI string is then parsed as if by invoking the {@link
+     * #URI(String)} constructor and then invoking the {@link
+     * #parseServerAuthority()} method upon the result; this may cause a {@link
+     * URISyntaxException} to be thrown.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param   scheme     Scheme name
+     * @param   authority  Authority
+     * @param   path       Path
+     * @param   query      Query
+     * @param   fragment   Fragment
+     *
+     * @throws URISyntaxException
+     *         If both a scheme and a path are given but the path is relative,
+     *         if the URI string constructed from the given components violates
+     *         RFC&nbsp;2396, or if the authority component of the string is
+     *         present but cannot be parsed as a server-based authority
+     */
+    public URI(String scheme,
+               String authority,
+               String path, String query, String fragment)
+        throws URISyntaxException
+    {
+        String s = toString(scheme, null,
+                            authority, null, null, -1,
+                            path, query, fragment);
+        checkPath(s, scheme, path);
+        new Parser(s).parse(false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a hierarchical URI from the given components.
+     *
+     * <p> A component may be left undefined by passing <tt>null</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> This convenience constructor works as if by invoking the
+     * seven-argument constructor as follows:
+     *
+     * <blockquote><tt>
+     * new&nbsp;{@link #URI(String, String, String, int, String, String, String)
+     * URI}(scheme,&nbsp;null,&nbsp;host,&nbsp;-1,&nbsp;path,&nbsp;null,&nbsp;fragment);
+     * </tt></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param   scheme    Scheme name
+     * @param   host      Host name
+     * @param   path      Path
+     * @param   fragment  Fragment
+     *
+     * @throws  URISyntaxException
+     *          If the URI string constructed from the given components
+     *          violates RFC&nbsp;2396
+     */
+    public URI(String scheme, String host, String path, String fragment)
+        throws URISyntaxException
+    {
+        this(scheme, null, host, -1, path, null, fragment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a URI from the given components.
+     *
+     * <p> A component may be left undefined by passing <tt>null</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> This constructor first builds a URI in string form using the given
+     * components as follows:  </p>
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Initially, the result string is empty.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a scheme is given then it is appended to the result,
+     *   followed by a colon character (<tt>':'</tt>).  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a scheme-specific part is given then it is appended.  Any
+     *   character that is not a <a href="#legal-chars">legal URI character</a>
+     *   is <a href="#quote">quoted</a>.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Finally, if a fragment is given then a hash character
+     *   (<tt>'#'</tt>) is appended to the string, followed by the fragment.
+     *   Any character that is not a legal URI character is quoted.  </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * <p> The resulting URI string is then parsed in order to create the new
+     * URI instance as if by invoking the {@link #URI(String)} constructor;
+     * this may cause a {@link URISyntaxException} to be thrown.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param   scheme    Scheme name
+     * @param   ssp       Scheme-specific part
+     * @param   fragment  Fragment
+     *
+     * @throws  URISyntaxException
+     *          If the URI string constructed from the given components
+     *          violates RFC&nbsp;2396
+     */
+    public URI(String scheme, String ssp, String fragment)
+        throws URISyntaxException
+    {
+        new Parser(toString(scheme, ssp,
+                            null, null, null, -1,
+                            null, null, fragment))
+            .parse(false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a URI by parsing the given string.
+     *
+     * <p> This convenience factory method works as if by invoking the {@link
+     * #URI(String)} constructor; any {@link URISyntaxException} thrown by the
+     * constructor is caught and wrapped in a new {@link
+     * IllegalArgumentException} object, which is then thrown.
+     *
+     * <p> This method is provided for use in situations where it is known that
+     * the given string is a legal URI, for example for URI constants declared
+     * within in a program, and so it would be considered a programming error
+     * for the string not to parse as such.  The constructors, which throw
+     * {@link URISyntaxException} directly, should be used situations where a
+     * URI is being constructed from user input or from some other source that
+     * may be prone to errors.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  str   The string to be parsed into a URI
+     * @return The new URI
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <tt>str</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If the given string violates RFC&nbsp;2396
+     */
+    public static URI create(String str) {
+        try {
+            return new URI(str);
+        } catch (URISyntaxException x) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(x.getMessage(), x);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Operations --
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to parse this URI's authority component, if defined, into
+     * user-information, host, and port components.
+     *
+     * <p> If this URI's authority component has already been recognized as
+     * being server-based then it will already have been parsed into
+     * user-information, host, and port components.  In this case, or if this
+     * URI has no authority component, this method simply returns this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> Otherwise this method attempts once more to parse the authority
+     * component into user-information, host, and port components, and throws
+     * an exception describing why the authority component could not be parsed
+     * in that way.
+     *
+     * <p> This method is provided because the generic URI syntax specified in
+     * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>
+     * cannot always distinguish a malformed server-based authority from a
+     * legitimate registry-based authority.  It must therefore treat some
+     * instances of the former as instances of the latter.  The authority
+     * component in the URI string <tt>"//foo:bar"</tt>, for example, is not a
+     * legal server-based authority but it is legal as a registry-based
+     * authority.
+     *
+     * <p> In many common situations, for example when working URIs that are
+     * known to be either URNs or URLs, the hierarchical URIs being used will
+     * always be server-based.  They therefore must either be parsed as such or
+     * treated as an error.  In these cases a statement such as
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * <tt>URI </tt><i>u</i><tt> = new URI(str).parseServerAuthority();</tt>
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p> can be used to ensure that <i>u</i> always refers to a URI that, if
+     * it has an authority component, has a server-based authority with proper
+     * user-information, host, and port components.  Invoking this method also
+     * ensures that if the authority could not be parsed in that way then an
+     * appropriate diagnostic message can be issued based upon the exception
+     * that is thrown. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  A URI whose authority field has been parsed
+     *          as a server-based authority
+     *
+     * @throws  URISyntaxException
+     *          If the authority component of this URI is defined
+     *          but cannot be parsed as a server-based authority
+     *          according to RFC&nbsp;2396
+     */
+    public URI parseServerAuthority()
+        throws URISyntaxException
+    {
+        // We could be clever and cache the error message and index from the
+        // exception thrown during the original parse, but that would require
+        // either more fields or a more-obscure representation.
+        if ((host != null) || (authority == null))
+            return this;
+        defineString();
+        new Parser(string).parse(true);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normalizes this URI's path.
+     *
+     * <p> If this URI is opaque, or if its path is already in normal form,
+     * then this URI is returned.  Otherwise a new URI is constructed that is
+     * identical to this URI except that its path is computed by normalizing
+     * this URI's path in a manner consistent with <a
+     * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>,
+     * section&nbsp;5.2, step&nbsp;6, sub-steps&nbsp;c through&nbsp;f; that is:
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> All <tt>"."</tt> segments are removed. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If a <tt>".."</tt> segment is preceded by a non-<tt>".."</tt>
+     *   segment then both of these segments are removed.  This step is
+     *   repeated until it is no longer applicable. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If the path is relative, and if its first segment contains a
+     *   colon character (<tt>':'</tt>), then a <tt>"."</tt> segment is
+     *   prepended.  This prevents a relative URI with a path such as
+     *   <tt>"a:b/c/d"</tt> from later being re-parsed as an opaque URI with a
+     *   scheme of <tt>"a"</tt> and a scheme-specific part of <tt>"b/c/d"</tt>.
+     *   <b><i>(Deviation from RFC&nbsp;2396)</i></b> </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * <p> A normalized path will begin with one or more <tt>".."</tt> segments
+     * if there were insufficient non-<tt>".."</tt> segments preceding them to
+     * allow their removal.  A normalized path will begin with a <tt>"."</tt>
+     * segment if one was inserted by step 3 above.  Otherwise, a normalized
+     * path will not contain any <tt>"."</tt> or <tt>".."</tt> segments. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  A URI equivalent to this URI,
+     *          but whose path is in normal form
+     */
+    public URI normalize() {
+        return normalize(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the given URI against this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> If the given URI is already absolute, or if this URI is opaque, then
+     * the given URI is returned.
+     *
+     * <p><a name="resolve-frag"></a> If the given URI's fragment component is
+     * defined, its path component is empty, and its scheme, authority, and
+     * query components are undefined, then a URI with the given fragment but
+     * with all other components equal to those of this URI is returned.  This
+     * allows a URI representing a standalone fragment reference, such as
+     * <tt>"#foo"</tt>, to be usefully resolved against a base URI.
+     *
+     * <p> Otherwise this method constructs a new hierarchical URI in a manner
+     * consistent with <a
+     * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>,
+     * section&nbsp;5.2; that is: </p>
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> A new URI is constructed with this URI's scheme and the given
+     *   URI's query and fragment components. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If the given URI has an authority component then the new URI's
+     *   authority and path are taken from the given URI. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Otherwise the new URI's authority component is copied from
+     *   this URI, and its path is computed as follows: </p>
+     *
+     *   <ol type=a>
+     *
+     *     <li><p> If the given URI's path is absolute then the new URI's path
+     *     is taken from the given URI. </p></li>
+     *
+     *     <li><p> Otherwise the given URI's path is relative, and so the new
+     *     URI's path is computed by resolving the path of the given URI
+     *     against the path of this URI.  This is done by concatenating all but
+     *     the last segment of this URI's path, if any, with the given URI's
+     *     path and then normalizing the result as if by invoking the {@link
+     *     #normalize() normalize} method. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   </ol></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * <p> The result of this method is absolute if, and only if, either this
+     * URI is absolute or the given URI is absolute.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  uri  The URI to be resolved against this URI
+     * @return The resulting URI
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <tt>uri</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     */
+    public URI resolve(URI uri) {
+        return resolve(this, uri);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new URI by parsing the given string and then resolving it
+     * against this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> This convenience method works as if invoking it were equivalent to
+     * evaluating the expression <tt>{@link #resolve(java.net.URI)
+     * resolve}(URI.{@link #create(String) create}(str))</tt>. </p>
+     *
+     * @param  str   The string to be parsed into a URI
+     * @return The resulting URI
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <tt>str</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If the given string violates RFC&nbsp;2396
+     */
+    public URI resolve(String str) {
+        return resolve(URI.create(str));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Relativizes the given URI against this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The relativization of the given URI against this URI is computed as
+     * follows: </p>
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> If either this URI or the given URI are opaque, or if the
+     *   scheme and authority components of the two URIs are not identical, or
+     *   if the path of this URI is not a prefix of the path of the given URI,
+     *   then the given URI is returned. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Otherwise a new relative hierarchical URI is constructed with
+     *   query and fragment components taken from the given URI and with a path
+     *   component computed by removing this URI's path from the beginning of
+     *   the given URI's path. </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param  uri  The URI to be relativized against this URI
+     * @return The resulting URI
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <tt>uri</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
+     */
+    public URI relativize(URI uri) {
+        return relativize(this, uri);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a URL from this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> This convenience method works as if invoking it were equivalent to
+     * evaluating the expression <tt>new&nbsp;URL(this.toString())</tt> after
+     * first checking that this URI is absolute. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  A URL constructed from this URI
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If this URL is not absolute
+     *
+     * @throws  MalformedURLException
+     *          If a protocol handler for the URL could not be found,
+     *          or if some other error occurred while constructing the URL
+     */
+    public URL toURL()
+        throws MalformedURLException {
+        if (!isAbsolute())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("URI is not absolute");
+        return new URL(toString());
+    }
+
+    // -- Component access methods --
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the scheme component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The scheme component of a URI, if defined, only contains characters
+     * in the <i>alphanum</i> category and in the string <tt>"-.+"</tt>.  A
+     * scheme always starts with an <i>alpha</i> character. <p>
+     *
+     * The scheme component of a URI cannot contain escaped octets, hence this
+     * method does not perform any decoding.
+     *
+     * @return  The scheme component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the scheme is undefined
+     */
+    public String getScheme() {
+        return scheme;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells whether or not this URI is absolute.
+     *
+     * <p> A URI is absolute if, and only if, it has a scheme component. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, this URI is absolute
+     */
+    public boolean isAbsolute() {
+        return scheme != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells whether or not this URI is opaque.
+     *
+     * <p> A URI is opaque if, and only if, it is absolute and its
+     * scheme-specific part does not begin with a slash character ('/').
+     * An opaque URI has a scheme, a scheme-specific part, and possibly
+     * a fragment; all other components are undefined. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, this URI is opaque
+     */
+    public boolean isOpaque() {
+        return path == null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw scheme-specific part of this URI.  The scheme-specific
+     * part is never undefined, though it may be empty.
+     *
+     * <p> The scheme-specific part of a URI only contains legal URI
+     * characters. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The raw scheme-specific part of this URI
+     *          (never <tt>null</tt>)
+     */
+    public String getRawSchemeSpecificPart() {
+        defineSchemeSpecificPart();
+        return schemeSpecificPart;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the decoded scheme-specific part of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the
+     * {@link #getRawSchemeSpecificPart() getRawSchemeSpecificPart} method
+     * except that all sequences of escaped octets are <a
+     * href="#decode">decoded</a>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The decoded scheme-specific part of this URI
+     *          (never <tt>null</tt>)
+     */
+    public String getSchemeSpecificPart() {
+        if (decodedSchemeSpecificPart == null)
+            decodedSchemeSpecificPart = decode(getRawSchemeSpecificPart());
+        return decodedSchemeSpecificPart;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw authority component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The authority component of a URI, if defined, only contains the
+     * commercial-at character (<tt>'@'</tt>) and characters in the
+     * <i>unreserved</i>, <i>punct</i>, <i>escaped</i>, and <i>other</i>
+     * categories.  If the authority is server-based then it is further
+     * constrained to have valid user-information, host, and port
+     * components. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The raw authority component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the authority is undefined
+     */
+    public String getRawAuthority() {
+        return authority;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the decoded authority component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the
+     * {@link #getRawAuthority() getRawAuthority} method except that all
+     * sequences of escaped octets are <a href="#decode">decoded</a>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The decoded authority component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the authority is undefined
+     */
+    public String getAuthority() {
+        if (decodedAuthority == null)
+            decodedAuthority = decode(authority);
+        return decodedAuthority;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw user-information component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The user-information component of a URI, if defined, only contains
+     * characters in the <i>unreserved</i>, <i>punct</i>, <i>escaped</i>, and
+     * <i>other</i> categories. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The raw user-information component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the user information is undefined
+     */
+    public String getRawUserInfo() {
+        return userInfo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the decoded user-information component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the
+     * {@link #getRawUserInfo() getRawUserInfo} method except that all
+     * sequences of escaped octets are <a href="#decode">decoded</a>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The decoded user-information component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the user information is undefined
+     */
+    public String getUserInfo() {
+        if ((decodedUserInfo == null) && (userInfo != null))
+            decodedUserInfo = decode(userInfo);
+        return decodedUserInfo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the host component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The host component of a URI, if defined, will have one of the
+     * following forms: </p>
+     *
+     * <ul type=disc>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> A domain name consisting of one or more <i>labels</i>
+     *   separated by period characters (<tt>'.'</tt>), optionally followed by
+     *   a period character.  Each label consists of <i>alphanum</i> characters
+     *   as well as hyphen characters (<tt>'-'</tt>), though hyphens never
+     *   occur as the first or last characters in a label. The rightmost
+     *   label of a domain name consisting of two or more labels, begins
+     *   with an <i>alpha</i> character. </li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> A dotted-quad IPv4 address of the form
+     *   <i>digit</i><tt>+.</tt><i>digit</i><tt>+.</tt><i>digit</i><tt>+.</tt><i>digit</i><tt>+</tt>,
+     *   where no <i>digit</i> sequence is longer than three characters and no
+     *   sequence has a value larger than 255. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> An IPv6 address enclosed in square brackets (<tt>'['</tt> and
+     *   <tt>']'</tt>) and consisting of hexadecimal digits, colon characters
+     *   (<tt>':'</tt>), and possibly an embedded IPv4 address.  The full
+     *   syntax of IPv6 addresses is specified in <a
+     *   href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2373.txt"><i>RFC&nbsp;2373: IPv6
+     *   Addressing Architecture</i></a>.  </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * The host component of a URI cannot contain escaped octets, hence this
+     * method does not perform any decoding.
+     *
+     * @return  The host component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the host is undefined
+     */
+    public String getHost() {
+        return host;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the port number of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The port component of a URI, if defined, is a non-negative
+     * integer. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The port component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>-1</tt> if the port is undefined
+     */
+    public int getPort() {
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw path component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The path component of a URI, if defined, only contains the slash
+     * character (<tt>'/'</tt>), the commercial-at character (<tt>'@'</tt>),
+     * and characters in the <i>unreserved</i>, <i>punct</i>, <i>escaped</i>,
+     * and <i>other</i> categories. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The path component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the path is undefined
+     */
+    public String getRawPath() {
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the decoded path component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the
+     * {@link #getRawPath() getRawPath} method except that all sequences of
+     * escaped octets are <a href="#decode">decoded</a>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The decoded path component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the path is undefined
+     */
+    public String getPath() {
+        if ((decodedPath == null) && (path != null))
+            decodedPath = decode(path);
+        return decodedPath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw query component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The query component of a URI, if defined, only contains legal URI
+     * characters. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The raw query component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the query is undefined
+     */
+    public String getRawQuery() {
+        return query;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the decoded query component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the
+     * {@link #getRawQuery() getRawQuery} method except that all sequences of
+     * escaped octets are <a href="#decode">decoded</a>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The decoded query component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the query is undefined
+     */
+    public String getQuery() {
+        if ((decodedQuery == null) && (query != null))
+            decodedQuery = decode(query);
+        return decodedQuery;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw fragment component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The fragment component of a URI, if defined, only contains legal URI
+     * characters. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The raw fragment component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the fragment is undefined
+     */
+    public String getRawFragment() {
+        return fragment;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the decoded fragment component of this URI.
+     *
+     * <p> The string returned by this method is equal to that returned by the
+     * {@link #getRawFragment() getRawFragment} method except that all
+     * sequences of escaped octets are <a href="#decode">decoded</a>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The decoded fragment component of this URI,
+     *          or <tt>null</tt> if the fragment is undefined
+     */
+    public String getFragment() {
+        if ((decodedFragment == null) && (fragment != null))
+            decodedFragment = decode(fragment);
+        return decodedFragment;
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Equality, comparison, hash code, toString, and serialization --
+
+    /**
+     * Tests this URI for equality with another object.
+     *
+     * <p> If the given object is not a URI then this method immediately
+     * returns <tt>false</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> For two URIs to be considered equal requires that either both are
+     * opaque or both are hierarchical.  Their schemes must either both be
+     * undefined or else be equal without regard to case. Their fragments
+     * must either both be undefined or else be equal.
+     *
+     * <p> For two opaque URIs to be considered equal, their scheme-specific
+     * parts must be equal.
+     *
+     * <p> For two hierarchical URIs to be considered equal, their paths must
+     * be equal and their queries must either both be undefined or else be
+     * equal.  Their authorities must either both be undefined, or both be
+     * registry-based, or both be server-based.  If their authorities are
+     * defined and are registry-based, then they must be equal.  If their
+     * authorities are defined and are server-based, then their hosts must be
+     * equal without regard to case, their port numbers must be equal, and
+     * their user-information components must be equal.
+     *
+     * <p> When testing the user-information, path, query, fragment, authority,
+     * or scheme-specific parts of two URIs for equality, the raw forms rather
+     * than the encoded forms of these components are compared and the
+     * hexadecimal digits of escaped octets are compared without regard to
+     * case.
+     *
+     * <p> This method satisfies the general contract of the {@link
+     * java.lang.Object#equals(Object) Object.equals} method. </p>
+     *
+     * @param   ob   The object to which this object is to be compared
+     *
+     * @return  <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, the given object is a URI that
+     *          is identical to this URI
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object ob) {
+        if (ob == this)
+            return true;
+        if (!(ob instanceof URI))
+            return false;
+        URI that = (URI)ob;
+        if (this.isOpaque() != that.isOpaque()) return false;
+        if (!equalIgnoringCase(this.scheme, that.scheme)) return false;
+        if (!equal(this.fragment, that.fragment)) return false;
+
+        // Opaque
+        if (this.isOpaque())
+            return equal(this.schemeSpecificPart, that.schemeSpecificPart);
+
+        // Hierarchical
+        if (!equal(this.path, that.path)) return false;
+        if (!equal(this.query, that.query)) return false;
+
+        // Authorities
+        if (this.authority == that.authority) return true;
+        if (this.host != null) {
+            // Server-based
+            if (!equal(this.userInfo, that.userInfo)) return false;
+            if (!equalIgnoringCase(this.host, that.host)) return false;
+            if (this.port != that.port) return false;
+        } else if (this.authority != null) {
+            // Registry-based
+            if (!equal(this.authority, that.authority)) return false;
+        } else if (this.authority != that.authority) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hash-code value for this URI.  The hash code is based upon all
+     * of the URI's components, and satisfies the general contract of the
+     * {@link java.lang.Object#hashCode() Object.hashCode} method.
+     *
+     * @return  A hash-code value for this URI
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        if (hash != 0)
+            return hash;
+        int h = hashIgnoringCase(0, scheme);
+        h = hash(h, fragment);
+        if (isOpaque()) {
+            h = hash(h, schemeSpecificPart);
+        } else {
+            h = hash(h, path);
+            h = hash(h, query);
+            if (host != null) {
+                h = hash(h, userInfo);
+                h = hashIgnoringCase(h, host);
+                h += 1949 * port;
+            } else {
+                h = hash(h, authority);
+            }
+        }
+        hash = h;
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this URI to another object, which must be a URI.
+     *
+     * <p> When comparing corresponding components of two URIs, if one
+     * component is undefined but the other is defined then the first is
+     * considered to be less than the second.  Unless otherwise noted, string
+     * components are ordered according to their natural, case-sensitive
+     * ordering as defined by the {@link java.lang.String#compareTo(Object)
+     * String.compareTo} method.  String components that are subject to
+     * encoding are compared by comparing their raw forms rather than their
+     * encoded forms.
+     *
+     * <p> The ordering of URIs is defined as follows: </p>
+     *
+     * <ul type=disc>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Two URIs with different schemes are ordered according the
+     *   ordering of their schemes, without regard to case. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> A hierarchical URI is considered to be less than an opaque URI
+     *   with an identical scheme. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Two opaque URIs with identical schemes are ordered according
+     *   to the ordering of their scheme-specific parts. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Two opaque URIs with identical schemes and scheme-specific
+     *   parts are ordered according to the ordering of their
+     *   fragments. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Two hierarchical URIs with identical schemes are ordered
+     *   according to the ordering of their authority components: </p>
+     *
+     *   <ul type=disc>
+     *
+     *     <li><p> If both authority components are server-based then the URIs
+     *     are ordered according to their user-information components; if these
+     *     components are identical then the URIs are ordered according to the
+     *     ordering of their hosts, without regard to case; if the hosts are
+     *     identical then the URIs are ordered according to the ordering of
+     *     their ports. </p></li>
+     *
+     *     <li><p> If one or both authority components are registry-based then
+     *     the URIs are ordered according to the ordering of their authority
+     *     components. </p></li>
+     *
+     *   </ul></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Finally, two hierarchical URIs with identical schemes and
+     *   authority components are ordered according to the ordering of their
+     *   paths; if their paths are identical then they are ordered according to
+     *   the ordering of their queries; if the queries are identical then they
+     *   are ordered according to the order of their fragments. </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p> This method satisfies the general contract of the {@link
+     * java.lang.Comparable#compareTo(Object) Comparable.compareTo}
+     * method. </p>
+     *
+     * @param   that
+     *          The object to which this URI is to be compared
+     *
+     * @return  A negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as this URI is
+     *          less than, equal to, or greater than the given URI
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassCastException
+     *          If the given object is not a URI
+     */
+    public int compareTo(URI that) {
+        int c;
+
+        if ((c = compareIgnoringCase(this.scheme, that.scheme)) != 0)
+            return c;
+
+        if (this.isOpaque()) {
+            if (that.isOpaque()) {
+                // Both opaque
+                if ((c = compare(this.schemeSpecificPart,
+                                 that.schemeSpecificPart)) != 0)
+                    return c;
+                return compare(this.fragment, that.fragment);
+            }
+            return +1;                  // Opaque > hierarchical
+        } else if (that.isOpaque()) {
+            return -1;                  // Hierarchical < opaque
+        }
+
+        // Hierarchical
+        if ((this.host != null) && (that.host != null)) {
+            // Both server-based
+            if ((c = compare(this.userInfo, that.userInfo)) != 0)
+                return c;
+            if ((c = compareIgnoringCase(this.host, that.host)) != 0)
+                return c;
+            if ((c = this.port - that.port) != 0)
+                return c;
+        } else {
+            // If one or both authorities are registry-based then we simply
+            // compare them in the usual, case-sensitive way.  If one is
+            // registry-based and one is server-based then the strings are
+            // guaranteed to be unequal, hence the comparison will never return
+            // zero and the compareTo and equals methods will remain
+            // consistent.
+            if ((c = compare(this.authority, that.authority)) != 0) return c;
+        }
+
+        if ((c = compare(this.path, that.path)) != 0) return c;
+        if ((c = compare(this.query, that.query)) != 0) return c;
+        return compare(this.fragment, that.fragment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the content of this URI as a string.
+     *
+     * <p> If this URI was created by invoking one of the constructors in this
+     * class then a string equivalent to the original input string, or to the
+     * string computed from the originally-given components, as appropriate, is
+     * returned.  Otherwise this URI was created by normalization, resolution,
+     * or relativization, and so a string is constructed from this URI's
+     * components according to the rules specified in <a
+     * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC&nbsp;2396</a>,
+     * section&nbsp;5.2, step&nbsp;7. </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The string form of this URI
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        defineString();
+        return string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the content of this URI as a US-ASCII string.
+     *
+     * <p> If this URI does not contain any characters in the <i>other</i>
+     * category then an invocation of this method will return the same value as
+     * an invocation of the {@link #toString() toString} method.  Otherwise
+     * this method works as if by invoking that method and then <a
+     * href="#encode">encoding</a> the result.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The string form of this URI, encoded as needed
+     *          so that it only contains characters in the US-ASCII
+     *          charset
+     */
+    public String toASCIIString() {
+        defineString();
+        return encode(string);
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Serialization support --
+
+    /**
+     * Saves the content of this URI to the given serial stream.
+     *
+     * <p> The only serializable field of a URI instance is its <tt>string</tt>
+     * field.  That field is given a value, if it does not have one already,
+     * and then the {@link java.io.ObjectOutputStream#defaultWriteObject()}
+     * method of the given object-output stream is invoked. </p>
+     *
+     * @param  os  The object-output stream to which this object
+     *             is to be written
+     */
+    private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream os)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        defineString();
+        os.defaultWriteObject();        // Writes the string field only
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstitutes a URI from the given serial stream.
+     *
+     * <p> The {@link java.io.ObjectInputStream#defaultReadObject()} method is
+     * invoked to read the value of the <tt>string</tt> field.  The result is
+     * then parsed in the usual way.
+     *
+     * @param  is  The object-input stream from which this object
+     *             is being read
+     */
+    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream is)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException
+    {
+        port = -1;                      // Argh
+        is.defaultReadObject();
+        try {
+            new Parser(string).parse(false);
+        } catch (URISyntaxException x) {
+            IOException y = new InvalidObjectException("Invalid URI");
+            y.initCause(x);
+            throw y;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // -- End of public methods --
+
+
+    // -- Utility methods for string-field comparison and hashing --
+
+    // These methods return appropriate values for null string arguments,
+    // thereby simplifying the equals, hashCode, and compareTo methods.
+    //
+    // The case-ignoring methods should only be applied to strings whose
+    // characters are all known to be US-ASCII.  Because of this restriction,
+    // these methods are faster than the similar methods in the String class.
+
+    // US-ASCII only
+    private static int toLower(char c) {
+        if ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z'))
+            return c + ('a' - 'A');
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean equal(String s, String t) {
+        if (s == t) return true;
+        if ((s != null) && (t != null)) {
+            if (s.length() != t.length())
+                return false;
+            if (s.indexOf('%') < 0)
+                return s.equals(t);
+            int n = s.length();
+            for (int i = 0; i < n;) {
+                char c = s.charAt(i);
+                char d = t.charAt(i);
+                if (c != '%') {
+                    if (c != d)
+                        return false;
+                    i++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                i++;
+                if (toLower(s.charAt(i)) != toLower(t.charAt(i)))
+                    return false;
+                i++;
+                if (toLower(s.charAt(i)) != toLower(t.charAt(i)))
+                    return false;
+                i++;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // US-ASCII only
+    private static boolean equalIgnoringCase(String s, String t) {
+        if (s == t) return true;
+        if ((s != null) && (t != null)) {
+            int n = s.length();
+            if (t.length() != n)
+                return false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                if (toLower(s.charAt(i)) != toLower(t.charAt(i)))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static int hash(int hash, String s) {
+        if (s == null) return hash;
+        return hash * 127 + s.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    // US-ASCII only
+    private static int hashIgnoringCase(int hash, String s) {
+        if (s == null) return hash;
+        int h = hash;
+        int n = s.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            h = 31 * h + toLower(s.charAt(i));
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    private static int compare(String s, String t) {
+        if (s == t) return 0;
+        if (s != null) {
+            if (t != null)
+                return s.compareTo(t);
+            else
+                return +1;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // US-ASCII only
+    private static int compareIgnoringCase(String s, String t) {
+        if (s == t) return 0;
+        if (s != null) {
+            if (t != null) {
+                int sn = s.length();
+                int tn = t.length();
+                int n = sn < tn ? sn : tn;
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    int c = toLower(s.charAt(i)) - toLower(t.charAt(i));
+                    if (c != 0)
+                        return c;
+                }
+                return sn - tn;
+            }
+            return +1;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // -- String construction --
+
+    // If a scheme is given then the path, if given, must be absolute
+    //
+    private static void checkPath(String s, String scheme, String path)
+        throws URISyntaxException
+    {
+        if (scheme != null) {
+            if ((path != null)
+                && ((path.length() > 0) && (path.charAt(0) != '/')))
+                throw new URISyntaxException(s,
+                                             "Relative path in absolute URI");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void appendAuthority(StringBuffer sb,
+                                 String authority,
+                                 String userInfo,
+                                 String host,
+                                 int port)
+    {
+        if (host != null) {
+            sb.append("//");
+            if (userInfo != null) {
+                sb.append(quote(userInfo, L_USERINFO, H_USERINFO));
+                sb.append('@');
+            }
+            boolean needBrackets = ((host.indexOf(':') >= 0)
+                                    && !host.startsWith("[")
+                                    && !host.endsWith("]"));
+            if (needBrackets) sb.append('[');
+            sb.append(host);
+            if (needBrackets) sb.append(']');
+            if (port != -1) {
+                sb.append(':');
+                sb.append(port);
+            }
+        } else if (authority != null) {
+            sb.append("//");
+            if (authority.startsWith("[")) {
+                // authority should (but may not) contain an embedded IPv6 address
+                int end = authority.indexOf("]");
+                String doquote = authority, dontquote = "";
+                if (end != -1 && authority.indexOf(":") != -1) {
+                    // the authority contains an IPv6 address
+                    if (end == authority.length()) {
+                        dontquote = authority;
+                        doquote = "";
+                    } else {
+                        dontquote = authority.substring(0 , end + 1);
+                        doquote = authority.substring(end + 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                sb.append(dontquote);
+                sb.append(quote(doquote,
+                            L_REG_NAME | L_SERVER,
+                            H_REG_NAME | H_SERVER));
+            } else {
+                sb.append(quote(authority,
+                            L_REG_NAME | L_SERVER,
+                            H_REG_NAME | H_SERVER));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void appendSchemeSpecificPart(StringBuffer sb,
+                                          String opaquePart,
+                                          String authority,
+                                          String userInfo,
+                                          String host,
+                                          int port,
+                                          String path,
+                                          String query)
+    {
+        if (opaquePart != null) {
+            /* check if SSP begins with an IPv6 address
+             * because we must not quote a literal IPv6 address
+             */
+            if (opaquePart.startsWith("//[")) {
+                int end =  opaquePart.indexOf("]");
+                if (end != -1 && opaquePart.indexOf(":")!=-1) {
+                    String doquote, dontquote;
+                    if (end == opaquePart.length()) {
+                        dontquote = opaquePart;
+                        doquote = "";
+                    } else {
+                        dontquote = opaquePart.substring(0,end+1);
+                        doquote = opaquePart.substring(end+1);
+                    }
+                    sb.append (dontquote);
+                    sb.append(quote(doquote, L_URIC, H_URIC));
+                }
+            } else {
+                sb.append(quote(opaquePart, L_URIC, H_URIC));
+            }
+        } else {
+            appendAuthority(sb, authority, userInfo, host, port);
+            if (path != null)
+                sb.append(quote(path, L_PATH, H_PATH));
+            if (query != null) {
+                sb.append('?');
+                sb.append(quote(query, L_URIC, H_URIC));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void appendFragment(StringBuffer sb, String fragment) {
+        if (fragment != null) {
+            sb.append('#');
+            sb.append(quote(fragment, L_URIC, H_URIC));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String toString(String scheme,
+                            String opaquePart,
+                            String authority,
+                            String userInfo,
+                            String host,
+                            int port,
+                            String path,
+                            String query,
+                            String fragment)
+    {
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        if (scheme != null) {
+            sb.append(scheme);
+            sb.append(':');
+        }
+        appendSchemeSpecificPart(sb, opaquePart,
+                                 authority, userInfo, host, port,
+                                 path, query);
+        appendFragment(sb, fragment);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private void defineSchemeSpecificPart() {
+        if (schemeSpecificPart != null) return;
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        appendSchemeSpecificPart(sb, null, getAuthority(), getUserInfo(),
+                                 host, port, getPath(), getQuery());
+        if (sb.length() == 0) return;
+        schemeSpecificPart = sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private void defineString() {
+        if (string != null) return;
+
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        if (scheme != null) {
+            sb.append(scheme);
+            sb.append(':');
+        }
+        if (isOpaque()) {
+            sb.append(schemeSpecificPart);
+        } else {
+            if (host != null) {
+                sb.append("//");
+                if (userInfo != null) {
+                    sb.append(userInfo);
+                    sb.append('@');
+                }
+                boolean needBrackets = ((host.indexOf(':') >= 0)
+                                    && !host.startsWith("[")
+                                    && !host.endsWith("]"));
+                if (needBrackets) sb.append('[');
+                sb.append(host);
+                if (needBrackets) sb.append(']');
+                if (port != -1) {
+                    sb.append(':');
+                    sb.append(port);
+                }
+            } else if (authority != null) {
+                sb.append("//");
+                sb.append(authority);
+            }
+            if (path != null)
+                sb.append(path);
+            if (query != null) {
+                sb.append('?');
+                sb.append(query);
+            }
+        }
+        if (fragment != null) {
+            sb.append('#');
+            sb.append(fragment);
+        }
+        string = sb.toString();
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Normalization, resolution, and relativization --
+
+    // RFC2396 5.2 (6)
+    private static String resolvePath(String base, String child,
+                                      boolean absolute)
+    {
+        int i = base.lastIndexOf('/');
+        int cn = child.length();
+        String path = "";
+
+        if (cn == 0) {
+            // 5.2 (6a)
+            if (i >= 0)
+                path = base.substring(0, i + 1);
+        } else {
+            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(base.length() + cn);
+            // 5.2 (6a)
+            if (i >= 0)
+                sb.append(base.substring(0, i + 1));
+            // 5.2 (6b)
+            sb.append(child);
+            path = sb.toString();
+        }
+
+        // 5.2 (6c-f)
+        String np = normalize(path);
+
+        // 5.2 (6g): If the result is absolute but the path begins with "../",
+        // then we simply leave the path as-is
+
+        return np;
+    }
+
+    // RFC2396 5.2
+    private static URI resolve(URI base, URI child) {
+        // check if child if opaque first so that NPE is thrown
+        // if child is null.
+        if (child.isOpaque() || base.isOpaque())
+            return child;
+
+        // 5.2 (2): Reference to current document (lone fragment)
+        if ((child.scheme == null) && (child.authority == null)
+            && child.path.equals("") && (child.fragment != null)
+            && (child.query == null)) {
+            if ((base.fragment != null)
+                && child.fragment.equals(base.fragment)) {
+                return base;
+            }
+            URI ru = new URI();
+            ru.scheme = base.scheme;
+            ru.authority = base.authority;
+            ru.userInfo = base.userInfo;
+            ru.host = base.host;
+            ru.port = base.port;
+            ru.path = base.path;
+            ru.fragment = child.fragment;
+            ru.query = base.query;
+            return ru;
+        }
+
+        // 5.2 (3): Child is absolute
+        if (child.scheme != null)
+            return child;
+
+        URI ru = new URI();             // Resolved URI
+        ru.scheme = base.scheme;
+        ru.query = child.query;
+        ru.fragment = child.fragment;
+
+        // 5.2 (4): Authority
+        if (child.authority == null) {
+            ru.authority = base.authority;
+            ru.host = base.host;
+            ru.userInfo = base.userInfo;
+            ru.port = base.port;
+
+            String cp = (child.path == null) ? "" : child.path;
+            if ((cp.length() > 0) && (cp.charAt(0) == '/')) {
+                // 5.2 (5): Child path is absolute
+                ru.path = child.path;
+            } else {
+                // 5.2 (6): Resolve relative path
+                ru.path = resolvePath(base.path, cp, base.isAbsolute());
+            }
+        } else {
+            ru.authority = child.authority;
+            ru.host = child.host;
+            ru.userInfo = child.userInfo;
+            ru.host = child.host;
+            ru.port = child.port;
+            ru.path = child.path;
+        }
+
+        // 5.2 (7): Recombine (nothing to do here)
+        return ru;
+    }
+
+    // If the given URI's path is normal then return the URI;
+    // o.w., return a new URI containing the normalized path.
+    //
+    private static URI normalize(URI u) {
+        if (u.isOpaque() || (u.path == null) || (u.path.length() == 0))
+            return u;
+
+        String np = normalize(u.path);
+        if (np == u.path)
+            return u;
+
+        URI v = new URI();
+        v.scheme = u.scheme;
+        v.fragment = u.fragment;
+        v.authority = u.authority;
+        v.userInfo = u.userInfo;
+        v.host = u.host;
+        v.port = u.port;
+        v.path = np;
+        v.query = u.query;
+        return v;
+    }
+
+    // If both URIs are hierarchical, their scheme and authority components are
+    // identical, and the base path is a prefix of the child's path, then
+    // return a relative URI that, when resolved against the base, yields the
+    // child; otherwise, return the child.
+    //
+    private static URI relativize(URI base, URI child) {
+        // check if child if opaque first so that NPE is thrown
+        // if child is null.
+        if (child.isOpaque() || base.isOpaque())
+            return child;
+        if (!equalIgnoringCase(base.scheme, child.scheme)
+            || !equal(base.authority, child.authority))
+            return child;
+
+        String bp = normalize(base.path);
+        String cp = normalize(child.path);
+        if (!bp.equals(cp)) {
+            if (!bp.endsWith("/"))
+                bp = bp + "/";
+            if (!cp.startsWith(bp))
+                return child;
+        }
+
+        URI v = new URI();
+        v.path = cp.substring(bp.length());
+        v.query = child.query;
+        v.fragment = child.fragment;
+        return v;
+    }
+
+
+
+    // -- Path normalization --
+
+    // The following algorithm for path normalization avoids the creation of a
+    // string object for each segment, as well as the use of a string buffer to
+    // compute the final result, by using a single char array and editing it in
+    // place.  The array is first split into segments, replacing each slash
+    // with '\0' and creating a segment-index array, each element of which is
+    // the index of the first char in the corresponding segment.  We then walk
+    // through both arrays, removing ".", "..", and other segments as necessary
+    // by setting their entries in the index array to -1.  Finally, the two
+    // arrays are used to rejoin the segments and compute the final result.
+    //
+    // This code is based upon src/solaris/native/java/io/canonicalize_md.c
+
+
+    // Check the given path to see if it might need normalization.  A path
+    // might need normalization if it contains duplicate slashes, a "."
+    // segment, or a ".." segment.  Return -1 if no further normalization is
+    // possible, otherwise return the number of segments found.
+    //
+    // This method takes a string argument rather than a char array so that
+    // this test can be performed without invoking path.toCharArray().
+    //
+    static private int needsNormalization(String path) {
+        boolean normal = true;
+        int ns = 0;                     // Number of segments
+        int end = path.length() - 1;    // Index of last char in path
+        int p = 0;                      // Index of next char in path
+
+        // Skip initial slashes
+        while (p <= end) {
+            if (path.charAt(p) != '/') break;
+            p++;
+        }
+        if (p > 1) normal = false;
+
+        // Scan segments
+        while (p <= end) {
+
+            // Looking at "." or ".." ?
+            if ((path.charAt(p) == '.')
+                && ((p == end)
+                    || ((path.charAt(p + 1) == '/')
+                        || ((path.charAt(p + 1) == '.')
+                            && ((p + 1 == end)
+                                || (path.charAt(p + 2) == '/')))))) {
+                normal = false;
+            }
+            ns++;
+
+            // Find beginning of next segment
+            while (p <= end) {
+                if (path.charAt(p++) != '/')
+                    continue;
+
+                // Skip redundant slashes
+                while (p <= end) {
+                    if (path.charAt(p) != '/') break;
+                    normal = false;
+                    p++;
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return normal ? -1 : ns;
+    }
+
+
+    // Split the given path into segments, replacing slashes with nulls and
+    // filling in the given segment-index array.
+    //
+    // Preconditions:
+    //   segs.length == Number of segments in path
+    //
+    // Postconditions:
+    //   All slashes in path replaced by '\0'
+    //   segs[i] == Index of first char in segment i (0 <= i < segs.length)
+    //
+    static private void split(char[] path, int[] segs) {
+        int end = path.length - 1;      // Index of last char in path
+        int p = 0;                      // Index of next char in path
+        int i = 0;                      // Index of current segment
+
+        // Skip initial slashes
+        while (p <= end) {
+            if (path[p] != '/') break;
+            path[p] = '\0';
+            p++;
+        }
+
+        while (p <= end) {
+
+            // Note start of segment
+            segs[i++] = p++;
+
+            // Find beginning of next segment
+            while (p <= end) {
+                if (path[p++] != '/')
+                    continue;
+                path[p - 1] = '\0';
+
+                // Skip redundant slashes
+                while (p <= end) {
+                    if (path[p] != '/') break;
+                    path[p++] = '\0';
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (i != segs.length)
+            throw new InternalError();  // ASSERT
+    }
+
+
+    // Join the segments in the given path according to the given segment-index
+    // array, ignoring those segments whose index entries have been set to -1,
+    // and inserting slashes as needed.  Return the length of the resulting
+    // path.
+    //
+    // Preconditions:
+    //   segs[i] == -1 implies segment i is to be ignored
+    //   path computed by split, as above, with '\0' having replaced '/'
+    //
+    // Postconditions:
+    //   path[0] .. path[return value] == Resulting path
+    //
+    static private int join(char[] path, int[] segs) {
+        int ns = segs.length;           // Number of segments
+        int end = path.length - 1;      // Index of last char in path
+        int p = 0;                      // Index of next path char to write
+
+        if (path[p] == '\0') {
+            // Restore initial slash for absolute paths
+            path[p++] = '/';
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < ns; i++) {
+            int q = segs[i];            // Current segment
+            if (q == -1)
+                // Ignore this segment
+                continue;
+
+            if (p == q) {
+                // We're already at this segment, so just skip to its end
+                while ((p <= end) && (path[p] != '\0'))
+                    p++;
+                if (p <= end) {
+                    // Preserve trailing slash
+                    path[p++] = '/';
+                }
+            } else if (p < q) {
+                // Copy q down to p
+                while ((q <= end) && (path[q] != '\0'))
+                    path[p++] = path[q++];
+                if (q <= end) {
+                    // Preserve trailing slash
+                    path[p++] = '/';
+                }
+            } else
+                throw new InternalError(); // ASSERT false
+        }
+
+        return p;
+    }
+
+
+    // Remove "." segments from the given path, and remove segment pairs
+    // consisting of a non-".." segment followed by a ".." segment.
+    //
+    private static void removeDots(char[] path, int[] segs) {
+        int ns = segs.length;
+        int end = path.length - 1;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < ns; i++) {
+            int dots = 0;               // Number of dots found (0, 1, or 2)
+
+            // Find next occurrence of "." or ".."
+            do {
+                int p = segs[i];
+                if (path[p] == '.') {
+                    if (p == end) {
+                        dots = 1;
+                        break;
+                    } else if (path[p + 1] == '\0') {
+                        dots = 1;
+                        break;
+                    } else if ((path[p + 1] == '.')
+                               && ((p + 1 == end)
+                                   || (path[p + 2] == '\0'))) {
+                        dots = 2;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                i++;
+            } while (i < ns);
+            if ((i > ns) || (dots == 0))
+                break;
+
+            if (dots == 1) {
+                // Remove this occurrence of "."
+                segs[i] = -1;
+            } else {
+                // If there is a preceding non-".." segment, remove both that
+                // segment and this occurrence of ".."; otherwise, leave this
+                // ".." segment as-is.
+                int j;
+                for (j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                    if (segs[j] != -1) break;
+                }
+                if (j >= 0) {
+                    int q = segs[j];
+                    if (!((path[q] == '.')
+                          && (path[q + 1] == '.')
+                          && (path[q + 2] == '\0'))) {
+                        segs[i] = -1;
+                        segs[j] = -1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // DEVIATION: If the normalized path is relative, and if the first
+    // segment could be parsed as a scheme name, then prepend a "." segment
+    //
+    private static void maybeAddLeadingDot(char[] path, int[] segs) {
+
+        if (path[0] == '\0')
+            // The path is absolute
+            return;
+
+        int ns = segs.length;
+        int f = 0;                      // Index of first segment
+        while (f < ns) {
+            if (segs[f] >= 0)
+                break;
+            f++;
+        }
+        if ((f >= ns) || (f == 0))
+            // The path is empty, or else the original first segment survived,
+            // in which case we already know that no leading "." is needed
+            return;
+
+        int p = segs[f];
+        while ((p < path.length) && (path[p] != ':') && (path[p] != '\0')) p++;
+        if (p >= path.length || path[p] == '\0')
+            // No colon in first segment, so no "." needed
+            return;
+
+        // At this point we know that the first segment is unused,
+        // hence we can insert a "." segment at that position
+        path[0] = '.';
+        path[1] = '\0';
+        segs[0] = 0;
+    }
+
+
+    // Normalize the given path string.  A normal path string has no empty
+    // segments (i.e., occurrences of "//"), no segments equal to ".", and no
+    // segments equal to ".." that are preceded by a segment not equal to "..".
+    // In contrast to Unix-style pathname normalization, for URI paths we
+    // always retain trailing slashes.
+    //
+    private static String normalize(String ps) {
+
+        // Does this path need normalization?
+        int ns = needsNormalization(ps);        // Number of segments
+        if (ns < 0)
+            // Nope -- just return it
+            return ps;
+
+        char[] path = ps.toCharArray();         // Path in char-array form
+
+        // Split path into segments
+        int[] segs = new int[ns];               // Segment-index array
+        split(path, segs);
+
+        // Remove dots
+        removeDots(path, segs);
+
+        // Prevent scheme-name confusion
+        maybeAddLeadingDot(path, segs);
+
+        // Join the remaining segments and return the result
+        String s = new String(path, 0, join(path, segs));
+        if (s.equals(ps)) {
+            // string was already normalized
+            return ps;
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+
+
+
+    // -- Character classes for parsing --
+
+    // RFC2396 precisely specifies which characters in the US-ASCII charset are
+    // permissible in the various components of a URI reference.  We here
+    // define a set of mask pairs to aid in enforcing these restrictions.  Each
+    // mask pair consists of two longs, a low mask and a high mask.  Taken
+    // together they represent a 128-bit mask, where bit i is set iff the
+    // character with value i is permitted.
+    //
+    // This approach is more efficient than sequentially searching arrays of
+    // permitted characters.  It could be made still more efficient by
+    // precompiling the mask information so that a character's presence in a
+    // given mask could be determined by a single table lookup.
+
+    // Compute the low-order mask for the characters in the given string
+    private static long lowMask(String chars) {
+        int n = chars.length();
+        long m = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            char c = chars.charAt(i);
+            if (c < 64)
+                m |= (1L << c);
+        }
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    // Compute the high-order mask for the characters in the given string
+    private static long highMask(String chars) {
+        int n = chars.length();
+        long m = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            char c = chars.charAt(i);
+            if ((c >= 64) && (c < 128))
+                m |= (1L << (c - 64));
+        }
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    // Compute a low-order mask for the characters
+    // between first and last, inclusive
+    private static long lowMask(char first, char last) {
+        long m = 0;
+        int f = Math.max(Math.min(first, 63), 0);
+        int l = Math.max(Math.min(last, 63), 0);
+        for (int i = f; i <= l; i++)
+            m |= 1L << i;
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    // Compute a high-order mask for the characters
+    // between first and last, inclusive
+    private static long highMask(char first, char last) {
+        long m = 0;
+        int f = Math.max(Math.min(first, 127), 64) - 64;
+        int l = Math.max(Math.min(last, 127), 64) - 64;
+        for (int i = f; i <= l; i++)
+            m |= 1L << i;
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    // Tell whether the given character is permitted by the given mask pair
+    private static boolean match(char c, long lowMask, long highMask) {
+        if (c == 0) // 0 doesn't have a slot in the mask. So, it never matches.
+            return false;
+        if (c < 64)
+            return ((1L << c) & lowMask) != 0;
+        if (c < 128)
+            return ((1L << (c - 64)) & highMask) != 0;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Character-class masks, in reverse order from RFC2396 because
+    // initializers for static fields cannot make forward references.
+
+    // digit    = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" |
+    //            "8" | "9"
+    private static final long L_DIGIT = lowMask('0', '9');
+    private static final long H_DIGIT = 0L;
+
+    // upalpha  = "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F" | "G" | "H" | "I" |
+    //            "J" | "K" | "L" | "M" | "N" | "O" | "P" | "Q" | "R" |
+    //            "S" | "T" | "U" | "V" | "W" | "X" | "Y" | "Z"
+    private static final long L_UPALPHA = 0L;
+    private static final long H_UPALPHA = highMask('A', 'Z');
+
+    // lowalpha = "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f" | "g" | "h" | "i" |
+    //            "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "o" | "p" | "q" | "r" |
+    //            "s" | "t" | "u" | "v" | "w" | "x" | "y" | "z"
+    private static final long L_LOWALPHA = 0L;
+    private static final long H_LOWALPHA = highMask('a', 'z');
+
+    // alpha         = lowalpha | upalpha
+    private static final long L_ALPHA = L_LOWALPHA | L_UPALPHA;
+    private static final long H_ALPHA = H_LOWALPHA | H_UPALPHA;
+
+    // alphanum      = alpha | digit
+    private static final long L_ALPHANUM = L_DIGIT | L_ALPHA;
+    private static final long H_ALPHANUM = H_DIGIT | H_ALPHA;
+
+    // hex           = digit | "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F" |
+    //                         "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f"
+    private static final long L_HEX = L_DIGIT;
+    private static final long H_HEX = highMask('A', 'F') | highMask('a', 'f');
+
+    // mark          = "-" | "_" | "." | "!" | "~" | "*" | "'" |
+    //                 "(" | ")"
+    private static final long L_MARK = lowMask("-_.!~*'()");
+    private static final long H_MARK = highMask("-_.!~*'()");
+
+    // unreserved    = alphanum | mark
+    private static final long L_UNRESERVED = L_ALPHANUM | L_MARK;
+    private static final long H_UNRESERVED = H_ALPHANUM | H_MARK;
+
+    // reserved      = ";" | "/" | "?" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" |
+    //                 "$" | "," | "[" | "]"
+    // Added per RFC2732: "[", "]"
+    private static final long L_RESERVED = lowMask(";/?:@&=+$,[]");
+    private static final long H_RESERVED = highMask(";/?:@&=+$,[]");
+
+    // The zero'th bit is used to indicate that escape pairs and non-US-ASCII
+    // characters are allowed; this is handled by the scanEscape method below.
+    private static final long L_ESCAPED = 1L;
+    private static final long H_ESCAPED = 0L;
+
+    // uric          = reserved | unreserved | escaped
+    private static final long L_URIC = L_RESERVED | L_UNRESERVED | L_ESCAPED;
+    private static final long H_URIC = H_RESERVED | H_UNRESERVED | H_ESCAPED;
+
+    // pchar         = unreserved | escaped |
+    //                 ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | ","
+    private static final long L_PCHAR
+        = L_UNRESERVED | L_ESCAPED | lowMask(":@&=+$,");
+    private static final long H_PCHAR
+        = H_UNRESERVED | H_ESCAPED | highMask(":@&=+$,");
+
+    // All valid path characters
+    private static final long L_PATH = L_PCHAR | lowMask(";/");
+    private static final long H_PATH = H_PCHAR | highMask(";/");
+
+    // Dash, for use in domainlabel and toplabel
+    private static final long L_DASH = lowMask("-");
+    private static final long H_DASH = highMask("-");
+
+    // Dot, for use in hostnames
+    private static final long L_DOT = lowMask(".");
+    private static final long H_DOT = highMask(".");
+
+    // userinfo      = *( unreserved | escaped |
+    //                    ";" | ":" | "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | "," )
+    private static final long L_USERINFO
+        = L_UNRESERVED | L_ESCAPED | lowMask(";:&=+$,");
+    private static final long H_USERINFO
+        = H_UNRESERVED | H_ESCAPED | highMask(";:&=+$,");
+
+    // reg_name      = 1*( unreserved | escaped | "$" | "," |
+    //                     ";" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" )
+    private static final long L_REG_NAME
+        = L_UNRESERVED | L_ESCAPED | lowMask("$,;:@&=+");
+    private static final long H_REG_NAME
+        = H_UNRESERVED | H_ESCAPED | highMask("$,;:@&=+");
+
+    // All valid characters for server-based authorities
+    private static final long L_SERVER
+        = L_USERINFO | L_ALPHANUM | L_DASH | lowMask(".:@[]");
+    private static final long H_SERVER
+        = H_USERINFO | H_ALPHANUM | H_DASH | highMask(".:@[]");
+
+    // Special case of server authority that represents an IPv6 address
+    // In this case, a % does not signify an escape sequence
+    private static final long L_SERVER_PERCENT
+        = L_SERVER | lowMask("%");
+    private static final long H_SERVER_PERCENT
+        = H_SERVER | highMask("%");
+    private static final long L_LEFT_BRACKET = lowMask("[");
+    private static final long H_LEFT_BRACKET = highMask("[");
+
+    // scheme        = alpha *( alpha | digit | "+" | "-" | "." )
+    private static final long L_SCHEME = L_ALPHA | L_DIGIT | lowMask("+-.");
+    private static final long H_SCHEME = H_ALPHA | H_DIGIT | highMask("+-.");
+
+    // uric_no_slash = unreserved | escaped | ";" | "?" | ":" | "@" |
+    //                 "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | ","
+    private static final long L_URIC_NO_SLASH
+        = L_UNRESERVED | L_ESCAPED | lowMask(";?:@&=+$,");
+    private static final long H_URIC_NO_SLASH
+        = H_UNRESERVED | H_ESCAPED | highMask(";?:@&=+$,");
+
+
+    // -- Escaping and encoding --
+
+    private final static char[] hexDigits = {
+        '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
+        '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'
+    };
+
+    private static void appendEscape(StringBuffer sb, byte b) {
+        sb.append('%');
+        sb.append(hexDigits[(b >> 4) & 0x0f]);
+        sb.append(hexDigits[(b >> 0) & 0x0f]);
+    }
+
+    private static void appendEncoded(StringBuffer sb, char c) {
+        ByteBuffer bb = null;
+        try {
+            bb = ThreadLocalCoders.encoderFor("UTF-8")
+                .encode(CharBuffer.wrap("" + c));
+        } catch (CharacterCodingException x) {
+            assert false;
+        }
+        while (bb.hasRemaining()) {
+            int b = bb.get() & 0xff;
+            if (b >= 0x80)
+                appendEscape(sb, (byte)b);
+            else
+                sb.append((char)b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Quote any characters in s that are not permitted
+    // by the given mask pair
+    //
+    private static String quote(String s, long lowMask, long highMask) {
+        int n = s.length();
+        StringBuffer sb = null;
+        boolean allowNonASCII = ((lowMask & L_ESCAPED) != 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c < '\u0080') {
+                if (!match(c, lowMask, highMask)) {
+                    if (sb == null) {
+                        sb = new StringBuffer();
+                        sb.append(s.substring(0, i));
+                    }
+                    appendEscape(sb, (byte)c);
+                } else {
+                    if (sb != null)
+                        sb.append(c);
+                }
+            } else if (allowNonASCII
+                       && (Character.isSpaceChar(c)
+                           || Character.isISOControl(c))) {
+                if (sb == null) {
+                    sb = new StringBuffer();
+                    sb.append(s.substring(0, i));
+                }
+                appendEncoded(sb, c);
+            } else {
+                if (sb != null)
+                    sb.append(c);
+            }
+        }
+        return (sb == null) ? s : sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    // Encodes all characters >= \u0080 into escaped, normalized UTF-8 octets,
+    // assuming that s is otherwise legal
+    //
+    private static String encode(String s) {
+        int n = s.length();
+        if (n == 0)
+            return s;
+
+        // First check whether we actually need to encode
+        for (int i = 0;;) {
+            if (s.charAt(i) >= '\u0080')
+                break;
+            if (++i >= n)
+                return s;
+        }
+
+        String ns = Normalizer.normalize(s, Normalizer.Form.NFC);
+        ByteBuffer bb = null;
+        try {
+            bb = ThreadLocalCoders.encoderFor("UTF-8")
+                .encode(CharBuffer.wrap(ns));
+        } catch (CharacterCodingException x) {
+            assert false;
+        }
+
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        while (bb.hasRemaining()) {
+            int b = bb.get() & 0xff;
+            if (b >= 0x80)
+                appendEscape(sb, (byte)b);
+            else
+                sb.append((char)b);
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static int decode(char c) {
+        if ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))
+            return c - '0';
+        if ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'f'))
+            return c - 'a' + 10;
+        if ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'F'))
+            return c - 'A' + 10;
+        assert false;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private static byte decode(char c1, char c2) {
+        return (byte)(  ((decode(c1) & 0xf) << 4)
+                      | ((decode(c2) & 0xf) << 0));
+    }
+
+    // Evaluates all escapes in s, applying UTF-8 decoding if needed.  Assumes
+    // that escapes are well-formed syntactically, i.e., of the form %XX.  If a
+    // sequence of escaped octets is not valid UTF-8 then the erroneous octets
+    // are replaced with '\uFFFD'.
+    // Exception: any "%" found between "[]" is left alone. It is an IPv6 literal
+    //            with a scope_id
+    //
+    private static String decode(String s) {
+        if (s == null)
+            return s;
+        int n = s.length();
+        if (n == 0)
+            return s;
+        if (s.indexOf('%') < 0)
+            return s;
+
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(n);
+        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(n);
+        CharBuffer cb = CharBuffer.allocate(n);
+        CharsetDecoder dec = ThreadLocalCoders.decoderFor("UTF-8")
+            .onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE)
+            .onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE);
+
+        // This is not horribly efficient, but it will do for now
+        char c = s.charAt(0);
+        boolean betweenBrackets = false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n;) {
+            assert c == s.charAt(i);    // Loop invariant
+            if (c == '[') {
+                betweenBrackets = true;
+            } else if (betweenBrackets && c == ']') {
+                betweenBrackets = false;
+            }
+            if (c != '%' || betweenBrackets) {
+                sb.append(c);
+                if (++i >= n)
+                    break;
+                c = s.charAt(i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            bb.clear();
+            int ui = i;
+            for (;;) {
+                assert (n - i >= 2);
+                bb.put(decode(s.charAt(++i), s.charAt(++i)));
+                if (++i >= n)
+                    break;
+                c = s.charAt(i);
+                if (c != '%')
+                    break;
+            }
+            bb.flip();
+            cb.clear();
+            dec.reset();
+            CoderResult cr = dec.decode(bb, cb, true);
+            assert cr.isUnderflow();
+            cr = dec.flush(cb);
+            assert cr.isUnderflow();
+            sb.append(cb.flip().toString());
+        }
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Parsing --
+
+    // For convenience we wrap the input URI string in a new instance of the
+    // following internal class.  This saves always having to pass the input
+    // string as an argument to each internal scan/parse method.
+
+    private class Parser {
+
+        private String input;           // URI input string
+        private boolean requireServerAuthority = false;
+
+        Parser(String s) {
+            input = s;
+            string = s;
+        }
+
+        // -- Methods for throwing URISyntaxException in various ways --
+
+        private void fail(String reason) throws URISyntaxException {
+            throw new URISyntaxException(input, reason);
+        }
+
+        private void fail(String reason, int p) throws URISyntaxException {
+            throw new URISyntaxException(input, reason, p);
+        }
+
+        private void failExpecting(String expected, int p)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            fail("Expected " + expected, p);
+        }
+
+        private void failExpecting(String expected, String prior, int p)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            fail("Expected " + expected + " following " + prior, p);
+        }
+
+
+        // -- Simple access to the input string --
+
+        // Return a substring of the input string
+        //
+        private String substring(int start, int end) {
+            return input.substring(start, end);
+        }
+
+        // Return the char at position p,
+        // assuming that p < input.length()
+        //
+        private char charAt(int p) {
+            return input.charAt(p);
+        }
+
+        // Tells whether start < end and, if so, whether charAt(start) == c
+        //
+        private boolean at(int start, int end, char c) {
+            return (start < end) && (charAt(start) == c);
+        }
+
+        // Tells whether start + s.length() < end and, if so,
+        // whether the chars at the start position match s exactly
+        //
+        private boolean at(int start, int end, String s) {
+            int p = start;
+            int sn = s.length();
+            if (sn > end - p)
+                return false;
+            int i = 0;
+            while (i < sn) {
+                if (charAt(p++) != s.charAt(i)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+            return (i == sn);
+        }
+
+
+        // -- Scanning --
+
+        // The various scan and parse methods that follow use a uniform
+        // convention of taking the current start position and end index as
+        // their first two arguments.  The start is inclusive while the end is
+        // exclusive, just as in the String class, i.e., a start/end pair
+        // denotes the left-open interval [start, end) of the input string.
+        //
+        // These methods never proceed past the end position.  They may return
+        // -1 to indicate outright failure, but more often they simply return
+        // the position of the first char after the last char scanned.  Thus
+        // a typical idiom is
+        //
+        //     int p = start;
+        //     int q = scan(p, end, ...);
+        //     if (q > p)
+        //         // We scanned something
+        //         ...;
+        //     else if (q == p)
+        //         // We scanned nothing
+        //         ...;
+        //     else if (q == -1)
+        //         // Something went wrong
+        //         ...;
+
+
+        // Scan a specific char: If the char at the given start position is
+        // equal to c, return the index of the next char; otherwise, return the
+        // start position.
+        //
+        private int scan(int start, int end, char c) {
+            if ((start < end) && (charAt(start) == c))
+                return start + 1;
+            return start;
+        }
+
+        // Scan forward from the given start position.  Stop at the first char
+        // in the err string (in which case -1 is returned), or the first char
+        // in the stop string (in which case the index of the preceding char is
+        // returned), or the end of the input string (in which case the length
+        // of the input string is returned).  May return the start position if
+        // nothing matches.
+        //
+        private int scan(int start, int end, String err, String stop) {
+            int p = start;
+            while (p < end) {
+                char c = charAt(p);
+                if (err.indexOf(c) >= 0)
+                    return -1;
+                if (stop.indexOf(c) >= 0)
+                    break;
+                p++;
+            }
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // Scan a potential escape sequence, starting at the given position,
+        // with the given first char (i.e., charAt(start) == c).
+        //
+        // This method assumes that if escapes are allowed then visible
+        // non-US-ASCII chars are also allowed.
+        //
+        private int scanEscape(int start, int n, char first)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            char c = first;
+            if (c == '%') {
+                // Process escape pair
+                if ((p + 3 <= n)
+                    && match(charAt(p + 1), L_HEX, H_HEX)
+                    && match(charAt(p + 2), L_HEX, H_HEX)) {
+                    return p + 3;
+                }
+                fail("Malformed escape pair", p);
+            } else if ((c > 128)
+                       && !Character.isSpaceChar(c)
+                       && !Character.isISOControl(c)) {
+                // Allow unescaped but visible non-US-ASCII chars
+                return p + 1;
+            }
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // Scan chars that match the given mask pair
+        //
+        private int scan(int start, int n, long lowMask, long highMask)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            while (p < n) {
+                char c = charAt(p);
+                if (match(c, lowMask, highMask)) {
+                    p++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if ((lowMask & L_ESCAPED) != 0) {
+                    int q = scanEscape(p, n, c);
+                    if (q > p) {
+                        p = q;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // Check that each of the chars in [start, end) matches the given mask
+        //
+        private void checkChars(int start, int end,
+                                long lowMask, long highMask,
+                                String what)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = scan(start, end, lowMask, highMask);
+            if (p < end)
+                fail("Illegal character in " + what, p);
+        }
+
+        // Check that the char at position p matches the given mask
+        //
+        private void checkChar(int p,
+                               long lowMask, long highMask,
+                               String what)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            checkChars(p, p + 1, lowMask, highMask, what);
+        }
+
+
+        // -- Parsing --
+
+        // [<scheme>:]<scheme-specific-part>[#<fragment>]
+        //
+        void parse(boolean rsa) throws URISyntaxException {
+            requireServerAuthority = rsa;
+            int ssp;                    // Start of scheme-specific part
+            int n = input.length();
+            int p = scan(0, n, "/?#", ":");
+            if ((p >= 0) && at(p, n, ':')) {
+                if (p == 0)
+                    failExpecting("scheme name", 0);
+                checkChar(0, L_ALPHA, H_ALPHA, "scheme name");
+                checkChars(1, p, L_SCHEME, H_SCHEME, "scheme name");
+                scheme = substring(0, p);
+                p++;                    // Skip ':'
+                ssp = p;
+                if (at(p, n, '/')) {
+                    p = parseHierarchical(p, n);
+                } else {
+                    int q = scan(p, n, "", "#");
+                    if (q <= p)
+                        failExpecting("scheme-specific part", p);
+                    checkChars(p, q, L_URIC, H_URIC, "opaque part");
+                    p = q;
+                }
+            } else {
+                ssp = 0;
+                p = parseHierarchical(0, n);
+            }
+            schemeSpecificPart = substring(ssp, p);
+            if (at(p, n, '#')) {
+                checkChars(p + 1, n, L_URIC, H_URIC, "fragment");
+                fragment = substring(p + 1, n);
+                p = n;
+            }
+            if (p < n)
+                fail("end of URI", p);
+        }
+
+        // [//authority]<path>[?<query>]
+        //
+        // DEVIATION from RFC2396: We allow an empty authority component as
+        // long as it's followed by a non-empty path, query component, or
+        // fragment component.  This is so that URIs such as "file:///foo/bar"
+        // will parse.  This seems to be the intent of RFC2396, though the
+        // grammar does not permit it.  If the authority is empty then the
+        // userInfo, host, and port components are undefined.
+        //
+        // DEVIATION from RFC2396: We allow empty relative paths.  This seems
+        // to be the intent of RFC2396, but the grammar does not permit it.
+        // The primary consequence of this deviation is that "#f" parses as a
+        // relative URI with an empty path.
+        //
+        private int parseHierarchical(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            if (at(p, n, '/') && at(p + 1, n, '/')) {
+                p += 2;
+                int q = scan(p, n, "", "/?#");
+                if (q > p) {
+                    p = parseAuthority(p, q);
+                } else if (q < n) {
+                    // DEVIATION: Allow empty authority prior to non-empty
+                    // path, query component or fragment identifier
+                } else
+                    failExpecting("authority", p);
+            }
+            int q = scan(p, n, "", "?#"); // DEVIATION: May be empty
+            checkChars(p, q, L_PATH, H_PATH, "path");
+            path = substring(p, q);
+            p = q;
+            if (at(p, n, '?')) {
+                p++;
+                q = scan(p, n, "", "#");
+                checkChars(p, q, L_URIC, H_URIC, "query");
+                query = substring(p, q);
+                p = q;
+            }
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // authority     = server | reg_name
+        //
+        // Ambiguity: An authority that is a registry name rather than a server
+        // might have a prefix that parses as a server.  We use the fact that
+        // the authority component is always followed by '/' or the end of the
+        // input string to resolve this: If the complete authority did not
+        // parse as a server then we try to parse it as a registry name.
+        //
+        private int parseAuthority(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q = p;
+            URISyntaxException ex = null;
+
+            boolean serverChars;
+            boolean regChars;
+
+            if (scan(p, n, "", "]") > p) {
+                // contains a literal IPv6 address, therefore % is allowed
+                serverChars = (scan(p, n, L_SERVER_PERCENT, H_SERVER_PERCENT) == n);
+            } else {
+                serverChars = (scan(p, n, L_SERVER, H_SERVER) == n);
+            }
+            regChars = (scan(p, n, L_REG_NAME, H_REG_NAME) == n);
+
+            if (regChars && !serverChars) {
+                // Must be a registry-based authority
+                authority = substring(p, n);
+                return n;
+            }
+
+            if (serverChars) {
+                // Might be (probably is) a server-based authority, so attempt
+                // to parse it as such.  If the attempt fails, try to treat it
+                // as a registry-based authority.
+                try {
+                    q = parseServer(p, n);
+                    if (q < n)
+                        failExpecting("end of authority", q);
+                    authority = substring(p, n);
+                } catch (URISyntaxException x) {
+                    // Undo results of failed parse
+                    userInfo = null;
+                    host = null;
+                    port = -1;
+                    if (requireServerAuthority) {
+                        // If we're insisting upon a server-based authority,
+                        // then just re-throw the exception
+                        throw x;
+                    } else {
+                        // Save the exception in case it doesn't parse as a
+                        // registry either
+                        ex = x;
+                        q = p;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (q < n) {
+                if (regChars) {
+                    // Registry-based authority
+                    authority = substring(p, n);
+                } else if (ex != null) {
+                    // Re-throw exception; it was probably due to
+                    // a malformed IPv6 address
+                    throw ex;
+                } else {
+                    fail("Illegal character in authority", q);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return n;
+        }
+
+
+        // [<userinfo>@]<host>[:<port>]
+        //
+        private int parseServer(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q;
+
+            // userinfo
+            q = scan(p, n, "/?#", "@");
+            if ((q >= p) && at(q, n, '@')) {
+                checkChars(p, q, L_USERINFO, H_USERINFO, "user info");
+                userInfo = substring(p, q);
+                p = q + 1;              // Skip '@'
+            }
+
+            // hostname, IPv4 address, or IPv6 address
+            if (at(p, n, '[')) {
+                // DEVIATION from RFC2396: Support IPv6 addresses, per RFC2732
+                p++;
+                q = scan(p, n, "/?#", "]");
+                if ((q > p) && at(q, n, ']')) {
+                    // look for a "%" scope id
+                    int r = scan (p, q, "", "%");
+                    if (r > p) {
+                        parseIPv6Reference(p, r);
+                        if (r+1 == q) {
+                            fail ("scope id expected");
+                        }
+                        checkChars (r+1, q, L_ALPHANUM, H_ALPHANUM,
+                                                "scope id");
+                    } else {
+                        parseIPv6Reference(p, q);
+                    }
+                    host = substring(p-1, q+1);
+                    p = q + 1;
+                } else {
+                    failExpecting("closing bracket for IPv6 address", q);
+                }
+            } else {
+                q = parseIPv4Address(p, n);
+                if (q <= p)
+                    q = parseHostname(p, n);
+                p = q;
+            }
+
+            // port
+            if (at(p, n, ':')) {
+                p++;
+                q = scan(p, n, "", "/");
+                if (q > p) {
+                    checkChars(p, q, L_DIGIT, H_DIGIT, "port number");
+                    try {
+                        port = Integer.parseInt(substring(p, q));
+                    } catch (NumberFormatException x) {
+                        fail("Malformed port number", p);
+                    }
+                    p = q;
+                }
+            }
+            if (p < n)
+                failExpecting("port number", p);
+
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // Scan a string of decimal digits whose value fits in a byte
+        //
+        private int scanByte(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q = scan(p, n, L_DIGIT, H_DIGIT);
+            if (q <= p) return q;
+            if (Integer.parseInt(substring(p, q)) > 255) return p;
+            return q;
+        }
+
+        // Scan an IPv4 address.
+        //
+        // If the strict argument is true then we require that the given
+        // interval contain nothing besides an IPv4 address; if it is false
+        // then we only require that it start with an IPv4 address.
+        //
+        // If the interval does not contain or start with (depending upon the
+        // strict argument) a legal IPv4 address characters then we return -1
+        // immediately; otherwise we insist that these characters parse as a
+        // legal IPv4 address and throw an exception on failure.
+        //
+        // We assume that any string of decimal digits and dots must be an IPv4
+        // address.  It won't parse as a hostname anyway, so making that
+        // assumption here allows more meaningful exceptions to be thrown.
+        //
+        private int scanIPv4Address(int start, int n, boolean strict)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q;
+            int m = scan(p, n, L_DIGIT | L_DOT, H_DIGIT | H_DOT);
+            if ((m <= p) || (strict && (m != n)))
+                return -1;
+            for (;;) {
+                // Per RFC2732: At most three digits per byte
+                // Further constraint: Each element fits in a byte
+                if ((q = scanByte(p, m)) <= p) break;   p = q;
+                if ((q = scan(p, m, '.')) <= p) break;  p = q;
+                if ((q = scanByte(p, m)) <= p) break;   p = q;
+                if ((q = scan(p, m, '.')) <= p) break;  p = q;
+                if ((q = scanByte(p, m)) <= p) break;   p = q;
+                if ((q = scan(p, m, '.')) <= p) break;  p = q;
+                if ((q = scanByte(p, m)) <= p) break;   p = q;
+                if (q < m) break;
+                return q;
+            }
+            fail("Malformed IPv4 address", q);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        // Take an IPv4 address: Throw an exception if the given interval
+        // contains anything except an IPv4 address
+        //
+        private int takeIPv4Address(int start, int n, String expected)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = scanIPv4Address(start, n, true);
+            if (p <= start)
+                failExpecting(expected, start);
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // Attempt to parse an IPv4 address, returning -1 on failure but
+        // allowing the given interval to contain [:<characters>] after
+        // the IPv4 address.
+        //
+        private int parseIPv4Address(int start, int n) {
+            int p;
+
+            try {
+                p = scanIPv4Address(start, n, false);
+            } catch (URISyntaxException x) {
+                return -1;
+            } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (p > start && p < n) {
+                // IPv4 address is followed by something - check that
+                // it's a ":" as this is the only valid character to
+                // follow an address.
+                if (charAt(p) != ':') {
+                    p = -1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (p > start)
+                host = substring(start, p);
+
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // hostname      = domainlabel [ "." ] | 1*( domainlabel "." ) toplabel [ "." ]
+        // domainlabel   = alphanum | alphanum *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
+        // toplabel      = alpha | alpha *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
+        //
+        private int parseHostname(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q;
+            int l = -1;                 // Start of last parsed label
+
+            do {
+                // domainlabel = alphanum [ *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum ]
+                q = scan(p, n, L_ALPHANUM, H_ALPHANUM);
+                if (q <= p)
+                    break;
+                l = p;
+                if (q > p) {
+                    p = q;
+                    q = scan(p, n, L_ALPHANUM | L_DASH, H_ALPHANUM | H_DASH);
+                    if (q > p) {
+                        if (charAt(q - 1) == '-')
+                            fail("Illegal character in hostname", q - 1);
+                        p = q;
+                    }
+                }
+                q = scan(p, n, '.');
+                if (q <= p)
+                    break;
+                p = q;
+            } while (p < n);
+
+            if ((p < n) && !at(p, n, ':'))
+                fail("Illegal character in hostname", p);
+
+            if (l < 0)
+                failExpecting("hostname", start);
+
+            // for a fully qualified hostname check that the rightmost
+            // label starts with an alpha character.
+            if (l > start && !match(charAt(l), L_ALPHA, H_ALPHA)) {
+                fail("Illegal character in hostname", l);
+            }
+
+            host = substring(start, p);
+            return p;
+        }
+
+
+        // IPv6 address parsing, from RFC2373: IPv6 Addressing Architecture
+        //
+        // Bug: The grammar in RFC2373 Appendix B does not allow addresses of
+        // the form ::12.34.56.78, which are clearly shown in the examples
+        // earlier in the document.  Here is the original grammar:
+        //
+        //   IPv6address = hexpart [ ":" IPv4address ]
+        //   hexpart     = hexseq | hexseq "::" [ hexseq ] | "::" [ hexseq ]
+        //   hexseq      = hex4 *( ":" hex4)
+        //   hex4        = 1*4HEXDIG
+        //
+        // We therefore use the following revised grammar:
+        //
+        //   IPv6address = hexseq [ ":" IPv4address ]
+        //                 | hexseq [ "::" [ hexpost ] ]
+        //                 | "::" [ hexpost ]
+        //   hexpost     = hexseq | hexseq ":" IPv4address | IPv4address
+        //   hexseq      = hex4 *( ":" hex4)
+        //   hex4        = 1*4HEXDIG
+        //
+        // This covers all and only the following cases:
+        //
+        //   hexseq
+        //   hexseq : IPv4address
+        //   hexseq ::
+        //   hexseq :: hexseq
+        //   hexseq :: hexseq : IPv4address
+        //   hexseq :: IPv4address
+        //   :: hexseq
+        //   :: hexseq : IPv4address
+        //   :: IPv4address
+        //   ::
+        //
+        // Additionally we constrain the IPv6 address as follows :-
+        //
+        //  i.  IPv6 addresses without compressed zeros should contain
+        //      exactly 16 bytes.
+        //
+        //  ii. IPv6 addresses with compressed zeros should contain
+        //      less than 16 bytes.
+
+        private int ipv6byteCount = 0;
+
+        private int parseIPv6Reference(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q;
+            boolean compressedZeros = false;
+
+            q = scanHexSeq(p, n);
+
+            if (q > p) {
+                p = q;
+                if (at(p, n, "::")) {
+                    compressedZeros = true;
+                    p = scanHexPost(p + 2, n);
+                } else if (at(p, n, ':')) {
+                    p = takeIPv4Address(p + 1,  n, "IPv4 address");
+                    ipv6byteCount += 4;
+                }
+            } else if (at(p, n, "::")) {
+                compressedZeros = true;
+                p = scanHexPost(p + 2, n);
+            }
+            if (p < n)
+                fail("Malformed IPv6 address", start);
+            if (ipv6byteCount > 16)
+                fail("IPv6 address too long", start);
+            if (!compressedZeros && ipv6byteCount < 16)
+                fail("IPv6 address too short", start);
+            if (compressedZeros && ipv6byteCount == 16)
+                fail("Malformed IPv6 address", start);
+
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        private int scanHexPost(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q;
+
+            if (p == n)
+                return p;
+
+            q = scanHexSeq(p, n);
+            if (q > p) {
+                p = q;
+                if (at(p, n, ':')) {
+                    p++;
+                    p = takeIPv4Address(p, n, "hex digits or IPv4 address");
+                    ipv6byteCount += 4;
+                }
+            } else {
+                p = takeIPv4Address(p, n, "hex digits or IPv4 address");
+                ipv6byteCount += 4;
+            }
+            return p;
+        }
+
+        // Scan a hex sequence; return -1 if one could not be scanned
+        //
+        private int scanHexSeq(int start, int n)
+            throws URISyntaxException
+        {
+            int p = start;
+            int q;
+
+            q = scan(p, n, L_HEX, H_HEX);
+            if (q <= p)
+                return -1;
+            if (at(q, n, '.'))          // Beginning of IPv4 address
+                return -1;
+            if (q > p + 4)
+                fail("IPv6 hexadecimal digit sequence too long", p);
+            ipv6byteCount += 2;
+            p = q;
+            while (p < n) {
+                if (!at(p, n, ':'))
+                    break;
+                if (at(p + 1, n, ':'))
+                    break;              // "::"
+                p++;
+                q = scan(p, n, L_HEX, H_HEX);
+                if (q <= p)
+                    failExpecting("digits for an IPv6 address", p);
+                if (at(q, n, '.')) {    // Beginning of IPv4 address
+                    p--;
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (q > p + 4)
+                    fail("IPv6 hexadecimal digit sequence too long", p);
+                ipv6byteCount += 2;
+                p = q;
+            }
+
+            return p;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/net/URISyntaxException.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/net/URISyntaxException.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2008, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.net;
+
+
+/**
+ * Checked exception thrown to indicate that a string could not be parsed as a
+ * URI reference.
+ *
+ * @author Mark Reinhold
+ * @see URI
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+
+public class URISyntaxException
+    extends Exception
+{
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2137979680897488891L;
+
+    private String input;
+    private int index;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs an instance from the given input string, reason, and error
+     * index.
+     *
+     * @param  input   The input string
+     * @param  reason  A string explaining why the input could not be parsed
+     * @param  index   The index at which the parse error occurred,
+     *                 or <tt>-1</tt> if the index is not known
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If either the input or reason strings are <tt>null</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If the error index is less than <tt>-1</tt>
+     */
+    public URISyntaxException(String input, String reason, int index) {
+        super(reason);
+        if ((input == null) || (reason == null))
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        if (index < -1)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        this.input = input;
+        this.index = index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs an instance from the given input string and reason.  The
+     * resulting object will have an error index of <tt>-1</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param  input   The input string
+     * @param  reason  A string explaining why the input could not be parsed
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If either the input or reason strings are <tt>null</tt>
+     */
+    public URISyntaxException(String input, String reason) {
+        this(input, reason, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the input string.
+     *
+     * @return  The input string
+     */
+    public String getInput() {
+        return input;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string explaining why the input string could not be parsed.
+     *
+     * @return  The reason string
+     */
+    public String getReason() {
+        return super.getMessage();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an index into the input string of the position at which the
+     * parse error occurred, or <tt>-1</tt> if this position is not known.
+     *
+     * @return  The error index
+     */
+    public int getIndex() {
+        return index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string describing the parse error.  The resulting string
+     * consists of the reason string followed by a colon character
+     * (<tt>':'</tt>), a space, and the input string.  If the error index is
+     * defined then the string <tt>" at index "</tt> followed by the index, in
+     * decimal, is inserted after the reason string and before the colon
+     * character.
+     *
+     * @return  A string describing the parse error
+     */
+    public String getMessage() {
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(getReason());
+        if (index > -1) {
+            sb.append(" at index ");
+            sb.append(index);
+        }
+        sb.append(": ");
+        sb.append(input);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/IdentityHashMap.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/IdentityHashMap.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * This class implements the <tt>Map</tt> interface with a hash table, using
+ * reference-equality in place of object-equality when comparing keys (and
+ * values).  In other words, in an <tt>IdentityHashMap</tt>, two keys
+ * <tt>k1</tt> and <tt>k2</tt> are considered equal if and only if
+ * <tt>(k1==k2)</tt>.  (In normal <tt>Map</tt> implementations (like
+ * <tt>HashMap</tt>) two keys <tt>k1</tt> and <tt>k2</tt> are considered equal
+ * if and only if <tt>(k1==null ? k2==null : k1.equals(k2))</tt>.)
+ *
+ * <p><b>This class is <i>not</i> a general-purpose <tt>Map</tt>
+ * implementation!  While this class implements the <tt>Map</tt> interface, it
+ * intentionally violates <tt>Map's</tt> general contract, which mandates the
+ * use of the <tt>equals</tt> method when comparing objects.  This class is
+ * designed for use only in the rare cases wherein reference-equality
+ * semantics are required.</b>
+ *
+ * <p>A typical use of this class is <i>topology-preserving object graph
+ * transformations</i>, such as serialization or deep-copying.  To perform such
+ * a transformation, a program must maintain a "node table" that keeps track
+ * of all the object references that have already been processed.  The node
+ * table must not equate distinct objects even if they happen to be equal.
+ * Another typical use of this class is to maintain <i>proxy objects</i>.  For
+ * example, a debugging facility might wish to maintain a proxy object for
+ * each object in the program being debugged.
+ *
+ * <p>This class provides all of the optional map operations, and permits
+ * <tt>null</tt> values and the <tt>null</tt> key.  This class makes no
+ * guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee
+ * that the order will remain constant over time.
+ *
+ * <p>This class provides constant-time performance for the basic
+ * operations (<tt>get</tt> and <tt>put</tt>), assuming the system
+ * identity hash function ({@link System#identityHashCode(Object)})
+ * disperses elements properly among the buckets.
+ *
+ * <p>This class has one tuning parameter (which affects performance but not
+ * semantics): <i>expected maximum size</i>.  This parameter is the maximum
+ * number of key-value mappings that the map is expected to hold.  Internally,
+ * this parameter is used to determine the number of buckets initially
+ * comprising the hash table.  The precise relationship between the expected
+ * maximum size and the number of buckets is unspecified.
+ *
+ * <p>If the size of the map (the number of key-value mappings) sufficiently
+ * exceeds the expected maximum size, the number of buckets is increased
+ * Increasing the number of buckets ("rehashing") may be fairly expensive, so
+ * it pays to create identity hash maps with a sufficiently large expected
+ * maximum size.  On the other hand, iteration over collection views requires
+ * time proportional to the number of buckets in the hash table, so it
+ * pays not to set the expected maximum size too high if you are especially
+ * concerned with iteration performance or memory usage.
+ *
+ * <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
+ * If multiple threads access an identity hash map concurrently, and at
+ * least one of the threads modifies the map structurally, it <i>must</i>
+ * be synchronized externally.  (A structural modification is any operation
+ * that adds or deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value
+ * associated with a key that an instance already contains is not a
+ * structural modification.)  This is typically accomplished by
+ * synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the map.
+ *
+ * If no such object exists, the map should be "wrapped" using the
+ * {@link Collections#synchronizedMap Collections.synchronizedMap}
+ * method.  This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
+ * unsynchronized access to the map:<pre>
+ *   Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new IdentityHashMap(...));</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>The iterators returned by the <tt>iterator</tt> method of the
+ * collections returned by all of this class's "collection view
+ * methods" are <i>fail-fast</i>: if the map is structurally modified
+ * at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except
+ * through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> method, the iterator
+ * will throw a {@link ConcurrentModificationException}.  Thus, in the
+ * face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and
+ * cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior
+ * at an undetermined time in the future.
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
+ * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
+ * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
+ * throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
+ * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
+ * exception for its correctness: <i>fail-fast iterators should be used only
+ * to detect bugs.</i>
+ *
+ * <p>Implementation note: This is a simple <i>linear-probe</i> hash table,
+ * as described for example in texts by Sedgewick and Knuth.  The array
+ * alternates holding keys and values.  (This has better locality for large
+ * tables than does using separate arrays.)  For many JRE implementations
+ * and operation mixes, this class will yield better performance than
+ * {@link HashMap} (which uses <i>chaining</i> rather than linear-probing).
+ *
+ * <p>This class is a member of the
+ * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
+ * Java Collections Framework</a>.
+ *
+ * @see     System#identityHashCode(Object)
+ * @see     Object#hashCode()
+ * @see     Collection
+ * @see     Map
+ * @see     HashMap
+ * @see     TreeMap
+ * @author  Doug Lea and Josh Bloch
+ * @since   1.4
+ */
+
+public class IdentityHashMap<K,V>
+    extends AbstractMap<K,V>
+    implements Map<K,V>, java.io.Serializable, Cloneable
+{
+    /**
+     * The initial capacity used by the no-args constructor.
+     * MUST be a power of two.  The value 32 corresponds to the
+     * (specified) expected maximum size of 21, given a load factor
+     * of 2/3.
+     */
+    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 32;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum capacity, used if a lower value is implicitly specified
+     * by either of the constructors with arguments.  The value 4 corresponds
+     * to an expected maximum size of 2, given a load factor of 2/3.
+     * MUST be a power of two.
+     */
+    private static final int MINIMUM_CAPACITY = 4;
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
+     * by either of the constructors with arguments.
+     * MUST be a power of two <= 1<<29.
+     */
+    private static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 29;
+
+    /**
+     * The table, resized as necessary. Length MUST always be a power of two.
+     */
+    private transient Object[] table;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of key-value mappings contained in this identity hash map.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private int size;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of modifications, to support fast-fail iterators
+     */
+    private transient int modCount;
+
+    /**
+     * The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
+     */
+    private transient int threshold;
+
+    /**
+     * Value representing null keys inside tables.
+     */
+    private static final Object NULL_KEY = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Use NULL_KEY for key if it is null.
+     */
+    private static Object maskNull(Object key) {
+        return (key == null ? NULL_KEY : key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns internal representation of null key back to caller as null.
+     */
+    private static Object unmaskNull(Object key) {
+        return (key == NULL_KEY ? null : key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty identity hash map with a default expected
+     * maximum size (21).
+     */
+    public IdentityHashMap() {
+        init(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty map with the specified expected maximum size.
+     * Putting more than the expected number of key-value mappings into
+     * the map may cause the internal data structure to grow, which may be
+     * somewhat time-consuming.
+     *
+     * @param expectedMaxSize the expected maximum size of the map
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>expectedMaxSize</tt> is negative
+     */
+    public IdentityHashMap(int expectedMaxSize) {
+        if (expectedMaxSize < 0)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("expectedMaxSize is negative: "
+                                               + expectedMaxSize);
+        init(capacity(expectedMaxSize));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the appropriate capacity for the specified expected maximum
+     * size.  Returns the smallest power of two between MINIMUM_CAPACITY
+     * and MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, inclusive, that is greater than
+     * (3 * expectedMaxSize)/2, if such a number exists.  Otherwise
+     * returns MAXIMUM_CAPACITY.  If (3 * expectedMaxSize)/2 is negative, it
+     * is assumed that overflow has occurred, and MAXIMUM_CAPACITY is returned.
+     */
+    private int capacity(int expectedMaxSize) {
+        // Compute min capacity for expectedMaxSize given a load factor of 2/3
+        int minCapacity = (3 * expectedMaxSize)/2;
+
+        // Compute the appropriate capacity
+        int result;
+        if (minCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY || minCapacity < 0) {
+            result = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
+        } else {
+            result = MINIMUM_CAPACITY;
+            while (result < minCapacity)
+                result <<= 1;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes object to be an empty map with the specified initial
+     * capacity, which is assumed to be a power of two between
+     * MINIMUM_CAPACITY and MAXIMUM_CAPACITY inclusive.
+     */
+    private void init(int initCapacity) {
+        // assert (initCapacity & -initCapacity) == initCapacity; // power of 2
+        // assert initCapacity >= MINIMUM_CAPACITY;
+        // assert initCapacity <= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
+
+        threshold = (initCapacity * 2)/3;
+        table = new Object[2 * initCapacity];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new identity hash map containing the keys-value mappings
+     * in the specified map.
+     *
+     * @param m the map whose mappings are to be placed into this map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
+     */
+    public IdentityHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
+        // Allow for a bit of growth
+        this((int) ((1 + m.size()) * 1.1));
+        putAll(m);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this identity hash map.
+     *
+     * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
+     */
+    public int size() {
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this identity hash map contains no key-value
+     * mappings.
+     *
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this identity hash map contains no key-value
+     *         mappings
+     */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return size == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns index for Object x.
+     */
+    private static int hash(Object x, int length) {
+        int h = System.identityHashCode(x);
+        // Multiply by -127, and left-shift to use least bit as part of hash
+        return ((h << 1) - (h << 8)) & (length - 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Circularly traverses table of size len.
+     */
+    private static int nextKeyIndex(int i, int len) {
+        return (i + 2 < len ? i + 2 : 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
+     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
+     *
+     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
+     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key == k)},
+     * then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns
+     * {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
+     *
+     * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
+     * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
+     * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
+     * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
+     * distinguish these two cases.
+     *
+     * @see #put(Object, Object)
+     */
+    public V get(Object key) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+        int i = hash(k, len);
+        while (true) {
+            Object item = tab[i];
+            if (item == k)
+                return (V) tab[i + 1];
+            if (item == null)
+                return null;
+            i = nextKeyIndex(i, len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the specified object reference is a key in this identity
+     * hash map.
+     *
+     * @param   key   possible key
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if the specified object reference is a key
+     *          in this map
+     * @see     #containsValue(Object)
+     */
+    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+        int i = hash(k, len);
+        while (true) {
+            Object item = tab[i];
+            if (item == k)
+                return true;
+            if (item == null)
+                return false;
+            i = nextKeyIndex(i, len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the specified object reference is a value in this identity
+     * hash map.
+     *
+     * @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
+     *         specified object reference
+     * @see     #containsKey(Object)
+     */
+    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        for (int i = 1; i < tab.length; i += 2)
+            if (tab[i] == value && tab[i - 1] != null)
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if the specified key-value mapping is in the map.
+     *
+     * @param   key   possible key
+     * @param   value possible value
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the specified key-value
+     *          mapping is in the map
+     */
+    private boolean containsMapping(Object key, Object value) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+        int i = hash(k, len);
+        while (true) {
+            Object item = tab[i];
+            if (item == k)
+                return tab[i + 1] == value;
+            if (item == null)
+                return false;
+            i = nextKeyIndex(i, len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this identity
+     * hash map.  If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the
+     * old value is replaced.
+     *
+     * @param key the key with which the specified value is to be associated
+     * @param value the value to be associated with the specified key
+     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
+     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
+     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
+     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
+     * @see     Object#equals(Object)
+     * @see     #get(Object)
+     * @see     #containsKey(Object)
+     */
+    public V put(K key, V value) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+        int i = hash(k, len);
+
+        Object item;
+        while ( (item = tab[i]) != null) {
+            if (item == k) {
+                V oldValue = (V) tab[i + 1];
+                tab[i + 1] = value;
+                return oldValue;
+            }
+            i = nextKeyIndex(i, len);
+        }
+
+        modCount++;
+        tab[i] = k;
+        tab[i + 1] = value;
+        if (++size >= threshold)
+            resize(len); // len == 2 * current capacity.
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resize the table to hold given capacity.
+     *
+     * @param newCapacity the new capacity, must be a power of two.
+     */
+    private void resize(int newCapacity) {
+        // assert (newCapacity & -newCapacity) == newCapacity; // power of 2
+        int newLength = newCapacity * 2;
+
+        Object[] oldTable = table;
+        int oldLength = oldTable.length;
+        if (oldLength == 2*MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { // can't expand any further
+            if (threshold == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY-1)
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Capacity exhausted.");
+            threshold = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY-1;  // Gigantic map!
+            return;
+        }
+        if (oldLength >= newLength)
+            return;
+
+        Object[] newTable = new Object[newLength];
+        threshold = newLength / 3;
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < oldLength; j += 2) {
+            Object key = oldTable[j];
+            if (key != null) {
+                Object value = oldTable[j+1];
+                oldTable[j] = null;
+                oldTable[j+1] = null;
+                int i = hash(key, newLength);
+                while (newTable[i] != null)
+                    i = nextKeyIndex(i, newLength);
+                newTable[i] = key;
+                newTable[i + 1] = value;
+            }
+        }
+        table = newTable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
+     * These mappings will replace any mappings that this map had for
+     * any of the keys currently in the specified map.
+     *
+     * @param m mappings to be stored in this map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
+     */
+    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
+        int n = m.size();
+        if (n == 0)
+            return;
+        if (n > threshold) // conservatively pre-expand
+            resize(capacity(n));
+
+        for (Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet())
+            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the mapping for this key from this map if present.
+     *
+     * @param key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
+     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
+     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
+     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
+     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
+     */
+    public V remove(Object key) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+        int i = hash(k, len);
+
+        while (true) {
+            Object item = tab[i];
+            if (item == k) {
+                modCount++;
+                size--;
+                V oldValue = (V) tab[i + 1];
+                tab[i + 1] = null;
+                tab[i] = null;
+                closeDeletion(i);
+                return oldValue;
+            }
+            if (item == null)
+                return null;
+            i = nextKeyIndex(i, len);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the specified key-value mapping from the map if it is present.
+     *
+     * @param   key   possible key
+     * @param   value possible value
+     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the specified key-value
+     *          mapping was in the map
+     */
+    private boolean removeMapping(Object key, Object value) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+        int i = hash(k, len);
+
+        while (true) {
+            Object item = tab[i];
+            if (item == k) {
+                if (tab[i + 1] != value)
+                    return false;
+                modCount++;
+                size--;
+                tab[i] = null;
+                tab[i + 1] = null;
+                closeDeletion(i);
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (item == null)
+                return false;
+            i = nextKeyIndex(i, len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rehash all possibly-colliding entries following a
+     * deletion. This preserves the linear-probe
+     * collision properties required by get, put, etc.
+     *
+     * @param d the index of a newly empty deleted slot
+     */
+    private void closeDeletion(int d) {
+        // Adapted from Knuth Section 6.4 Algorithm R
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+
+        // Look for items to swap into newly vacated slot
+        // starting at index immediately following deletion,
+        // and continuing until a null slot is seen, indicating
+        // the end of a run of possibly-colliding keys.
+        Object item;
+        for (int i = nextKeyIndex(d, len); (item = tab[i]) != null;
+             i = nextKeyIndex(i, len) ) {
+            // The following test triggers if the item at slot i (which
+            // hashes to be at slot r) should take the spot vacated by d.
+            // If so, we swap it in, and then continue with d now at the
+            // newly vacated i.  This process will terminate when we hit
+            // the null slot at the end of this run.
+            // The test is messy because we are using a circular table.
+            int r = hash(item, len);
+            if ((i < r && (r <= d || d <= i)) || (r <= d && d <= i)) {
+                tab[d] = item;
+                tab[d + 1] = tab[i + 1];
+                tab[i] = null;
+                tab[i + 1] = null;
+                d = i;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all of the mappings from this map.
+     * The map will be empty after this call returns.
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        modCount++;
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; i++)
+            tab[i] = null;
+        size = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares the specified object with this map for equality.  Returns
+     * <tt>true</tt> if the given object is also a map and the two maps
+     * represent identical object-reference mappings.  More formally, this
+     * map is equal to another map <tt>m</tt> if and only if
+     * <tt>this.entrySet().equals(m.entrySet())</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p><b>Owing to the reference-equality-based semantics of this map it is
+     * possible that the symmetry and transitivity requirements of the
+     * <tt>Object.equals</tt> contract may be violated if this map is compared
+     * to a normal map.  However, the <tt>Object.equals</tt> contract is
+     * guaranteed to hold among <tt>IdentityHashMap</tt> instances.</b>
+     *
+     * @param  o object to be compared for equality with this map
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is equal to this map
+     * @see Object#equals(Object)
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (o == this) {
+            return true;
+        } else if (o instanceof IdentityHashMap) {
+            IdentityHashMap m = (IdentityHashMap) o;
+            if (m.size() != size)
+                return false;
+
+            Object[] tab = m.table;
+            for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; i+=2) {
+                Object k = tab[i];
+                if (k != null && !containsMapping(k, tab[i + 1]))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else if (o instanceof Map) {
+            Map m = (Map)o;
+            return entrySet().equals(m.entrySet());
+        } else {
+            return false;  // o is not a Map
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hash code value for this map.  The hash code of a map is
+     * defined to be the sum of the hash codes of each entry in the map's
+     * <tt>entrySet()</tt> view.  This ensures that <tt>m1.equals(m2)</tt>
+     * implies that <tt>m1.hashCode()==m2.hashCode()</tt> for any two
+     * <tt>IdentityHashMap</tt> instances <tt>m1</tt> and <tt>m2</tt>, as
+     * required by the general contract of {@link Object#hashCode}.
+     *
+     * <p><b>Owing to the reference-equality-based semantics of the
+     * <tt>Map.Entry</tt> instances in the set returned by this map's
+     * <tt>entrySet</tt> method, it is possible that the contractual
+     * requirement of <tt>Object.hashCode</tt> mentioned in the previous
+     * paragraph will be violated if one of the two objects being compared is
+     * an <tt>IdentityHashMap</tt> instance and the other is a normal map.</b>
+     *
+     * @return the hash code value for this map
+     * @see Object#equals(Object)
+     * @see #equals(Object)
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = 0;
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; i +=2) {
+            Object key = tab[i];
+            if (key != null) {
+                Object k = unmaskNull(key);
+                result += System.identityHashCode(k) ^
+                          System.identityHashCode(tab[i + 1]);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a shallow copy of this identity hash map: the keys and values
+     * themselves are not cloned.
+     *
+     * @return a shallow copy of this map
+     */
+    public Object clone() {
+        try {
+            IdentityHashMap<K,V> m = (IdentityHashMap<K,V>) super.clone();
+            m.entrySet = null;
+            m.table = table.clone();
+            return m;
+        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+            throw new InternalError();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private abstract class IdentityHashMapIterator<T> implements Iterator<T> {
+        int index = (size != 0 ? 0 : table.length); // current slot.
+        int expectedModCount = modCount; // to support fast-fail
+        int lastReturnedIndex = -1;      // to allow remove()
+        boolean indexValid; // To avoid unnecessary next computation
+        Object[] traversalTable = table; // reference to main table or copy
+
+        public boolean hasNext() {
+            Object[] tab = traversalTable;
+            for (int i = index; i < tab.length; i+=2) {
+                Object key = tab[i];
+                if (key != null) {
+                    index = i;
+                    return indexValid = true;
+                }
+            }
+            index = tab.length;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected int nextIndex() {
+            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
+                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+            if (!indexValid && !hasNext())
+                throw new NoSuchElementException();
+
+            indexValid = false;
+            lastReturnedIndex = index;
+            index += 2;
+            return lastReturnedIndex;
+        }
+
+        public void remove() {
+            if (lastReturnedIndex == -1)
+                throw new IllegalStateException();
+            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
+                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+
+            expectedModCount = ++modCount;
+            int deletedSlot = lastReturnedIndex;
+            lastReturnedIndex = -1;
+            // back up index to revisit new contents after deletion
+            index = deletedSlot;
+            indexValid = false;
+
+            // Removal code proceeds as in closeDeletion except that
+            // it must catch the rare case where an element already
+            // seen is swapped into a vacant slot that will be later
+            // traversed by this iterator. We cannot allow future
+            // next() calls to return it again.  The likelihood of
+            // this occurring under 2/3 load factor is very slim, but
+            // when it does happen, we must make a copy of the rest of
+            // the table to use for the rest of the traversal. Since
+            // this can only happen when we are near the end of the table,
+            // even in these rare cases, this is not very expensive in
+            // time or space.
+
+            Object[] tab = traversalTable;
+            int len = tab.length;
+
+            int d = deletedSlot;
+            K key = (K) tab[d];
+            tab[d] = null;        // vacate the slot
+            tab[d + 1] = null;
+
+            // If traversing a copy, remove in real table.
+            // We can skip gap-closure on copy.
+            if (tab != IdentityHashMap.this.table) {
+                IdentityHashMap.this.remove(key);
+                expectedModCount = modCount;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            size--;
+
+            Object item;
+            for (int i = nextKeyIndex(d, len); (item = tab[i]) != null;
+                 i = nextKeyIndex(i, len)) {
+                int r = hash(item, len);
+                // See closeDeletion for explanation of this conditional
+                if ((i < r && (r <= d || d <= i)) ||
+                    (r <= d && d <= i)) {
+
+                    // If we are about to swap an already-seen element
+                    // into a slot that may later be returned by next(),
+                    // then clone the rest of table for use in future
+                    // next() calls. It is OK that our copy will have
+                    // a gap in the "wrong" place, since it will never
+                    // be used for searching anyway.
+
+                    if (i < deletedSlot && d >= deletedSlot &&
+                        traversalTable == IdentityHashMap.this.table) {
+                        int remaining = len - deletedSlot;
+                        Object[] newTable = new Object[remaining];
+                        System.arraycopy(tab, deletedSlot,
+                                         newTable, 0, remaining);
+                        traversalTable = newTable;
+                        index = 0;
+                    }
+
+                    tab[d] = item;
+                    tab[d + 1] = tab[i + 1];
+                    tab[i] = null;
+                    tab[i + 1] = null;
+                    d = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class KeyIterator extends IdentityHashMapIterator<K> {
+        public K next() {
+            return (K) unmaskNull(traversalTable[nextIndex()]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ValueIterator extends IdentityHashMapIterator<V> {
+        public V next() {
+            return (V) traversalTable[nextIndex() + 1];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class EntryIterator
+        extends IdentityHashMapIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>>
+    {
+        private Entry lastReturnedEntry = null;
+
+        public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
+            lastReturnedEntry = new Entry(nextIndex());
+            return lastReturnedEntry;
+        }
+
+        public void remove() {
+            lastReturnedIndex =
+                ((null == lastReturnedEntry) ? -1 : lastReturnedEntry.index);
+            super.remove();
+            lastReturnedEntry.index = lastReturnedIndex;
+            lastReturnedEntry = null;
+        }
+
+        private class Entry implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
+            private int index;
+
+            private Entry(int index) {
+                this.index = index;
+            }
+
+            public K getKey() {
+                checkIndexForEntryUse();
+                return (K) unmaskNull(traversalTable[index]);
+            }
+
+            public V getValue() {
+                checkIndexForEntryUse();
+                return (V) traversalTable[index+1];
+            }
+
+            public V setValue(V value) {
+                checkIndexForEntryUse();
+                V oldValue = (V) traversalTable[index+1];
+                traversalTable[index+1] = value;
+                // if shadowing, force into main table
+                if (traversalTable != IdentityHashMap.this.table)
+                    put((K) traversalTable[index], value);
+                return oldValue;
+            }
+
+            public boolean equals(Object o) {
+                if (index < 0)
+                    return super.equals(o);
+
+                if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                    return false;
+                Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
+                return (e.getKey() == unmaskNull(traversalTable[index]) &&
+                       e.getValue() == traversalTable[index+1]);
+            }
+
+            public int hashCode() {
+                if (lastReturnedIndex < 0)
+                    return super.hashCode();
+
+                return (System.identityHashCode(unmaskNull(traversalTable[index])) ^
+                       System.identityHashCode(traversalTable[index+1]));
+            }
+
+            public String toString() {
+                if (index < 0)
+                    return super.toString();
+
+                return (unmaskNull(traversalTable[index]) + "="
+                        + traversalTable[index+1]);
+            }
+
+            private void checkIndexForEntryUse() {
+                if (index < 0)
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Entry was removed");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Views
+
+    /**
+     * This field is initialized to contain an instance of the entry set
+     * view the first time this view is requested.  The view is stateless,
+     * so there's no reason to create more than one.
+     */
+    private transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an identity-based set view of the keys contained in this map.
+     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in
+     * the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified while an iteration
+     * over the set is in progress, the results of the iteration are
+     * undefined.  The set supports element removal, which removes the
+     * corresponding mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
+     * <tt>Set.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and
+     * <tt>clear</tt> methods.  It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or
+     * <tt>addAll</tt> methods.
+     *
+     * <p><b>While the object returned by this method implements the
+     * <tt>Set</tt> interface, it does <i>not</i> obey <tt>Set's</tt> general
+     * contract.  Like its backing map, the set returned by this method
+     * defines element equality as reference-equality rather than
+     * object-equality.  This affects the behavior of its <tt>contains</tt>,
+     * <tt>remove</tt>, <tt>containsAll</tt>, <tt>equals</tt>, and
+     * <tt>hashCode</tt> methods.</b>
+     *
+     * <p><b>The <tt>equals</tt> method of the returned set returns <tt>true</tt>
+     * only if the specified object is a set containing exactly the same
+     * object references as the returned set.  The symmetry and transitivity
+     * requirements of the <tt>Object.equals</tt> contract may be violated if
+     * the set returned by this method is compared to a normal set.  However,
+     * the <tt>Object.equals</tt> contract is guaranteed to hold among sets
+     * returned by this method.</b>
+     *
+     * <p>The <tt>hashCode</tt> method of the returned set returns the sum of
+     * the <i>identity hashcodes</i> of the elements in the set, rather than
+     * the sum of their hashcodes.  This is mandated by the change in the
+     * semantics of the <tt>equals</tt> method, in order to enforce the
+     * general contract of the <tt>Object.hashCode</tt> method among sets
+     * returned by this method.
+     *
+     * @return an identity-based set view of the keys contained in this map
+     * @see Object#equals(Object)
+     * @see System#identityHashCode(Object)
+     */
+    public Set<K> keySet() {
+        Set<K> ks = keySet;
+        if (ks != null)
+            return ks;
+        else
+            return keySet = new KeySet();
+    }
+
+    private class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
+        public Iterator<K> iterator() {
+            return new KeyIterator();
+        }
+        public int size() {
+            return size;
+        }
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return containsKey(o);
+        }
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            int oldSize = size;
+            IdentityHashMap.this.remove(o);
+            return size != oldSize;
+        }
+        /*
+         * Must revert from AbstractSet's impl to AbstractCollection's, as
+         * the former contains an optimization that results in incorrect
+         * behavior when c is a smaller "normal" (non-identity-based) Set.
+         */
+        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for (Iterator<K> i = iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
+                if (c.contains(i.next())) {
+                    i.remove();
+                    modified = true;
+                }
+            }
+            return modified;
+        }
+        public void clear() {
+            IdentityHashMap.this.clear();
+        }
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int result = 0;
+            for (K key : this)
+                result += System.identityHashCode(key);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
+     * The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the collection, and vice-versa.  If the map is
+     * modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress,
+     * the results of the iteration are undefined.  The collection
+     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
+     * mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
+     * <tt>Collection.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>,
+     * <tt>retainAll</tt> and <tt>clear</tt> methods.  It does not
+     * support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> methods.
+     *
+     * <p><b>While the object returned by this method implements the
+     * <tt>Collection</tt> interface, it does <i>not</i> obey
+     * <tt>Collection's</tt> general contract.  Like its backing map,
+     * the collection returned by this method defines element equality as
+     * reference-equality rather than object-equality.  This affects the
+     * behavior of its <tt>contains</tt>, <tt>remove</tt> and
+     * <tt>containsAll</tt> methods.</b>
+     */
+    public Collection<V> values() {
+        Collection<V> vs = values;
+        if (vs != null)
+            return vs;
+        else
+            return values = new Values();
+    }
+
+    private class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
+        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
+            return new ValueIterator();
+        }
+        public int size() {
+            return size;
+        }
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return containsValue(o);
+        }
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            for (Iterator<V> i = iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
+                if (i.next() == o) {
+                    i.remove();
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        public void clear() {
+            IdentityHashMap.this.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
+     * Each element in the returned set is a reference-equality-based
+     * <tt>Map.Entry</tt>.  The set is backed by the map, so changes
+     * to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the
+     * map is modified while an iteration over the set is in progress,
+     * the results of the iteration are undefined.  The set supports
+     * element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from
+     * the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Set.remove</tt>,
+     * <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt> and <tt>clear</tt>
+     * methods.  It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or
+     * <tt>addAll</tt> methods.
+     *
+     * <p>Like the backing map, the <tt>Map.Entry</tt> objects in the set
+     * returned by this method define key and value equality as
+     * reference-equality rather than object-equality.  This affects the
+     * behavior of the <tt>equals</tt> and <tt>hashCode</tt> methods of these
+     * <tt>Map.Entry</tt> objects.  A reference-equality based <tt>Map.Entry
+     * e</tt> is equal to an object <tt>o</tt> if and only if <tt>o</tt> is a
+     * <tt>Map.Entry</tt> and <tt>e.getKey()==o.getKey() &amp;&amp;
+     * e.getValue()==o.getValue()</tt>.  To accommodate these equals
+     * semantics, the <tt>hashCode</tt> method returns
+     * <tt>System.identityHashCode(e.getKey()) ^
+     * System.identityHashCode(e.getValue())</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p><b>Owing to the reference-equality-based semantics of the
+     * <tt>Map.Entry</tt> instances in the set returned by this method,
+     * it is possible that the symmetry and transitivity requirements of
+     * the {@link Object#equals(Object)} contract may be violated if any of
+     * the entries in the set is compared to a normal map entry, or if
+     * the set returned by this method is compared to a set of normal map
+     * entries (such as would be returned by a call to this method on a normal
+     * map).  However, the <tt>Object.equals</tt> contract is guaranteed to
+     * hold among identity-based map entries, and among sets of such entries.
+     * </b>
+     *
+     * @return a set view of the identity-mappings contained in this map
+     */
+    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+        Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es = entrySet;
+        if (es != null)
+            return es;
+        else
+            return entrySet = new EntrySet();
+    }
+
+    private class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
+            return new EntryIterator();
+        }
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                return false;
+            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)o;
+            return containsMapping(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                return false;
+            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)o;
+            return removeMapping(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+        public int size() {
+            return size;
+        }
+        public void clear() {
+            IdentityHashMap.this.clear();
+        }
+        /*
+         * Must revert from AbstractSet's impl to AbstractCollection's, as
+         * the former contains an optimization that results in incorrect
+         * behavior when c is a smaller "normal" (non-identity-based) Set.
+         */
+        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for (Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i = iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
+                if (c.contains(i.next())) {
+                    i.remove();
+                    modified = true;
+                }
+            }
+            return modified;
+        }
+
+        public Object[] toArray() {
+            int size = size();
+            Object[] result = new Object[size];
+            Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> it = iterator();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
+                result[i] = new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>(it.next());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
+            int size = size();
+            if (a.length < size)
+                a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array
+                    .newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
+            Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> it = iterator();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
+                a[i] = (T) new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>(it.next());
+            if (a.length > size)
+                a[size] = null;
+            return a;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8188218128353913216L;
+
+    /**
+     * Save the state of the <tt>IdentityHashMap</tt> instance to a stream
+     * (i.e., serialize it).
+     *
+     * @serialData The <i>size</i> of the HashMap (the number of key-value
+     *          mappings) (<tt>int</tt>), followed by the key (Object) and
+     *          value (Object) for each key-value mapping represented by the
+     *          IdentityHashMap.  The key-value mappings are emitted in no
+     *          particular order.
+     */
+    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException  {
+        // Write out and any hidden stuff
+        s.defaultWriteObject();
+
+        // Write out size (number of Mappings)
+        s.writeInt(size);
+
+        // Write out keys and values (alternating)
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; i += 2) {
+            Object key = tab[i];
+            if (key != null) {
+                s.writeObject(unmaskNull(key));
+                s.writeObject(tab[i + 1]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstitute the <tt>IdentityHashMap</tt> instance from a stream (i.e.,
+     * deserialize it).
+     */
+    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException  {
+        // Read in any hidden stuff
+        s.defaultReadObject();
+
+        // Read in size (number of Mappings)
+        int size = s.readInt();
+
+        // Allow for 33% growth (i.e., capacity is >= 2* size()).
+        init(capacity((size*4)/3));
+
+        // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the table
+        for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
+            K key = (K) s.readObject();
+            V value = (V) s.readObject();
+            putForCreate(key, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The put method for readObject.  It does not resize the table,
+     * update modCount, etc.
+     */
+    private void putForCreate(K key, V value)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        K k = (K)maskNull(key);
+        Object[] tab = table;
+        int len = tab.length;
+        int i = hash(k, len);
+
+        Object item;
+        while ( (item = tab[i]) != null) {
+            if (item == k)
+                throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException();
+            i = nextKeyIndex(i, len);
+        }
+        tab[i] = k;
+        tab[i + 1] = value;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/LinkedHashSet.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/LinkedHashSet.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Hash table and linked list implementation of the <tt>Set</tt> interface,
+ * with predictable iteration order.  This implementation differs from
+ * <tt>HashSet</tt> in that it maintains a doubly-linked list running through
+ * all of its entries.  This linked list defines the iteration ordering,
+ * which is the order in which elements were inserted into the set
+ * (<i>insertion-order</i>).  Note that insertion order is <i>not</i> affected
+ * if an element is <i>re-inserted</i> into the set.  (An element <tt>e</tt>
+ * is reinserted into a set <tt>s</tt> if <tt>s.add(e)</tt> is invoked when
+ * <tt>s.contains(e)</tt> would return <tt>true</tt> immediately prior to
+ * the invocation.)
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation spares its clients from the unspecified, generally
+ * chaotic ordering provided by {@link HashSet}, without incurring the
+ * increased cost associated with {@link TreeSet}.  It can be used to
+ * produce a copy of a set that has the same order as the original, regardless
+ * of the original set's implementation:
+ * <pre>
+ *     void foo(Set s) {
+ *         Set copy = new LinkedHashSet(s);
+ *         ...
+ *     }
+ * </pre>
+ * This technique is particularly useful if a module takes a set on input,
+ * copies it, and later returns results whose order is determined by that of
+ * the copy.  (Clients generally appreciate having things returned in the same
+ * order they were presented.)
+ *
+ * <p>This class provides all of the optional <tt>Set</tt> operations, and
+ * permits null elements.  Like <tt>HashSet</tt>, it provides constant-time
+ * performance for the basic operations (<tt>add</tt>, <tt>contains</tt> and
+ * <tt>remove</tt>), assuming the hash function disperses elements
+ * properly among the buckets.  Performance is likely to be just slightly
+ * below that of <tt>HashSet</tt>, due to the added expense of maintaining the
+ * linked list, with one exception: Iteration over a <tt>LinkedHashSet</tt>
+ * requires time proportional to the <i>size</i> of the set, regardless of
+ * its capacity.  Iteration over a <tt>HashSet</tt> is likely to be more
+ * expensive, requiring time proportional to its <i>capacity</i>.
+ *
+ * <p>A linked hash set has two parameters that affect its performance:
+ * <i>initial capacity</i> and <i>load factor</i>.  They are defined precisely
+ * as for <tt>HashSet</tt>.  Note, however, that the penalty for choosing an
+ * excessively high value for initial capacity is less severe for this class
+ * than for <tt>HashSet</tt>, as iteration times for this class are unaffected
+ * by capacity.
+ *
+ * <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
+ * If multiple threads access a linked hash set concurrently, and at least
+ * one of the threads modifies the set, it <em>must</em> be synchronized
+ * externally.  This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some
+ * object that naturally encapsulates the set.
+ *
+ * If no such object exists, the set should be "wrapped" using the
+ * {@link Collections#synchronizedSet Collections.synchronizedSet}
+ * method.  This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
+ * unsynchronized access to the set: <pre>
+ *   Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new LinkedHashSet(...));</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>The iterators returned by this class's <tt>iterator</tt> method are
+ * <em>fail-fast</em>: if the set is modified at any time after the iterator
+ * is created, in any way except through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt>
+ * method, the iterator will throw a {@link ConcurrentModificationException}.
+ * Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly
+ * and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at
+ * an undetermined time in the future.
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
+ * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
+ * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
+ * throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
+ * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
+ * exception for its correctness:   <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
+ * should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
+ *
+ * <p>This class is a member of the
+ * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
+ * Java Collections Framework</a>.
+ *
+ * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set
+ *
+ * @author  Josh Bloch
+ * @see     Object#hashCode()
+ * @see     Collection
+ * @see     Set
+ * @see     HashSet
+ * @see     TreeSet
+ * @see     Hashtable
+ * @since   1.4
+ */
+
+public class LinkedHashSet<E>
+    extends HashSet<E>
+    implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -2851667679971038690L;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty linked hash set with the specified initial
+     * capacity and load factor.
+     *
+     * @param      initialCapacity the initial capacity of the linked hash set
+     * @param      loadFactor      the load factor of the linked hash set
+     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException  if the initial capacity is less
+     *               than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
+     */
+    public LinkedHashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
+        super(initialCapacity, loadFactor, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty linked hash set with the specified initial
+     * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
+     *
+     * @param   initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the LinkedHashSet
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
+     *              than zero
+     */
+    public LinkedHashSet(int initialCapacity) {
+        super(initialCapacity, .75f, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty linked hash set with the default initial
+     * capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
+     */
+    public LinkedHashSet() {
+        super(16, .75f, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new linked hash set with the same elements as the
+     * specified collection.  The linked hash set is created with an initial
+     * capacity sufficient to hold the elements in the specified collection
+     * and the default load factor (0.75).
+     *
+     * @param c  the collection whose elements are to be placed into
+     *           this set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
+     */
+    public LinkedHashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
+        super(Math.max(2*c.size(), 11), .75f, true);
+        addAll(c);
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/NavigableMap.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/NavigableMap.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
+ * file:
+ *
+ * Written by Doug Lea and Josh Bloch with assistance from members of JCP
+ * JSR-166 Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link SortedMap} extended with navigation methods returning the
+ * closest matches for given search targets. Methods
+ * {@code lowerEntry}, {@code floorEntry}, {@code ceilingEntry},
+ * and {@code higherEntry} return {@code Map.Entry} objects
+ * associated with keys respectively less than, less than or equal,
+ * greater than or equal, and greater than a given key, returning
+ * {@code null} if there is no such key.  Similarly, methods
+ * {@code lowerKey}, {@code floorKey}, {@code ceilingKey}, and
+ * {@code higherKey} return only the associated keys. All of these
+ * methods are designed for locating, not traversing entries.
+ *
+ * <p>A {@code NavigableMap} may be accessed and traversed in either
+ * ascending or descending key order.  The {@code descendingMap}
+ * method returns a view of the map with the senses of all relational
+ * and directional methods inverted. The performance of ascending
+ * operations and views is likely to be faster than that of descending
+ * ones.  Methods {@code subMap}, {@code headMap},
+ * and {@code tailMap} differ from the like-named {@code
+ * SortedMap} methods in accepting additional arguments describing
+ * whether lower and upper bounds are inclusive versus exclusive.
+ * Submaps of any {@code NavigableMap} must implement the {@code
+ * NavigableMap} interface.
+ *
+ * <p>This interface additionally defines methods {@code firstEntry},
+ * {@code pollFirstEntry}, {@code lastEntry}, and
+ * {@code pollLastEntry} that return and/or remove the least and
+ * greatest mappings, if any exist, else returning {@code null}.
+ *
+ * <p>Implementations of entry-returning methods are expected to
+ * return {@code Map.Entry} pairs representing snapshots of mappings
+ * at the time they were produced, and thus generally do <em>not</em>
+ * support the optional {@code Entry.setValue} method. Note however
+ * that it is possible to change mappings in the associated map using
+ * method {@code put}.
+ *
+ * <p>Methods
+ * {@link #subMap(Object, Object) subMap(K, K)},
+ * {@link #headMap(Object) headMap(K)}, and
+ * {@link #tailMap(Object) tailMap(K)}
+ * are specified to return {@code SortedMap} to allow existing
+ * implementations of {@code SortedMap} to be compatibly retrofitted to
+ * implement {@code NavigableMap}, but extensions and implementations
+ * of this interface are encouraged to override these methods to return
+ * {@code NavigableMap}.  Similarly,
+ * {@link #keySet()} can be overriden to return {@code NavigableSet}.
+ *
+ * <p>This interface is a member of the
+ * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
+ * Java Collections Framework</a>.
+ *
+ * @author Doug Lea
+ * @author Josh Bloch
+ * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
+ * @param <V> the type of mapped values
+ * @since 1.6
+ */
+public interface NavigableMap<K,V> extends SortedMap<K,V> {
+    /**
+     * Returns a key-value mapping associated with the greatest key
+     * strictly less than the given key, or {@code null} if there is
+     * no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return an entry with the greatest key less than {@code key},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> lowerEntry(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the greatest key strictly less than the given key, or
+     * {@code null} if there is no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return the greatest key less than {@code key},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    K lowerKey(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a key-value mapping associated with the greatest key
+     * less than or equal to the given key, or {@code null} if there
+     * is no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return an entry with the greatest key less than or equal to
+     *         {@code key}, or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> floorEntry(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the greatest key less than or equal to the given key,
+     * or {@code null} if there is no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return the greatest key less than or equal to {@code key},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    K floorKey(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a key-value mapping associated with the least key
+     * greater than or equal to the given key, or {@code null} if
+     * there is no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return an entry with the least key greater than or equal to
+     *         {@code key}, or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> ceilingEntry(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least key greater than or equal to the given key,
+     * or {@code null} if there is no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return the least key greater than or equal to {@code key},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    K ceilingKey(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a key-value mapping associated with the least key
+     * strictly greater than the given key, or {@code null} if there
+     * is no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return an entry with the least key greater than {@code key},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> higherEntry(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least key strictly greater than the given key, or
+     * {@code null} if there is no such key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key
+     * @return the least key greater than {@code key},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     */
+    K higherKey(K key);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a key-value mapping associated with the least
+     * key in this map, or {@code null} if the map is empty.
+     *
+     * @return an entry with the least key,
+     *         or {@code null} if this map is empty
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> firstEntry();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a key-value mapping associated with the greatest
+     * key in this map, or {@code null} if the map is empty.
+     *
+     * @return an entry with the greatest key,
+     *         or {@code null} if this map is empty
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> lastEntry();
+
+    /**
+     * Removes and returns a key-value mapping associated with
+     * the least key in this map, or {@code null} if the map is empty.
+     *
+     * @return the removed first entry of this map,
+     *         or {@code null} if this map is empty
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> pollFirstEntry();
+
+    /**
+     * Removes and returns a key-value mapping associated with
+     * the greatest key in this map, or {@code null} if the map is empty.
+     *
+     * @return the removed last entry of this map,
+     *         or {@code null} if this map is empty
+     */
+    Map.Entry<K,V> pollLastEntry();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a reverse order view of the mappings contained in this map.
+     * The descending map is backed by this map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the descending map, and vice-versa.  If either map is
+     * modified while an iteration over a collection view of either map
+     * is in progress (except through the iterator's own {@code remove}
+     * operation), the results of the iteration are undefined.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned map has an ordering equivalent to
+     * <tt>{@link Collections#reverseOrder(Comparator) Collections.reverseOrder}(comparator())</tt>.
+     * The expression {@code m.descendingMap().descendingMap()} returns a
+     * view of {@code m} essentially equivalent to {@code m}.
+     *
+     * @return a reverse order view of this map
+     */
+    NavigableMap<K,V> descendingMap();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link NavigableSet} view of the keys contained in this map.
+     * The set's iterator returns the keys in ascending order.
+     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in
+     * the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified while an iteration
+     * over the set is in progress (except through the iterator's own {@code
+     * remove} operation), the results of the iteration are undefined.  The
+     * set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping
+     * from the map, via the {@code Iterator.remove}, {@code Set.remove},
+     * {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll}, and {@code clear} operations.
+     * It does not support the {@code add} or {@code addAll} operations.
+     *
+     * @return a navigable set view of the keys in this map
+     */
+    NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a reverse order {@link NavigableSet} view of the keys contained in this map.
+     * The set's iterator returns the keys in descending order.
+     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in
+     * the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified while an iteration
+     * over the set is in progress (except through the iterator's own {@code
+     * remove} operation), the results of the iteration are undefined.  The
+     * set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping
+     * from the map, via the {@code Iterator.remove}, {@code Set.remove},
+     * {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll}, and {@code clear} operations.
+     * It does not support the {@code add} or {@code addAll} operations.
+     *
+     * @return a reverse order navigable set view of the keys in this map
+     */
+    NavigableSet<K> descendingKeySet();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys range from
+     * {@code fromKey} to {@code toKey}.  If {@code fromKey} and
+     * {@code toKey} are equal, the returned map is empty unless
+     * {@code fromInclusive} and {@code toInclusive} are both true.  The
+     * returned map is backed by this map, so changes in the returned map are
+     * reflected in this map, and vice-versa.  The returned map supports all
+     * optional map operations that this map supports.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned map will throw an {@code IllegalArgumentException}
+     * on an attempt to insert a key outside of its range, or to construct a
+     * submap either of whose endpoints lie outside its range.
+     *
+     * @param fromKey low endpoint of the keys in the returned map
+     * @param fromInclusive {@code true} if the low endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @param toKey high endpoint of the keys in the returned map
+     * @param toInclusive {@code true} if the high endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @return a view of the portion of this map whose keys range from
+     *         {@code fromKey} to {@code toKey}
+     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code fromKey} and {@code toKey}
+     *         cannot be compared to one another using this map's comparator
+     *         (or, if the map has no comparator, using natural ordering).
+     *         Implementations may, but are not required to, throw this
+     *         exception if {@code fromKey} or {@code toKey}
+     *         cannot be compared to keys currently in the map.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromKey} or {@code toKey}
+     *         is null and this map does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromKey} is greater than
+     *         {@code toKey}; or if this map itself has a restricted
+     *         range, and {@code fromKey} or {@code toKey} lies
+     *         outside the bounds of the range
+     */
+    NavigableMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive,
+                             K toKey,   boolean toInclusive);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are less than (or
+     * equal to, if {@code inclusive} is true) {@code toKey}.  The returned
+     * map is backed by this map, so changes in the returned map are reflected
+     * in this map, and vice-versa.  The returned map supports all optional
+     * map operations that this map supports.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned map will throw an {@code IllegalArgumentException}
+     * on an attempt to insert a key outside its range.
+     *
+     * @param toKey high endpoint of the keys in the returned map
+     * @param inclusive {@code true} if the high endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @return a view of the portion of this map whose keys are less than
+     *         (or equal to, if {@code inclusive} is true) {@code toKey}
+     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code toKey} is not compatible
+     *         with this map's comparator (or, if the map has no comparator,
+     *         if {@code toKey} does not implement {@link Comparable}).
+     *         Implementations may, but are not required to, throw this
+     *         exception if {@code toKey} cannot be compared to keys
+     *         currently in the map.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toKey} is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if this map itself has a
+     *         restricted range, and {@code toKey} lies outside the
+     *         bounds of the range
+     */
+    NavigableMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are greater than (or
+     * equal to, if {@code inclusive} is true) {@code fromKey}.  The returned
+     * map is backed by this map, so changes in the returned map are reflected
+     * in this map, and vice-versa.  The returned map supports all optional
+     * map operations that this map supports.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned map will throw an {@code IllegalArgumentException}
+     * on an attempt to insert a key outside its range.
+     *
+     * @param fromKey low endpoint of the keys in the returned map
+     * @param inclusive {@code true} if the low endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @return a view of the portion of this map whose keys are greater than
+     *         (or equal to, if {@code inclusive} is true) {@code fromKey}
+     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code fromKey} is not compatible
+     *         with this map's comparator (or, if the map has no comparator,
+     *         if {@code fromKey} does not implement {@link Comparable}).
+     *         Implementations may, but are not required to, throw this
+     *         exception if {@code fromKey} cannot be compared to keys
+     *         currently in the map.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromKey} is null
+     *         and this map does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if this map itself has a
+     *         restricted range, and {@code fromKey} lies outside the
+     *         bounds of the range
+     */
+    NavigableMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive);
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * <p>Equivalent to {@code subMap(fromKey, true, toKey, false)}.
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException     {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    SortedMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey);
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * <p>Equivalent to {@code headMap(toKey, false)}.
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException     {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    SortedMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey);
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * <p>Equivalent to {@code tailMap(fromKey, true)}.
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException     {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    SortedMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey);
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/NavigableSet.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/NavigableSet.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
+ * file:
+ *
+ * Written by Doug Lea and Josh Bloch with assistance from members of JCP
+ * JSR-166 Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link SortedSet} extended with navigation methods reporting
+ * closest matches for given search targets. Methods {@code lower},
+ * {@code floor}, {@code ceiling}, and {@code higher} return elements
+ * respectively less than, less than or equal, greater than or equal,
+ * and greater than a given element, returning {@code null} if there
+ * is no such element.  A {@code NavigableSet} may be accessed and
+ * traversed in either ascending or descending order.  The {@code
+ * descendingSet} method returns a view of the set with the senses of
+ * all relational and directional methods inverted. The performance of
+ * ascending operations and views is likely to be faster than that of
+ * descending ones.  This interface additionally defines methods
+ * {@code pollFirst} and {@code pollLast} that return and remove the
+ * lowest and highest element, if one exists, else returning {@code
+ * null}.  Methods {@code subSet}, {@code headSet},
+ * and {@code tailSet} differ from the like-named {@code
+ * SortedSet} methods in accepting additional arguments describing
+ * whether lower and upper bounds are inclusive versus exclusive.
+ * Subsets of any {@code NavigableSet} must implement the {@code
+ * NavigableSet} interface.
+ *
+ * <p> The return values of navigation methods may be ambiguous in
+ * implementations that permit {@code null} elements. However, even
+ * in this case the result can be disambiguated by checking
+ * {@code contains(null)}. To avoid such issues, implementations of
+ * this interface are encouraged to <em>not</em> permit insertion of
+ * {@code null} elements. (Note that sorted sets of {@link
+ * Comparable} elements intrinsically do not permit {@code null}.)
+ *
+ * <p>Methods
+ * {@link #subSet(Object, Object) subSet(E, E)},
+ * {@link #headSet(Object) headSet(E)}, and
+ * {@link #tailSet(Object) tailSet(E)}
+ * are specified to return {@code SortedSet} to allow existing
+ * implementations of {@code SortedSet} to be compatibly retrofitted to
+ * implement {@code NavigableSet}, but extensions and implementations
+ * of this interface are encouraged to override these methods to return
+ * {@code NavigableSet}.
+ *
+ * <p>This interface is a member of the
+ * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
+ * Java Collections Framework</a>.
+ *
+ * @author Doug Lea
+ * @author Josh Bloch
+ * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set
+ * @since 1.6
+ */
+public interface NavigableSet<E> extends SortedSet<E> {
+    /**
+     * Returns the greatest element in this set strictly less than the
+     * given element, or {@code null} if there is no such element.
+     *
+     * @param e the value to match
+     * @return the greatest element less than {@code e},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such element
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be
+     *         compared with the elements currently in the set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set does not permit null elements
+     */
+    E lower(E e);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the greatest element in this set less than or equal to
+     * the given element, or {@code null} if there is no such element.
+     *
+     * @param e the value to match
+     * @return the greatest element less than or equal to {@code e},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such element
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be
+     *         compared with the elements currently in the set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set does not permit null elements
+     */
+    E floor(E e);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least element in this set greater than or equal to
+     * the given element, or {@code null} if there is no such element.
+     *
+     * @param e the value to match
+     * @return the least element greater than or equal to {@code e},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such element
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be
+     *         compared with the elements currently in the set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set does not permit null elements
+     */
+    E ceiling(E e);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least element in this set strictly greater than the
+     * given element, or {@code null} if there is no such element.
+     *
+     * @param e the value to match
+     * @return the least element greater than {@code e},
+     *         or {@code null} if there is no such element
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be
+     *         compared with the elements currently in the set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set does not permit null elements
+     */
+    E higher(E e);
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves and removes the first (lowest) element,
+     * or returns {@code null} if this set is empty.
+     *
+     * @return the first element, or {@code null} if this set is empty
+     */
+    E pollFirst();
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves and removes the last (highest) element,
+     * or returns {@code null} if this set is empty.
+     *
+     * @return the last element, or {@code null} if this set is empty
+     */
+    E pollLast();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set, in ascending order.
+     *
+     * @return an iterator over the elements in this set, in ascending order
+     */
+    Iterator<E> iterator();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a reverse order view of the elements contained in this set.
+     * The descending set is backed by this set, so changes to the set are
+     * reflected in the descending set, and vice-versa.  If either set is
+     * modified while an iteration over either set is in progress (except
+     * through the iterator's own {@code remove} operation), the results of
+     * the iteration are undefined.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned set has an ordering equivalent to
+     * <tt>{@link Collections#reverseOrder(Comparator) Collections.reverseOrder}(comparator())</tt>.
+     * The expression {@code s.descendingSet().descendingSet()} returns a
+     * view of {@code s} essentially equivalent to {@code s}.
+     *
+     * @return a reverse order view of this set
+     */
+    NavigableSet<E> descendingSet();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set, in descending order.
+     * Equivalent in effect to {@code descendingSet().iterator()}.
+     *
+     * @return an iterator over the elements in this set, in descending order
+     */
+    Iterator<E> descendingIterator();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a view of the portion of this set whose elements range from
+     * {@code fromElement} to {@code toElement}.  If {@code fromElement} and
+     * {@code toElement} are equal, the returned set is empty unless {@code
+     * fromInclusive} and {@code toInclusive} are both true.  The returned set
+     * is backed by this set, so changes in the returned set are reflected in
+     * this set, and vice-versa.  The returned set supports all optional set
+     * operations that this set supports.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned set will throw an {@code IllegalArgumentException}
+     * on an attempt to insert an element outside its range.
+     *
+     * @param fromElement low endpoint of the returned set
+     * @param fromInclusive {@code true} if the low endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @param toElement high endpoint of the returned set
+     * @param toInclusive {@code true} if the high endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @return a view of the portion of this set whose elements range from
+     *         {@code fromElement}, inclusive, to {@code toElement}, exclusive
+     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code fromElement} and
+     *         {@code toElement} cannot be compared to one another using this
+     *         set's comparator (or, if the set has no comparator, using
+     *         natural ordering).  Implementations may, but are not required
+     *         to, throw this exception if {@code fromElement} or
+     *         {@code toElement} cannot be compared to elements currently in
+     *         the set.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} or
+     *         {@code toElement} is null and this set does
+     *         not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromElement} is
+     *         greater than {@code toElement}; or if this set itself
+     *         has a restricted range, and {@code fromElement} or
+     *         {@code toElement} lies outside the bounds of the range.
+     */
+    NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive,
+                           E toElement,   boolean toInclusive);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a view of the portion of this set whose elements are less than
+     * (or equal to, if {@code inclusive} is true) {@code toElement}.  The
+     * returned set is backed by this set, so changes in the returned set are
+     * reflected in this set, and vice-versa.  The returned set supports all
+     * optional set operations that this set supports.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned set will throw an {@code IllegalArgumentException}
+     * on an attempt to insert an element outside its range.
+     *
+     * @param toElement high endpoint of the returned set
+     * @param inclusive {@code true} if the high endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @return a view of the portion of this set whose elements are less than
+     *         (or equal to, if {@code inclusive} is true) {@code toElement}
+     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code toElement} is not compatible
+     *         with this set's comparator (or, if the set has no comparator,
+     *         if {@code toElement} does not implement {@link Comparable}).
+     *         Implementations may, but are not required to, throw this
+     *         exception if {@code toElement} cannot be compared to elements
+     *         currently in the set.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toElement} is null and
+     *         this set does not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if this set itself has a
+     *         restricted range, and {@code toElement} lies outside the
+     *         bounds of the range
+     */
+    NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a view of the portion of this set whose elements are greater
+     * than (or equal to, if {@code inclusive} is true) {@code fromElement}.
+     * The returned set is backed by this set, so changes in the returned set
+     * are reflected in this set, and vice-versa.  The returned set supports
+     * all optional set operations that this set supports.
+     *
+     * <p>The returned set will throw an {@code IllegalArgumentException}
+     * on an attempt to insert an element outside its range.
+     *
+     * @param fromElement low endpoint of the returned set
+     * @param inclusive {@code true} if the low endpoint
+     *        is to be included in the returned view
+     * @return a view of the portion of this set whose elements are greater
+     *         than or equal to {@code fromElement}
+     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code fromElement} is not compatible
+     *         with this set's comparator (or, if the set has no comparator,
+     *         if {@code fromElement} does not implement {@link Comparable}).
+     *         Implementations may, but are not required to, throw this
+     *         exception if {@code fromElement} cannot be compared to elements
+     *         currently in the set.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} is null
+     *         and this set does not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if this set itself has a
+     *         restricted range, and {@code fromElement} lies outside the
+     *         bounds of the range
+     */
+    NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive);
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * <p>Equivalent to {@code subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false)}.
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException     {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement);
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * <p>Equivalent to {@code headSet(toElement, false)}.
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException     {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+na     */
+    SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement);
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * <p>Equivalent to {@code tailSet(fromElement, true)}.
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException     {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement);
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/TreeMap.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/TreeMap.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,2442 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1997, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+/**
+ * A Red-Black tree based {@link NavigableMap} implementation.
+ * The map is sorted according to the {@linkplain Comparable natural
+ * ordering} of its keys, or by a {@link Comparator} provided at map
+ * creation time, depending on which constructor is used.
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation provides guaranteed log(n) time cost for the
+ * {@code containsKey}, {@code get}, {@code put} and {@code remove}
+ * operations.  Algorithms are adaptations of those in Cormen, Leiserson, and
+ * Rivest's <em>Introduction to Algorithms</em>.
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the ordering maintained by a tree map, like any sorted map, and
+ * whether or not an explicit comparator is provided, must be <em>consistent
+ * with {@code equals}</em> if this sorted map is to correctly implement the
+ * {@code Map} interface.  (See {@code Comparable} or {@code Comparator} for a
+ * precise definition of <em>consistent with equals</em>.)  This is so because
+ * the {@code Map} interface is defined in terms of the {@code equals}
+ * operation, but a sorted map performs all key comparisons using its {@code
+ * compareTo} (or {@code compare}) method, so two keys that are deemed equal by
+ * this method are, from the standpoint of the sorted map, equal.  The behavior
+ * of a sorted map <em>is</em> well-defined even if its ordering is
+ * inconsistent with {@code equals}; it just fails to obey the general contract
+ * of the {@code Map} interface.
+ *
+ * <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
+ * If multiple threads access a map concurrently, and at least one of the
+ * threads modifies the map structurally, it <em>must</em> be synchronized
+ * externally.  (A structural modification is any operation that adds or
+ * deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value associated
+ * with an existing key is not a structural modification.)  This is
+ * typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally
+ * encapsulates the map.
+ * If no such object exists, the map should be "wrapped" using the
+ * {@link Collections#synchronizedSortedMap Collections.synchronizedSortedMap}
+ * method.  This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
+ * unsynchronized access to the map: <pre>
+ *   SortedMap m = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new TreeMap(...));</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>The iterators returned by the {@code iterator} method of the collections
+ * returned by all of this class's "collection view methods" are
+ * <em>fail-fast</em>: if the map is structurally modified at any time after
+ * the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own
+ * {@code remove} method, the iterator will throw a {@link
+ * ConcurrentModificationException}.  Thus, in the face of concurrent
+ * modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking
+ * arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
+ * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
+ * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
+ * throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException} on a best-effort basis.
+ * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
+ * exception for its correctness:   <em>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
+ * should be used only to detect bugs.</em>
+ *
+ * <p>All {@code Map.Entry} pairs returned by methods in this class
+ * and its views represent snapshots of mappings at the time they were
+ * produced. They do <strong>not</strong> support the {@code Entry.setValue}
+ * method. (Note however that it is possible to change mappings in the
+ * associated map using {@code put}.)
+ *
+ * <p>This class is a member of the
+ * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
+ * Java Collections Framework</a>.
+ *
+ * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
+ * @param <V> the type of mapped values
+ *
+ * @author  Josh Bloch and Doug Lea
+ * @see Map
+ * @see HashMap
+ * @see Hashtable
+ * @see Comparable
+ * @see Comparator
+ * @see Collection
+ * @since 1.2
+ */
+
+public class TreeMap<K,V>
+    extends AbstractMap<K,V>
+    implements NavigableMap<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
+{
+    /**
+     * The comparator used to maintain order in this tree map, or
+     * null if it uses the natural ordering of its keys.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private final Comparator<? super K> comparator;
+
+    private transient Entry<K,V> root = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of entries in the tree
+     */
+    private transient int size = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of structural modifications to the tree.
+     */
+    private transient int modCount = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty tree map, using the natural ordering of its
+     * keys.  All keys inserted into the map must implement the {@link
+     * Comparable} interface.  Furthermore, all such keys must be
+     * <em>mutually comparable</em>: {@code k1.compareTo(k2)} must not throw
+     * a {@code ClassCastException} for any keys {@code k1} and
+     * {@code k2} in the map.  If the user attempts to put a key into the
+     * map that violates this constraint (for example, the user attempts to
+     * put a string key into a map whose keys are integers), the
+     * {@code put(Object key, Object value)} call will throw a
+     * {@code ClassCastException}.
+     */
+    public TreeMap() {
+        comparator = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty tree map, ordered according to the given
+     * comparator.  All keys inserted into the map must be <em>mutually
+     * comparable</em> by the given comparator: {@code comparator.compare(k1,
+     * k2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any keys
+     * {@code k1} and {@code k2} in the map.  If the user attempts to put
+     * a key into the map that violates this constraint, the {@code put(Object
+     * key, Object value)} call will throw a
+     * {@code ClassCastException}.
+     *
+     * @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this map.
+     *        If {@code null}, the {@linkplain Comparable natural
+     *        ordering} of the keys will be used.
+     */
+    public TreeMap(Comparator<? super K> comparator) {
+        this.comparator = comparator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new tree map containing the same mappings as the given
+     * map, ordered according to the <em>natural ordering</em> of its keys.
+     * All keys inserted into the new map must implement the {@link
+     * Comparable} interface.  Furthermore, all such keys must be
+     * <em>mutually comparable</em>: {@code k1.compareTo(k2)} must not throw
+     * a {@code ClassCastException} for any keys {@code k1} and
+     * {@code k2} in the map.  This method runs in n*log(n) time.
+     *
+     * @param  m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the keys in m are not {@link Comparable},
+     *         or are not mutually comparable
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
+     */
+    public TreeMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
+        comparator = null;
+        putAll(m);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new tree map containing the same mappings and
+     * using the same ordering as the specified sorted map.  This
+     * method runs in linear time.
+     *
+     * @param  m the sorted map whose mappings are to be placed in this map,
+     *         and whose comparator is to be used to sort this map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
+     */
+    public TreeMap(SortedMap<K, ? extends V> m) {
+        comparator = m.comparator();
+        try {
+            buildFromSorted(m.size(), m.entrySet().iterator(), null, null);
+        } catch (java.io.IOException cannotHappen) {
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException cannotHappen) {
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // Query Operations
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
+     *
+     * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
+     */
+    public int size() {
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this map contains a mapping for the specified
+     * key.
+     *
+     * @param key key whose presence in this map is to be tested
+     * @return {@code true} if this map contains a mapping for the
+     *         specified key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     */
+    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+        return getEntry(key) != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this map maps one or more keys to the
+     * specified value.  More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if
+     * this map contains at least one mapping to a value {@code v} such
+     * that {@code (value==null ? v==null : value.equals(v))}.  This
+     * operation will probably require time linear in the map size for
+     * most implementations.
+     *
+     * @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
+     * @return {@code true} if a mapping to {@code value} exists;
+     *         {@code false} otherwise
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
+        for (Entry<K,V> e = getFirstEntry(); e != null; e = successor(e))
+            if (valEquals(value, e.value))
+                return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
+     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
+     *
+     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
+     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code key} compares
+     * equal to {@code k} according to the map's ordering, then this
+     * method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns {@code null}.
+     * (There can be at most one such mapping.)
+     *
+     * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <em>necessarily</em>
+     * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
+     * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
+     * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
+     * distinguish these two cases.
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     */
+    public V get(Object key) {
+        Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
+        return (p==null ? null : p.value);
+    }
+
+    public Comparator<? super K> comparator() {
+        return comparator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public K firstKey() {
+        return key(getFirstEntry());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public K lastKey() {
+        return key(getLastEntry());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
+     * These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any
+     * of the keys currently in the specified map.
+     *
+     * @param  map mappings to be stored in this map
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of a key or value in
+     *         the specified map prevents it from being stored in this map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null or
+     *         the specified map contains a null key and this map does not
+     *         permit null keys
+     */
+    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
+        int mapSize = map.size();
+        if (size==0 && mapSize!=0 && map instanceof SortedMap) {
+            Comparator c = ((SortedMap)map).comparator();
+            if (c == comparator || (c != null && c.equals(comparator))) {
+                ++modCount;
+                try {
+                    buildFromSorted(mapSize, map.entrySet().iterator(),
+                                    null, null);
+                } catch (java.io.IOException cannotHappen) {
+                } catch (ClassNotFoundException cannotHappen) {
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        super.putAll(map);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this map's entry for the given key, or {@code null} if the map
+     * does not contain an entry for the key.
+     *
+     * @return this map's entry for the given key, or {@code null} if the map
+     *         does not contain an entry for the key
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
+        // Offload comparator-based version for sake of performance
+        if (comparator != null)
+            return getEntryUsingComparator(key);
+        if (key == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
+        Entry<K,V> p = root;
+        while (p != null) {
+            int cmp = k.compareTo(p.key);
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                p = p.left;
+            else if (cmp > 0)
+                p = p.right;
+            else
+                return p;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Version of getEntry using comparator. Split off from getEntry
+     * for performance. (This is not worth doing for most methods,
+     * that are less dependent on comparator performance, but is
+     * worthwhile here.)
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getEntryUsingComparator(Object key) {
+        K k = (K) key;
+        Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
+        if (cpr != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> p = root;
+            while (p != null) {
+                int cmp = cpr.compare(k, p.key);
+                if (cmp < 0)
+                    p = p.left;
+                else if (cmp > 0)
+                    p = p.right;
+                else
+                    return p;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the entry corresponding to the specified key; if no such entry
+     * exists, returns the entry for the least key greater than the specified
+     * key; if no such entry exists (i.e., the greatest key in the Tree is less
+     * than the specified key), returns {@code null}.
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getCeilingEntry(K key) {
+        Entry<K,V> p = root;
+        while (p != null) {
+            int cmp = compare(key, p.key);
+            if (cmp < 0) {
+                if (p.left != null)
+                    p = p.left;
+                else
+                    return p;
+            } else if (cmp > 0) {
+                if (p.right != null) {
+                    p = p.right;
+                } else {
+                    Entry<K,V> parent = p.parent;
+                    Entry<K,V> ch = p;
+                    while (parent != null && ch == parent.right) {
+                        ch = parent;
+                        parent = parent.parent;
+                    }
+                    return parent;
+                }
+            } else
+                return p;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the entry corresponding to the specified key; if no such entry
+     * exists, returns the entry for the greatest key less than the specified
+     * key; if no such entry exists, returns {@code null}.
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getFloorEntry(K key) {
+        Entry<K,V> p = root;
+        while (p != null) {
+            int cmp = compare(key, p.key);
+            if (cmp > 0) {
+                if (p.right != null)
+                    p = p.right;
+                else
+                    return p;
+            } else if (cmp < 0) {
+                if (p.left != null) {
+                    p = p.left;
+                } else {
+                    Entry<K,V> parent = p.parent;
+                    Entry<K,V> ch = p;
+                    while (parent != null && ch == parent.left) {
+                        ch = parent;
+                        parent = parent.parent;
+                    }
+                    return parent;
+                }
+            } else
+                return p;
+
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the entry for the least key greater than the specified
+     * key; if no such entry exists, returns the entry for the least
+     * key greater than the specified key; if no such entry exists
+     * returns {@code null}.
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getHigherEntry(K key) {
+        Entry<K,V> p = root;
+        while (p != null) {
+            int cmp = compare(key, p.key);
+            if (cmp < 0) {
+                if (p.left != null)
+                    p = p.left;
+                else
+                    return p;
+            } else {
+                if (p.right != null) {
+                    p = p.right;
+                } else {
+                    Entry<K,V> parent = p.parent;
+                    Entry<K,V> ch = p;
+                    while (parent != null && ch == parent.right) {
+                        ch = parent;
+                        parent = parent.parent;
+                    }
+                    return parent;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the entry for the greatest key less than the specified key; if
+     * no such entry exists (i.e., the least key in the Tree is greater than
+     * the specified key), returns {@code null}.
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getLowerEntry(K key) {
+        Entry<K,V> p = root;
+        while (p != null) {
+            int cmp = compare(key, p.key);
+            if (cmp > 0) {
+                if (p.right != null)
+                    p = p.right;
+                else
+                    return p;
+            } else {
+                if (p.left != null) {
+                    p = p.left;
+                } else {
+                    Entry<K,V> parent = p.parent;
+                    Entry<K,V> ch = p;
+                    while (parent != null && ch == parent.left) {
+                        ch = parent;
+                        parent = parent.parent;
+                    }
+                    return parent;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
+     * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
+     * value is replaced.
+     *
+     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
+     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
+     *
+     * @return the previous value associated with {@code key}, or
+     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for {@code key}.
+     *         (A {@code null} return can also indicate that the map
+     *         previously associated {@code null} with {@code key}.)
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     */
+    public V put(K key, V value) {
+        Entry<K,V> t = root;
+        if (t == null) {
+            compare(key, key); // type (and possibly null) check
+
+            root = new Entry<>(key, value, null);
+            size = 1;
+            modCount++;
+            return null;
+        }
+        int cmp;
+        Entry<K,V> parent;
+        // split comparator and comparable paths
+        Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
+        if (cpr != null) {
+            do {
+                parent = t;
+                cmp = cpr.compare(key, t.key);
+                if (cmp < 0)
+                    t = t.left;
+                else if (cmp > 0)
+                    t = t.right;
+                else
+                    return t.setValue(value);
+            } while (t != null);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (key == null)
+                throw new NullPointerException();
+            Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
+            do {
+                parent = t;
+                cmp = k.compareTo(t.key);
+                if (cmp < 0)
+                    t = t.left;
+                else if (cmp > 0)
+                    t = t.right;
+                else
+                    return t.setValue(value);
+            } while (t != null);
+        }
+        Entry<K,V> e = new Entry<>(key, value, parent);
+        if (cmp < 0)
+            parent.left = e;
+        else
+            parent.right = e;
+        fixAfterInsertion(e);
+        size++;
+        modCount++;
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the mapping for this key from this TreeMap if present.
+     *
+     * @param  key key for which mapping should be removed
+     * @return the previous value associated with {@code key}, or
+     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for {@code key}.
+     *         (A {@code null} return can also indicate that the map
+     *         previously associated {@code null} with {@code key}.)
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
+     *         with the keys currently in the map
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     */
+    public V remove(Object key) {
+        Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
+        if (p == null)
+            return null;
+
+        V oldValue = p.value;
+        deleteEntry(p);
+        return oldValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all of the mappings from this map.
+     * The map will be empty after this call returns.
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        modCount++;
+        size = 0;
+        root = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a shallow copy of this {@code TreeMap} instance. (The keys and
+     * values themselves are not cloned.)
+     *
+     * @return a shallow copy of this map
+     */
+    public Object clone() {
+        TreeMap<K,V> clone = null;
+        try {
+            clone = (TreeMap<K,V>) super.clone();
+        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+            throw new InternalError();
+        }
+
+        // Put clone into "virgin" state (except for comparator)
+        clone.root = null;
+        clone.size = 0;
+        clone.modCount = 0;
+        clone.entrySet = null;
+        clone.navigableKeySet = null;
+        clone.descendingMap = null;
+
+        // Initialize clone with our mappings
+        try {
+            clone.buildFromSorted(size, entrySet().iterator(), null, null);
+        } catch (java.io.IOException cannotHappen) {
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException cannotHappen) {
+        }
+
+        return clone;
+    }
+
+    // NavigableMap API methods
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> firstEntry() {
+        return exportEntry(getFirstEntry());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> lastEntry() {
+        return exportEntry(getLastEntry());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> pollFirstEntry() {
+        Entry<K,V> p = getFirstEntry();
+        Map.Entry<K,V> result = exportEntry(p);
+        if (p != null)
+            deleteEntry(p);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> pollLastEntry() {
+        Entry<K,V> p = getLastEntry();
+        Map.Entry<K,V> result = exportEntry(p);
+        if (p != null)
+            deleteEntry(p);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> lowerEntry(K key) {
+        return exportEntry(getLowerEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public K lowerKey(K key) {
+        return keyOrNull(getLowerEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> floorEntry(K key) {
+        return exportEntry(getFloorEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public K floorKey(K key) {
+        return keyOrNull(getFloorEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> ceilingEntry(K key) {
+        return exportEntry(getCeilingEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public K ceilingKey(K key) {
+        return keyOrNull(getCeilingEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Map.Entry<K,V> higherEntry(K key) {
+        return exportEntry(getHigherEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public K higherKey(K key) {
+        return keyOrNull(getHigherEntry(key));
+    }
+
+    // Views
+
+    /**
+     * Fields initialized to contain an instance of the entry set view
+     * the first time this view is requested.  Views are stateless, so
+     * there's no reason to create more than one.
+     */
+    private transient EntrySet entrySet = null;
+    private transient KeySet<K> navigableKeySet = null;
+    private transient NavigableMap<K,V> descendingMap = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys contained in this map.
+     * The set's iterator returns the keys in ascending order.
+     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
+     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
+     * the iterator's own {@code remove} operation), the results of
+     * the iteration are undefined.  The set supports element removal,
+     * which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the
+     * {@code Iterator.remove}, {@code Set.remove},
+     * {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll}, and {@code clear}
+     * operations.  It does not support the {@code add} or {@code addAll}
+     * operations.
+     */
+    public Set<K> keySet() {
+        return navigableKeySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet() {
+        KeySet<K> nks = navigableKeySet;
+        return (nks != null) ? nks : (navigableKeySet = new KeySet(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableSet<K> descendingKeySet() {
+        return descendingMap().navigableKeySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
+     * The collection's iterator returns the values in ascending order
+     * of the corresponding keys.
+     * The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the collection, and vice-versa.  If the map is
+     * modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress
+     * (except through the iterator's own {@code remove} operation),
+     * the results of the iteration are undefined.  The collection
+     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
+     * mapping from the map, via the {@code Iterator.remove},
+     * {@code Collection.remove}, {@code removeAll},
+     * {@code retainAll} and {@code clear} operations.  It does not
+     * support the {@code add} or {@code addAll} operations.
+     */
+    public Collection<V> values() {
+        Collection<V> vs = values;
+        return (vs != null) ? vs : (values = new Values());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
+     * The set's iterator returns the entries in ascending key order.
+     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
+     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
+     * the iterator's own {@code remove} operation, or through the
+     * {@code setValue} operation on a map entry returned by the
+     * iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined.  The set
+     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
+     * mapping from the map, via the {@code Iterator.remove},
+     * {@code Set.remove}, {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll} and
+     * {@code clear} operations.  It does not support the
+     * {@code add} or {@code addAll} operations.
+     */
+    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+        EntrySet es = entrySet;
+        return (es != null) ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableMap<K, V> descendingMap() {
+        NavigableMap<K, V> km = descendingMap;
+        return (km != null) ? km :
+            (descendingMap = new DescendingSubMap(this,
+                                                  true, null, true,
+                                                  true, null, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromKey} or {@code toKey} is
+     *         null and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive,
+                                    K toKey,   boolean toInclusive) {
+        return new AscendingSubMap(this,
+                                   false, fromKey, fromInclusive,
+                                   false, toKey,   toInclusive);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toKey} is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive) {
+        return new AscendingSubMap(this,
+                                   true,  null,  true,
+                                   false, toKey, inclusive);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromKey} is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive) {
+        return new AscendingSubMap(this,
+                                   false, fromKey, inclusive,
+                                   true,  null,    true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromKey} or {@code toKey} is
+     *         null and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public SortedMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) {
+        return subMap(fromKey, true, toKey, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toKey} is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public SortedMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey) {
+        return headMap(toKey, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromKey} is null
+     *         and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null keys
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public SortedMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey) {
+        return tailMap(fromKey, true);
+    }
+
+    // View class support
+
+    class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
+        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
+            return new ValueIterator(getFirstEntry());
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return TreeMap.this.size();
+        }
+
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return TreeMap.this.containsValue(o);
+        }
+
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            for (Entry<K,V> e = getFirstEntry(); e != null; e = successor(e)) {
+                if (valEquals(e.getValue(), o)) {
+                    deleteEntry(e);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public void clear() {
+            TreeMap.this.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
+            return new EntryIterator(getFirstEntry());
+        }
+
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                return false;
+            Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
+            V value = entry.getValue();
+            Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(entry.getKey());
+            return p != null && valEquals(p.getValue(), value);
+        }
+
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                return false;
+            Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
+            V value = entry.getValue();
+            Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(entry.getKey());
+            if (p != null && valEquals(p.getValue(), value)) {
+                deleteEntry(p);
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return TreeMap.this.size();
+        }
+
+        public void clear() {
+            TreeMap.this.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Unlike Values and EntrySet, the KeySet class is static,
+     * delegating to a NavigableMap to allow use by SubMaps, which
+     * outweighs the ugliness of needing type-tests for the following
+     * Iterator methods that are defined appropriately in main versus
+     * submap classes.
+     */
+
+    Iterator<K> keyIterator() {
+        return new KeyIterator(getFirstEntry());
+    }
+
+    Iterator<K> descendingKeyIterator() {
+        return new DescendingKeyIterator(getLastEntry());
+    }
+
+    static final class KeySet<E> extends AbstractSet<E> implements NavigableSet<E> {
+        private final NavigableMap<E, Object> m;
+        KeySet(NavigableMap<E,Object> map) { m = map; }
+
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            if (m instanceof TreeMap)
+                return ((TreeMap<E,Object>)m).keyIterator();
+            else
+                return (Iterator<E>)(((TreeMap.NavigableSubMap)m).keyIterator());
+        }
+
+        public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
+            if (m instanceof TreeMap)
+                return ((TreeMap<E,Object>)m).descendingKeyIterator();
+            else
+                return (Iterator<E>)(((TreeMap.NavigableSubMap)m).descendingKeyIterator());
+        }
+
+        public int size() { return m.size(); }
+        public boolean isEmpty() { return m.isEmpty(); }
+        public boolean contains(Object o) { return m.containsKey(o); }
+        public void clear() { m.clear(); }
+        public E lower(E e) { return m.lowerKey(e); }
+        public E floor(E e) { return m.floorKey(e); }
+        public E ceiling(E e) { return m.ceilingKey(e); }
+        public E higher(E e) { return m.higherKey(e); }
+        public E first() { return m.firstKey(); }
+        public E last() { return m.lastKey(); }
+        public Comparator<? super E> comparator() { return m.comparator(); }
+        public E pollFirst() {
+            Map.Entry<E,Object> e = m.pollFirstEntry();
+            return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
+        }
+        public E pollLast() {
+            Map.Entry<E,Object> e = m.pollLastEntry();
+            return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
+        }
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            int oldSize = size();
+            m.remove(o);
+            return size() != oldSize;
+        }
+        public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive,
+                                      E toElement,   boolean toInclusive) {
+            return new KeySet<>(m.subMap(fromElement, fromInclusive,
+                                          toElement,   toInclusive));
+        }
+        public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
+            return new KeySet<>(m.headMap(toElement, inclusive));
+        }
+        public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
+            return new KeySet<>(m.tailMap(fromElement, inclusive));
+        }
+        public SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
+            return subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false);
+        }
+        public SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
+            return headSet(toElement, false);
+        }
+        public SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
+            return tailSet(fromElement, true);
+        }
+        public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
+            return new KeySet(m.descendingMap());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base class for TreeMap Iterators
+     */
+    abstract class PrivateEntryIterator<T> implements Iterator<T> {
+        Entry<K,V> next;
+        Entry<K,V> lastReturned;
+        int expectedModCount;
+
+        PrivateEntryIterator(Entry<K,V> first) {
+            expectedModCount = modCount;
+            lastReturned = null;
+            next = first;
+        }
+
+        public final boolean hasNext() {
+            return next != null;
+        }
+
+        final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
+            Entry<K,V> e = next;
+            if (e == null)
+                throw new NoSuchElementException();
+            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
+                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+            next = successor(e);
+            lastReturned = e;
+            return e;
+        }
+
+        final Entry<K,V> prevEntry() {
+            Entry<K,V> e = next;
+            if (e == null)
+                throw new NoSuchElementException();
+            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
+                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+            next = predecessor(e);
+            lastReturned = e;
+            return e;
+        }
+
+        public void remove() {
+            if (lastReturned == null)
+                throw new IllegalStateException();
+            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
+                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+            // deleted entries are replaced by their successors
+            if (lastReturned.left != null && lastReturned.right != null)
+                next = lastReturned;
+            deleteEntry(lastReturned);
+            expectedModCount = modCount;
+            lastReturned = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    final class EntryIterator extends PrivateEntryIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+        EntryIterator(Entry<K,V> first) {
+            super(first);
+        }
+        public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
+            return nextEntry();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final class ValueIterator extends PrivateEntryIterator<V> {
+        ValueIterator(Entry<K,V> first) {
+            super(first);
+        }
+        public V next() {
+            return nextEntry().value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    final class KeyIterator extends PrivateEntryIterator<K> {
+        KeyIterator(Entry<K,V> first) {
+            super(first);
+        }
+        public K next() {
+            return nextEntry().key;
+        }
+    }
+
+    final class DescendingKeyIterator extends PrivateEntryIterator<K> {
+        DescendingKeyIterator(Entry<K,V> first) {
+            super(first);
+        }
+        public K next() {
+            return prevEntry().key;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Little utilities
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two keys using the correct comparison method for this TreeMap.
+     */
+    final int compare(Object k1, Object k2) {
+        return comparator==null ? ((Comparable<? super K>)k1).compareTo((K)k2)
+            : comparator.compare((K)k1, (K)k2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test two values for equality.  Differs from o1.equals(o2) only in
+     * that it copes with {@code null} o1 properly.
+     */
+    static final boolean valEquals(Object o1, Object o2) {
+        return (o1==null ? o2==null : o1.equals(o2));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return SimpleImmutableEntry for entry, or null if null
+     */
+    static <K,V> Map.Entry<K,V> exportEntry(TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e) {
+        return (e == null) ? null :
+            new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>(e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return key for entry, or null if null
+     */
+    static <K,V> K keyOrNull(TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e) {
+        return (e == null) ? null : e.key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the key corresponding to the specified Entry.
+     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the Entry is null
+     */
+    static <K> K key(Entry<K,?> e) {
+        if (e==null)
+            throw new NoSuchElementException();
+        return e.key;
+    }
+
+
+    // SubMaps
+
+    /**
+     * Dummy value serving as unmatchable fence key for unbounded
+     * SubMapIterators
+     */
+    private static final Object UNBOUNDED = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * @serial include
+     */
+    abstract static class NavigableSubMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
+        implements NavigableMap<K,V>, java.io.Serializable {
+        /**
+         * The backing map.
+         */
+        final TreeMap<K,V> m;
+
+        /**
+         * Endpoints are represented as triples (fromStart, lo,
+         * loInclusive) and (toEnd, hi, hiInclusive). If fromStart is
+         * true, then the low (absolute) bound is the start of the
+         * backing map, and the other values are ignored. Otherwise,
+         * if loInclusive is true, lo is the inclusive bound, else lo
+         * is the exclusive bound. Similarly for the upper bound.
+         */
+        final K lo, hi;
+        final boolean fromStart, toEnd;
+        final boolean loInclusive, hiInclusive;
+
+        NavigableSubMap(TreeMap<K,V> m,
+                        boolean fromStart, K lo, boolean loInclusive,
+                        boolean toEnd,     K hi, boolean hiInclusive) {
+            if (!fromStart && !toEnd) {
+                if (m.compare(lo, hi) > 0)
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromKey > toKey");
+            } else {
+                if (!fromStart) // type check
+                    m.compare(lo, lo);
+                if (!toEnd)
+                    m.compare(hi, hi);
+            }
+
+            this.m = m;
+            this.fromStart = fromStart;
+            this.lo = lo;
+            this.loInclusive = loInclusive;
+            this.toEnd = toEnd;
+            this.hi = hi;
+            this.hiInclusive = hiInclusive;
+        }
+
+        // internal utilities
+
+        final boolean tooLow(Object key) {
+            if (!fromStart) {
+                int c = m.compare(key, lo);
+                if (c < 0 || (c == 0 && !loInclusive))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final boolean tooHigh(Object key) {
+            if (!toEnd) {
+                int c = m.compare(key, hi);
+                if (c > 0 || (c == 0 && !hiInclusive))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final boolean inRange(Object key) {
+            return !tooLow(key) && !tooHigh(key);
+        }
+
+        final boolean inClosedRange(Object key) {
+            return (fromStart || m.compare(key, lo) >= 0)
+                && (toEnd || m.compare(hi, key) >= 0);
+        }
+
+        final boolean inRange(Object key, boolean inclusive) {
+            return inclusive ? inRange(key) : inClosedRange(key);
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Absolute versions of relation operations.
+         * Subclasses map to these using like-named "sub"
+         * versions that invert senses for descending maps
+         */
+
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absLowest() {
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e =
+                (fromStart ?  m.getFirstEntry() :
+                 (loInclusive ? m.getCeilingEntry(lo) :
+                                m.getHigherEntry(lo)));
+            return (e == null || tooHigh(e.key)) ? null : e;
+        }
+
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absHighest() {
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e =
+                (toEnd ?  m.getLastEntry() :
+                 (hiInclusive ?  m.getFloorEntry(hi) :
+                                 m.getLowerEntry(hi)));
+            return (e == null || tooLow(e.key)) ? null : e;
+        }
+
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absCeiling(K key) {
+            if (tooLow(key))
+                return absLowest();
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = m.getCeilingEntry(key);
+            return (e == null || tooHigh(e.key)) ? null : e;
+        }
+
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absHigher(K key) {
+            if (tooLow(key))
+                return absLowest();
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = m.getHigherEntry(key);
+            return (e == null || tooHigh(e.key)) ? null : e;
+        }
+
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absFloor(K key) {
+            if (tooHigh(key))
+                return absHighest();
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = m.getFloorEntry(key);
+            return (e == null || tooLow(e.key)) ? null : e;
+        }
+
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absLower(K key) {
+            if (tooHigh(key))
+                return absHighest();
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = m.getLowerEntry(key);
+            return (e == null || tooLow(e.key)) ? null : e;
+        }
+
+        /** Returns the absolute high fence for ascending traversal */
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absHighFence() {
+            return (toEnd ? null : (hiInclusive ?
+                                    m.getHigherEntry(hi) :
+                                    m.getCeilingEntry(hi)));
+        }
+
+        /** Return the absolute low fence for descending traversal  */
+        final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> absLowFence() {
+            return (fromStart ? null : (loInclusive ?
+                                        m.getLowerEntry(lo) :
+                                        m.getFloorEntry(lo)));
+        }
+
+        // Abstract methods defined in ascending vs descending classes
+        // These relay to the appropriate absolute versions
+
+        abstract TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subLowest();
+        abstract TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subHighest();
+        abstract TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subCeiling(K key);
+        abstract TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subHigher(K key);
+        abstract TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subFloor(K key);
+        abstract TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subLower(K key);
+
+        /** Returns ascending iterator from the perspective of this submap */
+        abstract Iterator<K> keyIterator();
+
+        /** Returns descending iterator from the perspective of this submap */
+        abstract Iterator<K> descendingKeyIterator();
+
+        // public methods
+
+        public boolean isEmpty() {
+            return (fromStart && toEnd) ? m.isEmpty() : entrySet().isEmpty();
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return (fromStart && toEnd) ? m.size() : entrySet().size();
+        }
+
+        public final boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+            return inRange(key) && m.containsKey(key);
+        }
+
+        public final V put(K key, V value) {
+            if (!inRange(key))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("key out of range");
+            return m.put(key, value);
+        }
+
+        public final V get(Object key) {
+            return !inRange(key) ? null :  m.get(key);
+        }
+
+        public final V remove(Object key) {
+            return !inRange(key) ? null : m.remove(key);
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> ceilingEntry(K key) {
+            return exportEntry(subCeiling(key));
+        }
+
+        public final K ceilingKey(K key) {
+            return keyOrNull(subCeiling(key));
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> higherEntry(K key) {
+            return exportEntry(subHigher(key));
+        }
+
+        public final K higherKey(K key) {
+            return keyOrNull(subHigher(key));
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> floorEntry(K key) {
+            return exportEntry(subFloor(key));
+        }
+
+        public final K floorKey(K key) {
+            return keyOrNull(subFloor(key));
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> lowerEntry(K key) {
+            return exportEntry(subLower(key));
+        }
+
+        public final K lowerKey(K key) {
+            return keyOrNull(subLower(key));
+        }
+
+        public final K firstKey() {
+            return key(subLowest());
+        }
+
+        public final K lastKey() {
+            return key(subHighest());
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> firstEntry() {
+            return exportEntry(subLowest());
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> lastEntry() {
+            return exportEntry(subHighest());
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> pollFirstEntry() {
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = subLowest();
+            Map.Entry<K,V> result = exportEntry(e);
+            if (e != null)
+                m.deleteEntry(e);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public final Map.Entry<K,V> pollLastEntry() {
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = subHighest();
+            Map.Entry<K,V> result = exportEntry(e);
+            if (e != null)
+                m.deleteEntry(e);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        // Views
+        transient NavigableMap<K,V> descendingMapView = null;
+        transient EntrySetView entrySetView = null;
+        transient KeySet<K> navigableKeySetView = null;
+
+        public final NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet() {
+            KeySet<K> nksv = navigableKeySetView;
+            return (nksv != null) ? nksv :
+                (navigableKeySetView = new TreeMap.KeySet(this));
+        }
+
+        public final Set<K> keySet() {
+            return navigableKeySet();
+        }
+
+        public NavigableSet<K> descendingKeySet() {
+            return descendingMap().navigableKeySet();
+        }
+
+        public final SortedMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) {
+            return subMap(fromKey, true, toKey, false);
+        }
+
+        public final SortedMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey) {
+            return headMap(toKey, false);
+        }
+
+        public final SortedMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey) {
+            return tailMap(fromKey, true);
+        }
+
+        // View classes
+
+        abstract class EntrySetView extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+            private transient int size = -1, sizeModCount;
+
+            public int size() {
+                if (fromStart && toEnd)
+                    return m.size();
+                if (size == -1 || sizeModCount != m.modCount) {
+                    sizeModCount = m.modCount;
+                    size = 0;
+                    Iterator i = iterator();
+                    while (i.hasNext()) {
+                        size++;
+                        i.next();
+                    }
+                }
+                return size;
+            }
+
+            public boolean isEmpty() {
+                TreeMap.Entry<K,V> n = absLowest();
+                return n == null || tooHigh(n.key);
+            }
+
+            public boolean contains(Object o) {
+                if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                    return false;
+                Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
+                K key = entry.getKey();
+                if (!inRange(key))
+                    return false;
+                TreeMap.Entry node = m.getEntry(key);
+                return node != null &&
+                    valEquals(node.getValue(), entry.getValue());
+            }
+
+            public boolean remove(Object o) {
+                if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                    return false;
+                Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
+                K key = entry.getKey();
+                if (!inRange(key))
+                    return false;
+                TreeMap.Entry<K,V> node = m.getEntry(key);
+                if (node!=null && valEquals(node.getValue(),
+                                            entry.getValue())) {
+                    m.deleteEntry(node);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Iterators for SubMaps
+         */
+        abstract class SubMapIterator<T> implements Iterator<T> {
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> lastReturned;
+            TreeMap.Entry<K,V> next;
+            final Object fenceKey;
+            int expectedModCount;
+
+            SubMapIterator(TreeMap.Entry<K,V> first,
+                           TreeMap.Entry<K,V> fence) {
+                expectedModCount = m.modCount;
+                lastReturned = null;
+                next = first;
+                fenceKey = fence == null ? UNBOUNDED : fence.key;
+            }
+
+            public final boolean hasNext() {
+                return next != null && next.key != fenceKey;
+            }
+
+            final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
+                TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = next;
+                if (e == null || e.key == fenceKey)
+                    throw new NoSuchElementException();
+                if (m.modCount != expectedModCount)
+                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+                next = successor(e);
+                lastReturned = e;
+                return e;
+            }
+
+            final TreeMap.Entry<K,V> prevEntry() {
+                TreeMap.Entry<K,V> e = next;
+                if (e == null || e.key == fenceKey)
+                    throw new NoSuchElementException();
+                if (m.modCount != expectedModCount)
+                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+                next = predecessor(e);
+                lastReturned = e;
+                return e;
+            }
+
+            final void removeAscending() {
+                if (lastReturned == null)
+                    throw new IllegalStateException();
+                if (m.modCount != expectedModCount)
+                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+                // deleted entries are replaced by their successors
+                if (lastReturned.left != null && lastReturned.right != null)
+                    next = lastReturned;
+                m.deleteEntry(lastReturned);
+                lastReturned = null;
+                expectedModCount = m.modCount;
+            }
+
+            final void removeDescending() {
+                if (lastReturned == null)
+                    throw new IllegalStateException();
+                if (m.modCount != expectedModCount)
+                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+                m.deleteEntry(lastReturned);
+                lastReturned = null;
+                expectedModCount = m.modCount;
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        final class SubMapEntryIterator extends SubMapIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+            SubMapEntryIterator(TreeMap.Entry<K,V> first,
+                                TreeMap.Entry<K,V> fence) {
+                super(first, fence);
+            }
+            public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
+                return nextEntry();
+            }
+            public void remove() {
+                removeAscending();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final class SubMapKeyIterator extends SubMapIterator<K> {
+            SubMapKeyIterator(TreeMap.Entry<K,V> first,
+                              TreeMap.Entry<K,V> fence) {
+                super(first, fence);
+            }
+            public K next() {
+                return nextEntry().key;
+            }
+            public void remove() {
+                removeAscending();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final class DescendingSubMapEntryIterator extends SubMapIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+            DescendingSubMapEntryIterator(TreeMap.Entry<K,V> last,
+                                          TreeMap.Entry<K,V> fence) {
+                super(last, fence);
+            }
+
+            public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
+                return prevEntry();
+            }
+            public void remove() {
+                removeDescending();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final class DescendingSubMapKeyIterator extends SubMapIterator<K> {
+            DescendingSubMapKeyIterator(TreeMap.Entry<K,V> last,
+                                        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> fence) {
+                super(last, fence);
+            }
+            public K next() {
+                return prevEntry().key;
+            }
+            public void remove() {
+                removeDescending();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @serial include
+     */
+    static final class AscendingSubMap<K,V> extends NavigableSubMap<K,V> {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 912986545866124060L;
+
+        AscendingSubMap(TreeMap<K,V> m,
+                        boolean fromStart, K lo, boolean loInclusive,
+                        boolean toEnd,     K hi, boolean hiInclusive) {
+            super(m, fromStart, lo, loInclusive, toEnd, hi, hiInclusive);
+        }
+
+        public Comparator<? super K> comparator() {
+            return m.comparator();
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive,
+                                        K toKey,   boolean toInclusive) {
+            if (!inRange(fromKey, fromInclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromKey out of range");
+            if (!inRange(toKey, toInclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("toKey out of range");
+            return new AscendingSubMap(m,
+                                       false, fromKey, fromInclusive,
+                                       false, toKey,   toInclusive);
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive) {
+            if (!inRange(toKey, inclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("toKey out of range");
+            return new AscendingSubMap(m,
+                                       fromStart, lo,    loInclusive,
+                                       false,     toKey, inclusive);
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive) {
+            if (!inRange(fromKey, inclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromKey out of range");
+            return new AscendingSubMap(m,
+                                       false, fromKey, inclusive,
+                                       toEnd, hi,      hiInclusive);
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> descendingMap() {
+            NavigableMap<K,V> mv = descendingMapView;
+            return (mv != null) ? mv :
+                (descendingMapView =
+                 new DescendingSubMap(m,
+                                      fromStart, lo, loInclusive,
+                                      toEnd,     hi, hiInclusive));
+        }
+
+        Iterator<K> keyIterator() {
+            return new SubMapKeyIterator(absLowest(), absHighFence());
+        }
+
+        Iterator<K> descendingKeyIterator() {
+            return new DescendingSubMapKeyIterator(absHighest(), absLowFence());
+        }
+
+        final class AscendingEntrySetView extends EntrySetView {
+            public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
+                return new SubMapEntryIterator(absLowest(), absHighFence());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+            EntrySetView es = entrySetView;
+            return (es != null) ? es : new AscendingEntrySetView();
+        }
+
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subLowest()       { return absLowest(); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subHighest()      { return absHighest(); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subCeiling(K key) { return absCeiling(key); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subHigher(K key)  { return absHigher(key); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subFloor(K key)   { return absFloor(key); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subLower(K key)   { return absLower(key); }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @serial include
+     */
+    static final class DescendingSubMap<K,V>  extends NavigableSubMap<K,V> {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 912986545866120460L;
+        DescendingSubMap(TreeMap<K,V> m,
+                        boolean fromStart, K lo, boolean loInclusive,
+                        boolean toEnd,     K hi, boolean hiInclusive) {
+            super(m, fromStart, lo, loInclusive, toEnd, hi, hiInclusive);
+        }
+
+        private final Comparator<? super K> reverseComparator =
+            Collections.reverseOrder(m.comparator);
+
+        public Comparator<? super K> comparator() {
+            return reverseComparator;
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive,
+                                        K toKey,   boolean toInclusive) {
+            if (!inRange(fromKey, fromInclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromKey out of range");
+            if (!inRange(toKey, toInclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("toKey out of range");
+            return new DescendingSubMap(m,
+                                        false, toKey,   toInclusive,
+                                        false, fromKey, fromInclusive);
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive) {
+            if (!inRange(toKey, inclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("toKey out of range");
+            return new DescendingSubMap(m,
+                                        false, toKey, inclusive,
+                                        toEnd, hi,    hiInclusive);
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive) {
+            if (!inRange(fromKey, inclusive))
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromKey out of range");
+            return new DescendingSubMap(m,
+                                        fromStart, lo, loInclusive,
+                                        false, fromKey, inclusive);
+        }
+
+        public NavigableMap<K,V> descendingMap() {
+            NavigableMap<K,V> mv = descendingMapView;
+            return (mv != null) ? mv :
+                (descendingMapView =
+                 new AscendingSubMap(m,
+                                     fromStart, lo, loInclusive,
+                                     toEnd,     hi, hiInclusive));
+        }
+
+        Iterator<K> keyIterator() {
+            return new DescendingSubMapKeyIterator(absHighest(), absLowFence());
+        }
+
+        Iterator<K> descendingKeyIterator() {
+            return new SubMapKeyIterator(absLowest(), absHighFence());
+        }
+
+        final class DescendingEntrySetView extends EntrySetView {
+            public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
+                return new DescendingSubMapEntryIterator(absHighest(), absLowFence());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+            EntrySetView es = entrySetView;
+            return (es != null) ? es : new DescendingEntrySetView();
+        }
+
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subLowest()       { return absHighest(); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subHighest()      { return absLowest(); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subCeiling(K key) { return absFloor(key); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subHigher(K key)  { return absLower(key); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subFloor(K key)   { return absCeiling(key); }
+        TreeMap.Entry<K,V> subLower(K key)   { return absHigher(key); }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This class exists solely for the sake of serialization
+     * compatibility with previous releases of TreeMap that did not
+     * support NavigableMap.  It translates an old-version SubMap into
+     * a new-version AscendingSubMap. This class is never otherwise
+     * used.
+     *
+     * @serial include
+     */
+    private class SubMap extends AbstractMap<K,V>
+        implements SortedMap<K,V>, java.io.Serializable {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = -6520786458950516097L;
+        private boolean fromStart = false, toEnd = false;
+        private K fromKey, toKey;
+        private Object readResolve() {
+            return new AscendingSubMap(TreeMap.this,
+                                       fromStart, fromKey, true,
+                                       toEnd, toKey, false);
+        }
+        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() { throw new InternalError(); }
+        public K lastKey() { throw new InternalError(); }
+        public K firstKey() { throw new InternalError(); }
+        public SortedMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) { throw new InternalError(); }
+        public SortedMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey) { throw new InternalError(); }
+        public SortedMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey) { throw new InternalError(); }
+        public Comparator<? super K> comparator() { throw new InternalError(); }
+    }
+
+
+    // Red-black mechanics
+
+    private static final boolean RED   = false;
+    private static final boolean BLACK = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Node in the Tree.  Doubles as a means to pass key-value pairs back to
+     * user (see Map.Entry).
+     */
+
+    static final class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
+        K key;
+        V value;
+        Entry<K,V> left = null;
+        Entry<K,V> right = null;
+        Entry<K,V> parent;
+        boolean color = BLACK;
+
+        /**
+         * Make a new cell with given key, value, and parent, and with
+         * {@code null} child links, and BLACK color.
+         */
+        Entry(K key, V value, Entry<K,V> parent) {
+            this.key = key;
+            this.value = value;
+            this.parent = parent;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the key.
+         *
+         * @return the key
+         */
+        public K getKey() {
+            return key;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the value associated with the key.
+         *
+         * @return the value associated with the key
+         */
+        public V getValue() {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Replaces the value currently associated with the key with the given
+         * value.
+         *
+         * @return the value associated with the key before this method was
+         *         called
+         */
+        public V setValue(V value) {
+            V oldValue = this.value;
+            this.value = value;
+            return oldValue;
+        }
+
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                return false;
+            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
+
+            return valEquals(key,e.getKey()) && valEquals(value,e.getValue());
+        }
+
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int keyHash = (key==null ? 0 : key.hashCode());
+            int valueHash = (value==null ? 0 : value.hashCode());
+            return keyHash ^ valueHash;
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return key + "=" + value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first Entry in the TreeMap (according to the TreeMap's
+     * key-sort function).  Returns null if the TreeMap is empty.
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getFirstEntry() {
+        Entry<K,V> p = root;
+        if (p != null)
+            while (p.left != null)
+                p = p.left;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last Entry in the TreeMap (according to the TreeMap's
+     * key-sort function).  Returns null if the TreeMap is empty.
+     */
+    final Entry<K,V> getLastEntry() {
+        Entry<K,V> p = root;
+        if (p != null)
+            while (p.right != null)
+                p = p.right;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the successor of the specified Entry, or null if no such.
+     */
+    static <K,V> TreeMap.Entry<K,V> successor(Entry<K,V> t) {
+        if (t == null)
+            return null;
+        else if (t.right != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> p = t.right;
+            while (p.left != null)
+                p = p.left;
+            return p;
+        } else {
+            Entry<K,V> p = t.parent;
+            Entry<K,V> ch = t;
+            while (p != null && ch == p.right) {
+                ch = p;
+                p = p.parent;
+            }
+            return p;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the predecessor of the specified Entry, or null if no such.
+     */
+    static <K,V> Entry<K,V> predecessor(Entry<K,V> t) {
+        if (t == null)
+            return null;
+        else if (t.left != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> p = t.left;
+            while (p.right != null)
+                p = p.right;
+            return p;
+        } else {
+            Entry<K,V> p = t.parent;
+            Entry<K,V> ch = t;
+            while (p != null && ch == p.left) {
+                ch = p;
+                p = p.parent;
+            }
+            return p;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Balancing operations.
+     *
+     * Implementations of rebalancings during insertion and deletion are
+     * slightly different than the CLR version.  Rather than using dummy
+     * nilnodes, we use a set of accessors that deal properly with null.  They
+     * are used to avoid messiness surrounding nullness checks in the main
+     * algorithms.
+     */
+
+    private static <K,V> boolean colorOf(Entry<K,V> p) {
+        return (p == null ? BLACK : p.color);
+    }
+
+    private static <K,V> Entry<K,V> parentOf(Entry<K,V> p) {
+        return (p == null ? null: p.parent);
+    }
+
+    private static <K,V> void setColor(Entry<K,V> p, boolean c) {
+        if (p != null)
+            p.color = c;
+    }
+
+    private static <K,V> Entry<K,V> leftOf(Entry<K,V> p) {
+        return (p == null) ? null: p.left;
+    }
+
+    private static <K,V> Entry<K,V> rightOf(Entry<K,V> p) {
+        return (p == null) ? null: p.right;
+    }
+
+    /** From CLR */
+    private void rotateLeft(Entry<K,V> p) {
+        if (p != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> r = p.right;
+            p.right = r.left;
+            if (r.left != null)
+                r.left.parent = p;
+            r.parent = p.parent;
+            if (p.parent == null)
+                root = r;
+            else if (p.parent.left == p)
+                p.parent.left = r;
+            else
+                p.parent.right = r;
+            r.left = p;
+            p.parent = r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** From CLR */
+    private void rotateRight(Entry<K,V> p) {
+        if (p != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> l = p.left;
+            p.left = l.right;
+            if (l.right != null) l.right.parent = p;
+            l.parent = p.parent;
+            if (p.parent == null)
+                root = l;
+            else if (p.parent.right == p)
+                p.parent.right = l;
+            else p.parent.left = l;
+            l.right = p;
+            p.parent = l;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** From CLR */
+    private void fixAfterInsertion(Entry<K,V> x) {
+        x.color = RED;
+
+        while (x != null && x != root && x.parent.color == RED) {
+            if (parentOf(x) == leftOf(parentOf(parentOf(x)))) {
+                Entry<K,V> y = rightOf(parentOf(parentOf(x)));
+                if (colorOf(y) == RED) {
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), BLACK);
+                    setColor(y, BLACK);
+                    setColor(parentOf(parentOf(x)), RED);
+                    x = parentOf(parentOf(x));
+                } else {
+                    if (x == rightOf(parentOf(x))) {
+                        x = parentOf(x);
+                        rotateLeft(x);
+                    }
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), BLACK);
+                    setColor(parentOf(parentOf(x)), RED);
+                    rotateRight(parentOf(parentOf(x)));
+                }
+            } else {
+                Entry<K,V> y = leftOf(parentOf(parentOf(x)));
+                if (colorOf(y) == RED) {
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), BLACK);
+                    setColor(y, BLACK);
+                    setColor(parentOf(parentOf(x)), RED);
+                    x = parentOf(parentOf(x));
+                } else {
+                    if (x == leftOf(parentOf(x))) {
+                        x = parentOf(x);
+                        rotateRight(x);
+                    }
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), BLACK);
+                    setColor(parentOf(parentOf(x)), RED);
+                    rotateLeft(parentOf(parentOf(x)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        root.color = BLACK;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete node p, and then rebalance the tree.
+     */
+    private void deleteEntry(Entry<K,V> p) {
+        modCount++;
+        size--;
+
+        // If strictly internal, copy successor's element to p and then make p
+        // point to successor.
+        if (p.left != null && p.right != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> s = successor(p);
+            p.key = s.key;
+            p.value = s.value;
+            p = s;
+        } // p has 2 children
+
+        // Start fixup at replacement node, if it exists.
+        Entry<K,V> replacement = (p.left != null ? p.left : p.right);
+
+        if (replacement != null) {
+            // Link replacement to parent
+            replacement.parent = p.parent;
+            if (p.parent == null)
+                root = replacement;
+            else if (p == p.parent.left)
+                p.parent.left  = replacement;
+            else
+                p.parent.right = replacement;
+
+            // Null out links so they are OK to use by fixAfterDeletion.
+            p.left = p.right = p.parent = null;
+
+            // Fix replacement
+            if (p.color == BLACK)
+                fixAfterDeletion(replacement);
+        } else if (p.parent == null) { // return if we are the only node.
+            root = null;
+        } else { //  No children. Use self as phantom replacement and unlink.
+            if (p.color == BLACK)
+                fixAfterDeletion(p);
+
+            if (p.parent != null) {
+                if (p == p.parent.left)
+                    p.parent.left = null;
+                else if (p == p.parent.right)
+                    p.parent.right = null;
+                p.parent = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** From CLR */
+    private void fixAfterDeletion(Entry<K,V> x) {
+        while (x != root && colorOf(x) == BLACK) {
+            if (x == leftOf(parentOf(x))) {
+                Entry<K,V> sib = rightOf(parentOf(x));
+
+                if (colorOf(sib) == RED) {
+                    setColor(sib, BLACK);
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), RED);
+                    rotateLeft(parentOf(x));
+                    sib = rightOf(parentOf(x));
+                }
+
+                if (colorOf(leftOf(sib))  == BLACK &&
+                    colorOf(rightOf(sib)) == BLACK) {
+                    setColor(sib, RED);
+                    x = parentOf(x);
+                } else {
+                    if (colorOf(rightOf(sib)) == BLACK) {
+                        setColor(leftOf(sib), BLACK);
+                        setColor(sib, RED);
+                        rotateRight(sib);
+                        sib = rightOf(parentOf(x));
+                    }
+                    setColor(sib, colorOf(parentOf(x)));
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), BLACK);
+                    setColor(rightOf(sib), BLACK);
+                    rotateLeft(parentOf(x));
+                    x = root;
+                }
+            } else { // symmetric
+                Entry<K,V> sib = leftOf(parentOf(x));
+
+                if (colorOf(sib) == RED) {
+                    setColor(sib, BLACK);
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), RED);
+                    rotateRight(parentOf(x));
+                    sib = leftOf(parentOf(x));
+                }
+
+                if (colorOf(rightOf(sib)) == BLACK &&
+                    colorOf(leftOf(sib)) == BLACK) {
+                    setColor(sib, RED);
+                    x = parentOf(x);
+                } else {
+                    if (colorOf(leftOf(sib)) == BLACK) {
+                        setColor(rightOf(sib), BLACK);
+                        setColor(sib, RED);
+                        rotateLeft(sib);
+                        sib = leftOf(parentOf(x));
+                    }
+                    setColor(sib, colorOf(parentOf(x)));
+                    setColor(parentOf(x), BLACK);
+                    setColor(leftOf(sib), BLACK);
+                    rotateRight(parentOf(x));
+                    x = root;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        setColor(x, BLACK);
+    }
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 919286545866124006L;
+
+    /**
+     * Save the state of the {@code TreeMap} instance to a stream (i.e.,
+     * serialize it).
+     *
+     * @serialData The <em>size</em> of the TreeMap (the number of key-value
+     *             mappings) is emitted (int), followed by the key (Object)
+     *             and value (Object) for each key-value mapping represented
+     *             by the TreeMap. The key-value mappings are emitted in
+     *             key-order (as determined by the TreeMap's Comparator,
+     *             or by the keys' natural ordering if the TreeMap has no
+     *             Comparator).
+     */
+    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException {
+        // Write out the Comparator and any hidden stuff
+        s.defaultWriteObject();
+
+        // Write out size (number of Mappings)
+        s.writeInt(size);
+
+        // Write out keys and values (alternating)
+        for (Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i = entrySet().iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
+            Map.Entry<K,V> e = i.next();
+            s.writeObject(e.getKey());
+            s.writeObject(e.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstitute the {@code TreeMap} instance from a stream (i.e.,
+     * deserialize it).
+     */
+    private void readObject(final java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        // Read in the Comparator and any hidden stuff
+        s.defaultReadObject();
+
+        // Read in size
+        int size = s.readInt();
+
+        buildFromSorted(size, null, s, null);
+    }
+
+    /** Intended to be called only from TreeSet.readObject */
+    void readTreeSet(int size, java.io.ObjectInputStream s, V defaultVal)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        buildFromSorted(size, null, s, defaultVal);
+    }
+
+    /** Intended to be called only from TreeSet.addAll */
+    void addAllForTreeSet(SortedSet<? extends K> set, V defaultVal) {
+        try {
+            buildFromSorted(set.size(), set.iterator(), null, defaultVal);
+        } catch (java.io.IOException cannotHappen) {
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException cannotHappen) {
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Linear time tree building algorithm from sorted data.  Can accept keys
+     * and/or values from iterator or stream. This leads to too many
+     * parameters, but seems better than alternatives.  The four formats
+     * that this method accepts are:
+     *
+     *    1) An iterator of Map.Entries.  (it != null, defaultVal == null).
+     *    2) An iterator of keys.         (it != null, defaultVal != null).
+     *    3) A stream of alternating serialized keys and values.
+     *                                   (it == null, defaultVal == null).
+     *    4) A stream of serialized keys. (it == null, defaultVal != null).
+     *
+     * It is assumed that the comparator of the TreeMap is already set prior
+     * to calling this method.
+     *
+     * @param size the number of keys (or key-value pairs) to be read from
+     *        the iterator or stream
+     * @param it If non-null, new entries are created from entries
+     *        or keys read from this iterator.
+     * @param str If non-null, new entries are created from keys and
+     *        possibly values read from this stream in serialized form.
+     *        Exactly one of it and str should be non-null.
+     * @param defaultVal if non-null, this default value is used for
+     *        each value in the map.  If null, each value is read from
+     *        iterator or stream, as described above.
+     * @throws IOException propagated from stream reads. This cannot
+     *         occur if str is null.
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException propagated from readObject.
+     *         This cannot occur if str is null.
+     */
+    private void buildFromSorted(int size, Iterator it,
+                                 java.io.ObjectInputStream str,
+                                 V defaultVal)
+        throws  java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        this.size = size;
+        root = buildFromSorted(0, 0, size-1, computeRedLevel(size),
+                               it, str, defaultVal);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursive "helper method" that does the real work of the
+     * previous method.  Identically named parameters have
+     * identical definitions.  Additional parameters are documented below.
+     * It is assumed that the comparator and size fields of the TreeMap are
+     * already set prior to calling this method.  (It ignores both fields.)
+     *
+     * @param level the current level of tree. Initial call should be 0.
+     * @param lo the first element index of this subtree. Initial should be 0.
+     * @param hi the last element index of this subtree.  Initial should be
+     *        size-1.
+     * @param redLevel the level at which nodes should be red.
+     *        Must be equal to computeRedLevel for tree of this size.
+     */
+    private final Entry<K,V> buildFromSorted(int level, int lo, int hi,
+                                             int redLevel,
+                                             Iterator it,
+                                             java.io.ObjectInputStream str,
+                                             V defaultVal)
+        throws  java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        /*
+         * Strategy: The root is the middlemost element. To get to it, we
+         * have to first recursively construct the entire left subtree,
+         * so as to grab all of its elements. We can then proceed with right
+         * subtree.
+         *
+         * The lo and hi arguments are the minimum and maximum
+         * indices to pull out of the iterator or stream for current subtree.
+         * They are not actually indexed, we just proceed sequentially,
+         * ensuring that items are extracted in corresponding order.
+         */
+
+        if (hi < lo) return null;
+
+        int mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
+
+        Entry<K,V> left  = null;
+        if (lo < mid)
+            left = buildFromSorted(level+1, lo, mid - 1, redLevel,
+                                   it, str, defaultVal);
+
+        // extract key and/or value from iterator or stream
+        K key;
+        V value;
+        if (it != null) {
+            if (defaultVal==null) {
+                Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>)it.next();
+                key = entry.getKey();
+                value = entry.getValue();
+            } else {
+                key = (K)it.next();
+                value = defaultVal;
+            }
+        } else { // use stream
+            key = (K) str.readObject();
+            value = (defaultVal != null ? defaultVal : (V) str.readObject());
+        }
+
+        Entry<K,V> middle =  new Entry<>(key, value, null);
+
+        // color nodes in non-full bottommost level red
+        if (level == redLevel)
+            middle.color = RED;
+
+        if (left != null) {
+            middle.left = left;
+            left.parent = middle;
+        }
+
+        if (mid < hi) {
+            Entry<K,V> right = buildFromSorted(level+1, mid+1, hi, redLevel,
+                                               it, str, defaultVal);
+            middle.right = right;
+            right.parent = middle;
+        }
+
+        return middle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find the level down to which to assign all nodes BLACK.  This is the
+     * last `full' level of the complete binary tree produced by
+     * buildTree. The remaining nodes are colored RED. (This makes a `nice'
+     * set of color assignments wrt future insertions.) This level number is
+     * computed by finding the number of splits needed to reach the zeroeth
+     * node.  (The answer is ~lg(N), but in any case must be computed by same
+     * quick O(lg(N)) loop.)
+     */
+    private static int computeRedLevel(int sz) {
+        int level = 0;
+        for (int m = sz - 1; m >= 0; m = m / 2 - 1)
+            level++;
+        return level;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/TreeSet.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/TreeSet.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1998, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link NavigableSet} implementation based on a {@link TreeMap}.
+ * The elements are ordered using their {@linkplain Comparable natural
+ * ordering}, or by a {@link Comparator} provided at set creation
+ * time, depending on which constructor is used.
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation provides guaranteed log(n) time cost for the basic
+ * operations ({@code add}, {@code remove} and {@code contains}).
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the ordering maintained by a set (whether or not an explicit
+ * comparator is provided) must be <i>consistent with equals</i> if it is to
+ * correctly implement the {@code Set} interface.  (See {@code Comparable}
+ * or {@code Comparator} for a precise definition of <i>consistent with
+ * equals</i>.)  This is so because the {@code Set} interface is defined in
+ * terms of the {@code equals} operation, but a {@code TreeSet} instance
+ * performs all element comparisons using its {@code compareTo} (or
+ * {@code compare}) method, so two elements that are deemed equal by this method
+ * are, from the standpoint of the set, equal.  The behavior of a set
+ * <i>is</i> well-defined even if its ordering is inconsistent with equals; it
+ * just fails to obey the general contract of the {@code Set} interface.
+ *
+ * <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
+ * If multiple threads access a tree set concurrently, and at least one
+ * of the threads modifies the set, it <i>must</i> be synchronized
+ * externally.  This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some
+ * object that naturally encapsulates the set.
+ * If no such object exists, the set should be "wrapped" using the
+ * {@link Collections#synchronizedSortedSet Collections.synchronizedSortedSet}
+ * method.  This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
+ * unsynchronized access to the set: <pre>
+ *   SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new TreeSet(...));</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>The iterators returned by this class's {@code iterator} method are
+ * <i>fail-fast</i>: if the set is modified at any time after the iterator is
+ * created, in any way except through the iterator's own {@code remove}
+ * method, the iterator will throw a {@link ConcurrentModificationException}.
+ * Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly
+ * and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at
+ * an undetermined time in the future.
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
+ * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
+ * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
+ * throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException} on a best-effort basis.
+ * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
+ * exception for its correctness:   <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
+ * should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
+ *
+ * <p>This class is a member of the
+ * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
+ * Java Collections Framework</a>.
+ *
+ * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set
+ *
+ * @author  Josh Bloch
+ * @see     Collection
+ * @see     Set
+ * @see     HashSet
+ * @see     Comparable
+ * @see     Comparator
+ * @see     TreeMap
+ * @since   1.2
+ */
+
+public class TreeSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>
+    implements NavigableSet<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
+{
+    /**
+     * The backing map.
+     */
+    private transient NavigableMap<E,Object> m;
+
+    // Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
+    private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a set backed by the specified navigable map.
+     */
+    TreeSet(NavigableMap<E,Object> m) {
+        this.m = m;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the
+     * natural ordering of its elements.  All elements inserted into
+     * the set must implement the {@link Comparable} interface.
+     * Furthermore, all such elements must be <i>mutually
+     * comparable</i>: {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
+     * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
+     * {@code e2} in the set.  If the user attempts to add an element
+     * to the set that violates this constraint (for example, the user
+     * attempts to add a string element to a set whose elements are
+     * integers), the {@code add} call will throw a
+     * {@code ClassCastException}.
+     */
+    public TreeSet() {
+        this(new TreeMap<E,Object>());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the specified
+     * comparator.  All elements inserted into the set must be <i>mutually
+     * comparable</i> by the specified comparator: {@code comparator.compare(e1,
+     * e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any elements
+     * {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the set.  If the user attempts to add
+     * an element to the set that violates this constraint, the
+     * {@code add} call will throw a {@code ClassCastException}.
+     *
+     * @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this set.
+     *        If {@code null}, the {@linkplain Comparable natural
+     *        ordering} of the elements will be used.
+     */
+    public TreeSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator) {
+        this(new TreeMap<>(comparator));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new tree set containing the elements in the specified
+     * collection, sorted according to the <i>natural ordering</i> of its
+     * elements.  All elements inserted into the set must implement the
+     * {@link Comparable} interface.  Furthermore, all such elements must be
+     * <i>mutually comparable</i>: {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
+     * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
+     * {@code e2} in the set.
+     *
+     * @param c collection whose elements will comprise the new set
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the elements in {@code c} are
+     *         not {@link Comparable}, or are not mutually comparable
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
+     */
+    public TreeSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
+        this();
+        addAll(c);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new tree set containing the same elements and
+     * using the same ordering as the specified sorted set.
+     *
+     * @param s sorted set whose elements will comprise the new set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified sorted set is null
+     */
+    public TreeSet(SortedSet<E> s) {
+        this(s.comparator());
+        addAll(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set in ascending order.
+     *
+     * @return an iterator over the elements in this set in ascending order
+     */
+    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+        return m.navigableKeySet().iterator();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set in descending order.
+     *
+     * @return an iterator over the elements in this set in descending order
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
+        return m.descendingKeySet().iterator();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
+        return new TreeSet<>(m.descendingMap());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
+     *
+     * @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality)
+     */
+    public int size() {
+        return m.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this set contains no elements.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} if this set contains no elements
+     */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return m.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this set contains the specified element.
+     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this set
+     * contains an element {@code e} such that
+     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param o object to be checked for containment in this set
+     * @return {@code true} if this set contains the specified element
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified object cannot be compared
+     *         with the elements currently in the set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     */
+    public boolean contains(Object o) {
+        return m.containsKey(o);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.
+     * More formally, adds the specified element {@code e} to this set if
+     * the set contains no element {@code e2} such that
+     * <tt>(e==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e2==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;e.equals(e2))</tt>.
+     * If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set
+     * unchanged and returns {@code false}.
+     *
+     * @param e element to be added to this set
+     * @return {@code true} if this set did not already contain the specified
+     *         element
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified object cannot be compared
+     *         with the elements currently in this set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     */
+    public boolean add(E e) {
+        return m.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
+     * More formally, removes an element {@code e} such that
+     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>,
+     * if this set contains such an element.  Returns {@code true} if
+     * this set contained the element (or equivalently, if this set
+     * changed as a result of the call).  (This set will not contain the
+     * element once the call returns.)
+     *
+     * @param o object to be removed from this set, if present
+     * @return {@code true} if this set contained the specified element
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified object cannot be compared
+     *         with the elements currently in this set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     */
+    public boolean remove(Object o) {
+        return m.remove(o)==PRESENT;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all of the elements from this set.
+     * The set will be empty after this call returns.
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        m.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this set.
+     *
+     * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this set
+     * @return {@code true} if this set changed as a result of the call
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the elements provided cannot be compared
+     *         with the elements currently in the set
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null or
+     *         if any element is null and this set uses natural ordering, or
+     *         its comparator does not permit null elements
+     */
+    public  boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
+        // Use linear-time version if applicable
+        if (m.size()==0 && c.size() > 0 &&
+            c instanceof SortedSet &&
+            m instanceof TreeMap) {
+            SortedSet<? extends E> set = (SortedSet<? extends E>) c;
+            TreeMap<E,Object> map = (TreeMap<E, Object>) m;
+            Comparator<? super E> cc = (Comparator<? super E>) set.comparator();
+            Comparator<? super E> mc = map.comparator();
+            if (cc==mc || (cc != null && cc.equals(mc))) {
+                map.addAllForTreeSet(set, PRESENT);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return super.addAll(c);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} or {@code toElement}
+     *         is null and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive,
+                                  E toElement,   boolean toInclusive) {
+        return new TreeSet<>(m.subMap(fromElement, fromInclusive,
+                                       toElement,   toInclusive));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toElement} is null and
+     *         this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator does
+     *         not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
+        return new TreeSet<>(m.headMap(toElement, inclusive));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} is null and
+     *         this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator does
+     *         not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
+        return new TreeSet<>(m.tailMap(fromElement, inclusive));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} or
+     *         {@code toElement} is null and this set uses natural ordering,
+     *         or its comparator does not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
+        return subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toElement} is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator does
+     *         not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
+        return headSet(toElement, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator does
+     *         not permit null elements
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
+        return tailSet(fromElement, true);
+    }
+
+    public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
+        return m.comparator();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public E first() {
+        return m.firstKey();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public E last() {
+        return m.lastKey();
+    }
+
+    // NavigableSet API methods
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public E lower(E e) {
+        return m.lowerKey(e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public E floor(E e) {
+        return m.floorKey(e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public E ceiling(E e) {
+        return m.ceilingKey(e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
+     *         and this set uses natural ordering, or its comparator
+     *         does not permit null elements
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public E higher(E e) {
+        return m.higherKey(e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public E pollFirst() {
+        Map.Entry<E,?> e = m.pollFirstEntry();
+        return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public E pollLast() {
+        Map.Entry<E,?> e = m.pollLastEntry();
+        return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a shallow copy of this {@code TreeSet} instance. (The elements
+     * themselves are not cloned.)
+     *
+     * @return a shallow copy of this set
+     */
+    public Object clone() {
+        TreeSet<E> clone = null;
+        try {
+            clone = (TreeSet<E>) super.clone();
+        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+            throw new InternalError();
+        }
+
+        clone.m = new TreeMap<>(m);
+        return clone;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Save the state of the {@code TreeSet} instance to a stream (that is,
+     * serialize it).
+     *
+     * @serialData Emits the comparator used to order this set, or
+     *             {@code null} if it obeys its elements' natural ordering
+     *             (Object), followed by the size of the set (the number of
+     *             elements it contains) (int), followed by all of its
+     *             elements (each an Object) in order (as determined by the
+     *             set's Comparator, or by the elements' natural ordering if
+     *             the set has no Comparator).
+     */
+    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException {
+        // Write out any hidden stuff
+        s.defaultWriteObject();
+
+        // Write out Comparator
+        s.writeObject(m.comparator());
+
+        // Write out size
+        s.writeInt(m.size());
+
+        // Write out all elements in the proper order.
+        for (E e : m.keySet())
+            s.writeObject(e);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstitute the {@code TreeSet} instance from a stream (that is,
+     * deserialize it).
+     */
+    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        // Read in any hidden stuff
+        s.defaultReadObject();
+
+        // Read in Comparator
+        Comparator<? super E> c = (Comparator<? super E>) s.readObject();
+
+        // Create backing TreeMap
+        TreeMap<E,Object> tm;
+        if (c==null)
+            tm = new TreeMap<>();
+        else
+            tm = new TreeMap<>(c);
+        m = tm;
+
+        // Read in size
+        int size = s.readInt();
+
+        tm.readTreeSet(size, s, PRESENT);
+    }
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -2479143000061671589L;
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/WeakHashMap.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/WeakHashMap.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,972 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1998, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
+
+
+/**
+ * Hash table based implementation of the <tt>Map</tt> interface, with
+ * <em>weak keys</em>.
+ * An entry in a <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> will automatically be removed when
+ * its key is no longer in ordinary use.  More precisely, the presence of a
+ * mapping for a given key will not prevent the key from being discarded by the
+ * garbage collector, that is, made finalizable, finalized, and then reclaimed.
+ * When a key has been discarded its entry is effectively removed from the map,
+ * so this class behaves somewhat differently from other <tt>Map</tt>
+ * implementations.
+ *
+ * <p> Both null values and the null key are supported. This class has
+ * performance characteristics similar to those of the <tt>HashMap</tt>
+ * class, and has the same efficiency parameters of <em>initial capacity</em>
+ * and <em>load factor</em>.
+ *
+ * <p> Like most collection classes, this class is not synchronized.
+ * A synchronized <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> may be constructed using the
+ * {@link Collections#synchronizedMap Collections.synchronizedMap}
+ * method.
+ *
+ * <p> This class is intended primarily for use with key objects whose
+ * <tt>equals</tt> methods test for object identity using the
+ * <tt>==</tt> operator.  Once such a key is discarded it can never be
+ * recreated, so it is impossible to do a lookup of that key in a
+ * <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> at some later time and be surprised that its entry
+ * has been removed.  This class will work perfectly well with key objects
+ * whose <tt>equals</tt> methods are not based upon object identity, such
+ * as <tt>String</tt> instances.  With such recreatable key objects,
+ * however, the automatic removal of <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> entries whose
+ * keys have been discarded may prove to be confusing.
+ *
+ * <p> The behavior of the <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> class depends in part upon
+ * the actions of the garbage collector, so several familiar (though not
+ * required) <tt>Map</tt> invariants do not hold for this class.  Because
+ * the garbage collector may discard keys at any time, a
+ * <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> may behave as though an unknown thread is silently
+ * removing entries.  In particular, even if you synchronize on a
+ * <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> instance and invoke none of its mutator methods, it
+ * is possible for the <tt>size</tt> method to return smaller values over
+ * time, for the <tt>isEmpty</tt> method to return <tt>false</tt> and
+ * then <tt>true</tt>, for the <tt>containsKey</tt> method to return
+ * <tt>true</tt> and later <tt>false</tt> for a given key, for the
+ * <tt>get</tt> method to return a value for a given key but later return
+ * <tt>null</tt>, for the <tt>put</tt> method to return
+ * <tt>null</tt> and the <tt>remove</tt> method to return
+ * <tt>false</tt> for a key that previously appeared to be in the map, and
+ * for successive examinations of the key set, the value collection, and
+ * the entry set to yield successively smaller numbers of elements.
+ *
+ * <p> Each key object in a <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> is stored indirectly as
+ * the referent of a weak reference.  Therefore a key will automatically be
+ * removed only after the weak references to it, both inside and outside of the
+ * map, have been cleared by the garbage collector.
+ *
+ * <p> <strong>Implementation note:</strong> The value objects in a
+ * <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> are held by ordinary strong references.  Thus care
+ * should be taken to ensure that value objects do not strongly refer to their
+ * own keys, either directly or indirectly, since that will prevent the keys
+ * from being discarded.  Note that a value object may refer indirectly to its
+ * key via the <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> itself; that is, a value object may
+ * strongly refer to some other key object whose associated value object, in
+ * turn, strongly refers to the key of the first value object.  One way
+ * to deal with this is to wrap values themselves within
+ * <tt>WeakReferences</tt> before
+ * inserting, as in: <tt>m.put(key, new WeakReference(value))</tt>,
+ * and then unwrapping upon each <tt>get</tt>.
+ *
+ * <p>The iterators returned by the <tt>iterator</tt> method of the collections
+ * returned by all of this class's "collection view methods" are
+ * <i>fail-fast</i>: if the map is structurally modified at any time after the
+ * iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own
+ * <tt>remove</tt> method, the iterator will throw a {@link
+ * ConcurrentModificationException}.  Thus, in the face of concurrent
+ * modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking
+ * arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
+ * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
+ * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
+ * throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
+ * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
+ * exception for its correctness:  <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
+ * should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
+ *
+ * <p>This class is a member of the
+ * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
+ * Java Collections Framework</a>.
+ *
+ * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
+ * @param <V> the type of mapped values
+ *
+ * @author      Doug Lea
+ * @author      Josh Bloch
+ * @author      Mark Reinhold
+ * @since       1.2
+ * @see         java.util.HashMap
+ * @see         java.lang.ref.WeakReference
+ */
+public class WeakHashMap<K,V>
+    extends AbstractMap<K,V>
+    implements Map<K,V> {
+
+    /**
+     * The default initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
+     */
+    private static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
+     * by either of the constructors with arguments.
+     * MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
+     */
+    private static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
+
+    /**
+     * The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
+     */
+    private static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
+
+    /**
+     * The table, resized as necessary. Length MUST Always be a power of two.
+     */
+    Entry<K,V>[] table;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of key-value mappings contained in this weak hash map.
+     */
+    private int size;
+
+    /**
+     * The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
+     */
+    private int threshold;
+
+    /**
+     * The load factor for the hash table.
+     */
+    private final float loadFactor;
+
+    /**
+     * Reference queue for cleared WeakEntries
+     */
+    private final ReferenceQueue<Object> queue = new ReferenceQueue<>();
+
+    /**
+     * The number of times this WeakHashMap has been structurally modified.
+     * Structural modifications are those that change the number of
+     * mappings in the map or otherwise modify its internal structure
+     * (e.g., rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on
+     * Collection-views of the map fail-fast.
+     *
+     * @see ConcurrentModificationException
+     */
+    int modCount;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private Entry<K,V>[] newTable(int n) {
+        return (Entry<K,V>[]) new Entry[n];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> with the given initial
+     * capacity and the given load factor.
+     *
+     * @param  initialCapacity The initial capacity of the <tt>WeakHashMap</tt>
+     * @param  loadFactor      The load factor of the <tt>WeakHashMap</tt>
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative,
+     *         or if the load factor is nonpositive.
+     */
+    public WeakHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
+        if (initialCapacity < 0)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Initial Capacity: "+
+                                               initialCapacity);
+        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
+
+        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load factor: "+
+                                               loadFactor);
+        int capacity = 1;
+        while (capacity < initialCapacity)
+            capacity <<= 1;
+        table = newTable(capacity);
+        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
+        threshold = (int)(capacity * loadFactor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> with the given initial
+     * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
+     *
+     * @param  initialCapacity The initial capacity of the <tt>WeakHashMap</tt>
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
+     */
+    public WeakHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
+        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new, empty <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> with the default initial
+     * capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
+     */
+    public WeakHashMap() {
+        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
+        threshold = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
+        table = newTable(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> with the same mappings as the
+     * specified map.  The <tt>WeakHashMap</tt> is created with the default
+     * load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to hold the
+     * mappings in the specified map.
+     *
+     * @param   m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
+     * @throws  NullPointerException if the specified map is null
+     * @since   1.3
+     */
+    public WeakHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
+        this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1, 16),
+             DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
+        putAll(m);
+    }
+
+    // internal utilities
+
+    /**
+     * Value representing null keys inside tables.
+     */
+    private static final Object NULL_KEY = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Use NULL_KEY for key if it is null.
+     */
+    private static Object maskNull(Object key) {
+        return (key == null) ? NULL_KEY : key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns internal representation of null key back to caller as null.
+     */
+    static Object unmaskNull(Object key) {
+        return (key == NULL_KEY) ? null : key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for equality of non-null reference x and possibly-null y.  By
+     * default uses Object.equals.
+     */
+    private static boolean eq(Object x, Object y) {
+        return x == y || x.equals(y);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns index for hash code h.
+     */
+    private static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
+        return h & (length-1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Expunges stale entries from the table.
+     */
+    private void expungeStaleEntries() {
+        for (Object x; (x = queue.poll()) != null; ) {
+            synchronized (queue) {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                    Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>) x;
+                int i = indexFor(e.hash, table.length);
+
+                Entry<K,V> prev = table[i];
+                Entry<K,V> p = prev;
+                while (p != null) {
+                    Entry<K,V> next = p.next;
+                    if (p == e) {
+                        if (prev == e)
+                            table[i] = next;
+                        else
+                            prev.next = next;
+                        // Must not null out e.next;
+                        // stale entries may be in use by a HashIterator
+                        e.value = null; // Help GC
+                        size--;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    prev = p;
+                    p = next;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the table after first expunging stale entries.
+     */
+    private Entry<K,V>[] getTable() {
+        expungeStaleEntries();
+        return table;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
+     * This result is a snapshot, and may not reflect unprocessed
+     * entries that will be removed before next attempted access
+     * because they are no longer referenced.
+     */
+    public int size() {
+        if (size == 0)
+            return 0;
+        expungeStaleEntries();
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings.
+     * This result is a snapshot, and may not reflect unprocessed
+     * entries that will be removed before next attempted access
+     * because they are no longer referenced.
+     */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return size() == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
+     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
+     *
+     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
+     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
+     * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
+     * it returns {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
+     *
+     * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
+     * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
+     * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
+     * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
+     * distinguish these two cases.
+     *
+     * @see #put(Object, Object)
+     */
+    public V get(Object key) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        int h = HashMap.hash(k.hashCode());
+        Entry<K,V>[] tab = getTable();
+        int index = indexFor(h, tab.length);
+        Entry<K,V> e = tab[index];
+        while (e != null) {
+            if (e.hash == h && eq(k, e.get()))
+                return e.value;
+            e = e.next;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the
+     * specified key.
+     *
+     * @param  key   The key whose presence in this map is to be tested
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> if there is a mapping for <tt>key</tt>;
+     *         <tt>false</tt> otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+        return getEntry(key) != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the entry associated with the specified key in this map.
+     * Returns null if the map contains no mapping for this key.
+     */
+    Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        int h = HashMap.hash(k.hashCode());
+        Entry<K,V>[] tab = getTable();
+        int index = indexFor(h, tab.length);
+        Entry<K,V> e = tab[index];
+        while (e != null && !(e.hash == h && eq(k, e.get())))
+            e = e.next;
+        return e;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
+     * If the map previously contained a mapping for this key, the old
+     * value is replaced.
+     *
+     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated.
+     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key.
+     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
+     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
+     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
+     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
+     */
+    public V put(K key, V value) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        int h = HashMap.hash(k.hashCode());
+        Entry<K,V>[] tab = getTable();
+        int i = indexFor(h, tab.length);
+
+        for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
+            if (h == e.hash && eq(k, e.get())) {
+                V oldValue = e.value;
+                if (value != oldValue)
+                    e.value = value;
+                return oldValue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        modCount++;
+        Entry<K,V> e = tab[i];
+        tab[i] = new Entry<>(k, value, queue, h, e);
+        if (++size >= threshold)
+            resize(tab.length * 2);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rehashes the contents of this map into a new array with a
+     * larger capacity.  This method is called automatically when the
+     * number of keys in this map reaches its threshold.
+     *
+     * If current capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, this method does not
+     * resize the map, but sets threshold to Integer.MAX_VALUE.
+     * This has the effect of preventing future calls.
+     *
+     * @param newCapacity the new capacity, MUST be a power of two;
+     *        must be greater than current capacity unless current
+     *        capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY (in which case value
+     *        is irrelevant).
+     */
+    void resize(int newCapacity) {
+        Entry<K,V>[] oldTable = getTable();
+        int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
+        if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
+            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Entry<K,V>[] newTable = newTable(newCapacity);
+        transfer(oldTable, newTable);
+        table = newTable;
+
+        /*
+         * If ignoring null elements and processing ref queue caused massive
+         * shrinkage, then restore old table.  This should be rare, but avoids
+         * unbounded expansion of garbage-filled tables.
+         */
+        if (size >= threshold / 2) {
+            threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
+        } else {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+            transfer(newTable, oldTable);
+            table = oldTable;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Transfers all entries from src to dest tables */
+    private void transfer(Entry<K,V>[] src, Entry<K,V>[] dest) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < src.length; ++j) {
+            Entry<K,V> e = src[j];
+            src[j] = null;
+            while (e != null) {
+                Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
+                Object key = e.get();
+                if (key == null) {
+                    e.next = null;  // Help GC
+                    e.value = null; //  "   "
+                    size--;
+                } else {
+                    int i = indexFor(e.hash, dest.length);
+                    e.next = dest[i];
+                    dest[i] = e;
+                }
+                e = next;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
+     * These mappings will replace any mappings that this map had for any
+     * of the keys currently in the specified map.
+     *
+     * @param m mappings to be stored in this map.
+     * @throws  NullPointerException if the specified map is null.
+     */
+    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
+        int numKeysToBeAdded = m.size();
+        if (numKeysToBeAdded == 0)
+            return;
+
+        /*
+         * Expand the map if the map if the number of mappings to be added
+         * is greater than or equal to threshold.  This is conservative; the
+         * obvious condition is (m.size() + size) >= threshold, but this
+         * condition could result in a map with twice the appropriate capacity,
+         * if the keys to be added overlap with the keys already in this map.
+         * By using the conservative calculation, we subject ourself
+         * to at most one extra resize.
+         */
+        if (numKeysToBeAdded > threshold) {
+            int targetCapacity = (int)(numKeysToBeAdded / loadFactor + 1);
+            if (targetCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+                targetCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
+            int newCapacity = table.length;
+            while (newCapacity < targetCapacity)
+                newCapacity <<= 1;
+            if (newCapacity > table.length)
+                resize(newCapacity);
+        }
+
+        for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet())
+            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the mapping for a key from this weak hash map if it is present.
+     * More formally, if this map contains a mapping from key <tt>k</tt> to
+     * value <tt>v</tt> such that <code>(key==null ?  k==null :
+     * key.equals(k))</code>, that mapping is removed.  (The map can contain
+     * at most one such mapping.)
+     *
+     * <p>Returns the value to which this map previously associated the key,
+     * or <tt>null</tt> if the map contained no mapping for the key.  A
+     * return value of <tt>null</tt> does not <i>necessarily</i> indicate
+     * that the map contained no mapping for the key; it's also possible
+     * that the map explicitly mapped the key to <tt>null</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p>The map will not contain a mapping for the specified key once the
+     * call returns.
+     *
+     * @param key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
+     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
+     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>
+     */
+    public V remove(Object key) {
+        Object k = maskNull(key);
+        int h = HashMap.hash(k.hashCode());
+        Entry<K,V>[] tab = getTable();
+        int i = indexFor(h, tab.length);
+        Entry<K,V> prev = tab[i];
+        Entry<K,V> e = prev;
+
+        while (e != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
+            if (h == e.hash && eq(k, e.get())) {
+                modCount++;
+                size--;
+                if (prev == e)
+                    tab[i] = next;
+                else
+                    prev.next = next;
+                return e.value;
+            }
+            prev = e;
+            e = next;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /** Special version of remove needed by Entry set */
+    boolean removeMapping(Object o) {
+        if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+            return false;
+        Entry<K,V>[] tab = getTable();
+        Map.Entry<?,?> entry = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
+        Object k = maskNull(entry.getKey());
+        int h = HashMap.hash(k.hashCode());
+        int i = indexFor(h, tab.length);
+        Entry<K,V> prev = tab[i];
+        Entry<K,V> e = prev;
+
+        while (e != null) {
+            Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
+            if (h == e.hash && e.equals(entry)) {
+                modCount++;
+                size--;
+                if (prev == e)
+                    tab[i] = next;
+                else
+                    prev.next = next;
+                return true;
+            }
+            prev = e;
+            e = next;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all of the mappings from this map.
+     * The map will be empty after this call returns.
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        // clear out ref queue. We don't need to expunge entries
+        // since table is getting cleared.
+        while (queue.poll() != null)
+            ;
+
+        modCount++;
+        Arrays.fill(table, null);
+        size = 0;
+
+        // Allocation of array may have caused GC, which may have caused
+        // additional entries to go stale.  Removing these entries from the
+        // reference queue will make them eligible for reclamation.
+        while (queue.poll() != null)
+            ;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
+     * specified value.
+     *
+     * @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
+     *         specified value
+     */
+    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
+        if (value==null)
+            return containsNullValue();
+
+        Entry<K,V>[] tab = getTable();
+        for (int i = tab.length; i-- > 0;)
+            for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+                if (value.equals(e.value))
+                    return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Special-case code for containsValue with null argument
+     */
+    private boolean containsNullValue() {
+        Entry<K,V>[] tab = getTable();
+        for (int i = tab.length; i-- > 0;)
+            for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+                if (e.value==null)
+                    return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The entries in this hash table extend WeakReference, using its main ref
+     * field as the key.
+     */
+    private static class Entry<K,V> extends WeakReference<Object> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
+        V value;
+        final int hash;
+        Entry<K,V> next;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates new entry.
+         */
+        Entry(Object key, V value,
+              ReferenceQueue<Object> queue,
+              int hash, Entry<K,V> next) {
+            super(key, queue);
+            this.value = value;
+            this.hash  = hash;
+            this.next  = next;
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public K getKey() {
+            return (K) WeakHashMap.unmaskNull(get());
+        }
+
+        public V getValue() {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        public V setValue(V newValue) {
+            V oldValue = value;
+            value = newValue;
+            return oldValue;
+        }
+
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                return false;
+            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
+            K k1 = getKey();
+            Object k2 = e.getKey();
+            if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
+                V v1 = getValue();
+                Object v2 = e.getValue();
+                if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public int hashCode() {
+            K k = getKey();
+            V v = getValue();
+            return ((k==null ? 0 : k.hashCode()) ^
+                    (v==null ? 0 : v.hashCode()));
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private abstract class HashIterator<T> implements Iterator<T> {
+        private int index;
+        private Entry<K,V> entry = null;
+        private Entry<K,V> lastReturned = null;
+        private int expectedModCount = modCount;
+
+        /**
+         * Strong reference needed to avoid disappearance of key
+         * between hasNext and next
+         */
+        private Object nextKey = null;
+
+        /**
+         * Strong reference needed to avoid disappearance of key
+         * between nextEntry() and any use of the entry
+         */
+        private Object currentKey = null;
+
+        HashIterator() {
+            index = isEmpty() ? 0 : table.length;
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasNext() {
+            Entry<K,V>[] t = table;
+
+            while (nextKey == null) {
+                Entry<K,V> e = entry;
+                int i = index;
+                while (e == null && i > 0)
+                    e = t[--i];
+                entry = e;
+                index = i;
+                if (e == null) {
+                    currentKey = null;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                nextKey = e.get(); // hold on to key in strong ref
+                if (nextKey == null)
+                    entry = entry.next;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /** The common parts of next() across different types of iterators */
+        protected Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
+            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
+                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+            if (nextKey == null && !hasNext())
+                throw new NoSuchElementException();
+
+            lastReturned = entry;
+            entry = entry.next;
+            currentKey = nextKey;
+            nextKey = null;
+            return lastReturned;
+        }
+
+        public void remove() {
+            if (lastReturned == null)
+                throw new IllegalStateException();
+            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
+                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+
+            WeakHashMap.this.remove(currentKey);
+            expectedModCount = modCount;
+            lastReturned = null;
+            currentKey = null;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private class ValueIterator extends HashIterator<V> {
+        public V next() {
+            return nextEntry().value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class KeyIterator extends HashIterator<K> {
+        public K next() {
+            return nextEntry().getKey();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class EntryIterator extends HashIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+        public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
+            return nextEntry();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Views
+
+    private transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys contained in this map.
+     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
+     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
+     * the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> operation), the results of
+     * the iteration are undefined.  The set supports element removal,
+     * which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the
+     * <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Set.remove</tt>,
+     * <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>
+     * operations.  It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt>
+     * operations.
+     */
+    public Set<K> keySet() {
+        Set<K> ks = keySet;
+        return (ks != null ? ks : (keySet = new KeySet()));
+    }
+
+    private class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
+        public Iterator<K> iterator() {
+            return new KeyIterator();
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return WeakHashMap.this.size();
+        }
+
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return containsKey(o);
+        }
+
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            if (containsKey(o)) {
+                WeakHashMap.this.remove(o);
+                return true;
+            }
+            else
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        public void clear() {
+            WeakHashMap.this.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
+     * The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the collection, and vice-versa.  If the map is
+     * modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress
+     * (except through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> operation),
+     * the results of the iteration are undefined.  The collection
+     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
+     * mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
+     * <tt>Collection.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>,
+     * <tt>retainAll</tt> and <tt>clear</tt> operations.  It does not
+     * support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
+     */
+    public Collection<V> values() {
+        Collection<V> vs = values;
+        return (vs != null) ? vs : (values = new Values());
+    }
+
+    private class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
+        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
+            return new ValueIterator();
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return WeakHashMap.this.size();
+        }
+
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return containsValue(o);
+        }
+
+        public void clear() {
+            WeakHashMap.this.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
+     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
+     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
+     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
+     * the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> operation, or through the
+     * <tt>setValue</tt> operation on a map entry returned by the
+     * iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined.  The set
+     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
+     * mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
+     * <tt>Set.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt> and
+     * <tt>clear</tt> operations.  It does not support the
+     * <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
+     */
+    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+        Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es = entrySet;
+        return es != null ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
+    }
+
+    private class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
+        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
+            return new EntryIterator();
+        }
+
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
+                return false;
+            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
+            Entry<K,V> candidate = getEntry(e.getKey());
+            return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e);
+        }
+
+        public boolean remove(Object o) {
+            return removeMapping(o);
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return WeakHashMap.this.size();
+        }
+
+        public void clear() {
+            WeakHashMap.this.clear();
+        }
+
+        private List<Map.Entry<K,V>> deepCopy() {
+            List<Map.Entry<K,V>> list = new ArrayList<>(size());
+            for (Map.Entry<K,V> e : this)
+                list.add(new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>(e));
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        public Object[] toArray() {
+            return deepCopy().toArray();
+        }
+
+        public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
+            return deepCopy().toArray(a);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/concurrent/Executor.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/concurrent/Executor.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
+ * file:
+ *
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ */
+
+package java.util.concurrent;
+
+/**
+ * An object that executes submitted {@link Runnable} tasks. This
+ * interface provides a way of decoupling task submission from the
+ * mechanics of how each task will be run, including details of thread
+ * use, scheduling, etc.  An <tt>Executor</tt> is normally used
+ * instead of explicitly creating threads. For example, rather than
+ * invoking <tt>new Thread(new(RunnableTask())).start()</tt> for each
+ * of a set of tasks, you might use:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Executor executor = <em>anExecutor</em>;
+ * executor.execute(new RunnableTask1());
+ * executor.execute(new RunnableTask2());
+ * ...
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * However, the <tt>Executor</tt> interface does not strictly
+ * require that execution be asynchronous. In the simplest case, an
+ * executor can run the submitted task immediately in the caller's
+ * thread:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * class DirectExecutor implements Executor {
+ *     public void execute(Runnable r) {
+ *         r.run();
+ *     }
+ * }</pre>
+ *
+ * More typically, tasks are executed in some thread other
+ * than the caller's thread.  The executor below spawns a new thread
+ * for each task.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * class ThreadPerTaskExecutor implements Executor {
+ *     public void execute(Runnable r) {
+ *         new Thread(r).start();
+ *     }
+ * }</pre>
+ *
+ * Many <tt>Executor</tt> implementations impose some sort of
+ * limitation on how and when tasks are scheduled.  The executor below
+ * serializes the submission of tasks to a second executor,
+ * illustrating a composite executor.
+ *
+ *  <pre> {@code
+ * class SerialExecutor implements Executor {
+ *   final Queue<Runnable> tasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();
+ *   final Executor executor;
+ *   Runnable active;
+ *
+ *   SerialExecutor(Executor executor) {
+ *     this.executor = executor;
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {
+ *     tasks.offer(new Runnable() {
+ *       public void run() {
+ *         try {
+ *           r.run();
+ *         } finally {
+ *           scheduleNext();
+ *         }
+ *       }
+ *     });
+ *     if (active == null) {
+ *       scheduleNext();
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {
+ *     if ((active = tasks.poll()) != null) {
+ *       executor.execute(active);
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ * }}</pre>
+ *
+ * The <tt>Executor</tt> implementations provided in this package
+ * implement {@link ExecutorService}, which is a more extensive
+ * interface.  The {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} class provides an
+ * extensible thread pool implementation. The {@link Executors} class
+ * provides convenient factory methods for these Executors.
+ *
+ * <p>Memory consistency effects: Actions in a thread prior to
+ * submitting a {@code Runnable} object to an {@code Executor}
+ * <a href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>
+ * its execution begins, perhaps in another thread.
+ *
+ * @since 1.5
+ * @author Doug Lea
+ */
+public interface Executor {
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the given command at some time in the future.  The command
+     * may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling
+     * thread, at the discretion of the <tt>Executor</tt> implementation.
+     *
+     * @param command the runnable task
+     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be
+     * accepted for execution.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if command is null
+     */
+    void execute(Runnable command);
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/logging/Level.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/logging/Level.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util.logging;
+import java.util.ResourceBundle;
+
+/**
+ * The Level class defines a set of standard logging levels that
+ * can be used to control logging output.  The logging Level objects
+ * are ordered and are specified by ordered integers.  Enabling logging
+ * at a given level also enables logging at all higher levels.
+ * <p>
+ * Clients should normally use the predefined Level constants such
+ * as Level.SEVERE.
+ * <p>
+ * The levels in descending order are:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>SEVERE (highest value)
+ * <li>WARNING
+ * <li>INFO
+ * <li>CONFIG
+ * <li>FINE
+ * <li>FINER
+ * <li>FINEST  (lowest value)
+ * </ul>
+ * In addition there is a level OFF that can be used to turn
+ * off logging, and a level ALL that can be used to enable
+ * logging of all messages.
+ * <p>
+ * It is possible for third parties to define additional logging
+ * levels by subclassing Level.  In such cases subclasses should
+ * take care to chose unique integer level values and to ensure that
+ * they maintain the Object uniqueness property across serialization
+ * by defining a suitable readResolve method.
+ *
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+
+public class Level implements java.io.Serializable {
+    private static java.util.ArrayList<Level> known = new java.util.ArrayList<>();
+    private static String defaultBundle = "sun.util.logging.resources.logging";
+
+    /**
+     * @serial  The non-localized name of the level.
+     */
+    private final String name;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial  The integer value of the level.
+     */
+    private final int value;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial The resource bundle name to be used in localizing the level name.
+     */
+    private final String resourceBundleName;
+
+    /**
+     * OFF is a special level that can be used to turn off logging.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>Integer.MAX_VALUE</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level OFF = new Level("OFF",Integer.MAX_VALUE, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * SEVERE is a message level indicating a serious failure.
+     * <p>
+     * In general SEVERE messages should describe events that are
+     * of considerable importance and which will prevent normal
+     * program execution.   They should be reasonably intelligible
+     * to end users and to system administrators.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>1000</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level SEVERE = new Level("SEVERE",1000, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * WARNING is a message level indicating a potential problem.
+     * <p>
+     * In general WARNING messages should describe events that will
+     * be of interest to end users or system managers, or which
+     * indicate potential problems.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>900</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level WARNING = new Level("WARNING", 900, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * INFO is a message level for informational messages.
+     * <p>
+     * Typically INFO messages will be written to the console
+     * or its equivalent.  So the INFO level should only be
+     * used for reasonably significant messages that will
+     * make sense to end users and system administrators.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>800</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level INFO = new Level("INFO", 800, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * CONFIG is a message level for static configuration messages.
+     * <p>
+     * CONFIG messages are intended to provide a variety of static
+     * configuration information, to assist in debugging problems
+     * that may be associated with particular configurations.
+     * For example, CONFIG message might include the CPU type,
+     * the graphics depth, the GUI look-and-feel, etc.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>700</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level CONFIG = new Level("CONFIG", 700, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * FINE is a message level providing tracing information.
+     * <p>
+     * All of FINE, FINER, and FINEST are intended for relatively
+     * detailed tracing.  The exact meaning of the three levels will
+     * vary between subsystems, but in general, FINEST should be used
+     * for the most voluminous detailed output, FINER for somewhat
+     * less detailed output, and FINE for the  lowest volume (and
+     * most important) messages.
+     * <p>
+     * In general the FINE level should be used for information
+     * that will be broadly interesting to developers who do not have
+     * a specialized interest in the specific subsystem.
+     * <p>
+     * FINE messages might include things like minor (recoverable)
+     * failures.  Issues indicating potential performance problems
+     * are also worth logging as FINE.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>500</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level FINE = new Level("FINE", 500, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * FINER indicates a fairly detailed tracing message.
+     * By default logging calls for entering, returning, or throwing
+     * an exception are traced at this level.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>400</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level FINER = new Level("FINER", 400, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * FINEST indicates a highly detailed tracing message.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>300</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level FINEST = new Level("FINEST", 300, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * ALL indicates that all messages should be logged.
+     * This level is initialized to <CODE>Integer.MIN_VALUE</CODE>.
+     */
+    public static final Level ALL = new Level("ALL", Integer.MIN_VALUE, defaultBundle);
+
+    /**
+     * Create a named Level with a given integer value.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that this constructor is "protected" to allow subclassing.
+     * In general clients of logging should use one of the constant Level
+     * objects such as SEVERE or FINEST.  However, if clients need to
+     * add new logging levels, they may subclass Level and define new
+     * constants.
+     * @param name  the name of the Level, for example "SEVERE".
+     * @param value an integer value for the level.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the name is null
+     */
+    protected Level(String name, int value) {
+        this(name, value, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a named Level with a given integer value and a
+     * given localization resource name.
+     * <p>
+     * @param name  the name of the Level, for example "SEVERE".
+     * @param value an integer value for the level.
+     * @param resourceBundleName name of a resource bundle to use in
+     *    localizing the given name. If the resourceBundleName is null
+     *    or an empty string, it is ignored.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the name is null
+     */
+    protected Level(String name, int value, String resourceBundleName) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        this.name = name;
+        this.value = value;
+        this.resourceBundleName = resourceBundleName;
+        synchronized (Level.class) {
+            known.add(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the level's localization resource bundle name, or
+     * null if no localization bundle is defined.
+     *
+     * @return localization resource bundle name
+     */
+    public String getResourceBundleName() {
+        return resourceBundleName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the non-localized string name of the Level.
+     *
+     * @return non-localized name
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the localized string name of the Level, for
+     * the current default locale.
+     * <p>
+     * If no localization information is available, the
+     * non-localized name is returned.
+     *
+     * @return localized name
+     */
+    public String getLocalizedName() {
+        try {
+            ResourceBundle rb = ResourceBundle.getBundle(resourceBundleName);
+            return rb.getString(name);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            return name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of this Level.
+     *
+     * @return the non-localized name of the Level, for example "INFO".
+     */
+    public final String toString() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the integer value for this level.  This integer value
+     * can be used for efficient ordering comparisons between
+     * Level objects.
+     * @return the integer value for this level.
+     */
+    public final int intValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -8176160795706313070L;
+
+    // Serialization magic to prevent "doppelgangers".
+    // This is a performance optimization.
+    private Object readResolve() {
+        synchronized (Level.class) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < known.size(); i++) {
+                Level other = known.get(i);
+                if (this.name.equals(other.name) && this.value == other.value
+                        && (this.resourceBundleName == other.resourceBundleName ||
+                            (this.resourceBundleName != null &&
+                            this.resourceBundleName.equals(other.resourceBundleName)))) {
+                    return other;
+                }
+            }
+            // Woops.  Whoever sent us this object knows
+            // about a new log level.  Add it to our list.
+            known.add(this);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a level name string into a Level.
+     * <p>
+     * The argument string may consist of either a level name
+     * or an integer value.
+     * <p>
+     * For example:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>     "SEVERE"
+     * <li>     "1000"
+     * </ul>
+     * @param  name   string to be parsed
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the name is null
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is not valid.
+     * Valid values are integers between <CODE>Integer.MIN_VALUE</CODE>
+     * and <CODE>Integer.MAX_VALUE</CODE>, and all known level names.
+     * Known names are the levels defined by this class (e.g., <CODE>FINE</CODE>,
+     * <CODE>FINER</CODE>, <CODE>FINEST</CODE>), or created by this class with
+     * appropriate package access, or new levels defined or created
+     * by subclasses.
+     *
+     * @return The parsed value. Passing an integer that corresponds to a known name
+     * (e.g., 700) will return the associated name (e.g., <CODE>CONFIG</CODE>).
+     * Passing an integer that does not (e.g., 1) will return a new level name
+     * initialized to that value.
+     */
+    public static synchronized Level parse(String name) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+        // Check that name is not null.
+        name.length();
+
+        // Look for a known Level with the given non-localized name.
+        for (int i = 0; i < known.size(); i++) {
+            Level l = known.get(i);
+            if (name.equals(l.name)) {
+                return l;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Now, check if the given name is an integer.  If so,
+        // first look for a Level with the given value and then
+        // if necessary create one.
+        try {
+            int x = Integer.parseInt(name);
+            for (int i = 0; i < known.size(); i++) {
+                Level l = known.get(i);
+                if (l.value == x) {
+                    return l;
+                }
+            }
+            // Create a new Level.
+            return new Level(name, x);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+            // Not an integer.
+            // Drop through.
+        }
+
+        // Finally, look for a known level with the given localized name,
+        // in the current default locale.
+        // This is relatively expensive, but not excessively so.
+        for (int i = 0; i < known.size(); i++) {
+            Level l =  known.get(i);
+            if (name.equals(l.getLocalizedName())) {
+                return l;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // OK, we've tried everything and failed
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad level \"" + name + "\"");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare two objects for value equality.
+     * @return true if and only if the two objects have the same level value.
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object ox) {
+        try {
+            Level lx = (Level)ox;
+            return (lx.value == this.value);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a hashcode.
+     * @return a hashcode based on the level value
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.value;
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/logging/LogRecord.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/logging/LogRecord.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util.logging;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.io.*;
+
+import sun.misc.JavaLangAccess;
+import sun.misc.SharedSecrets;
+
+/**
+ * LogRecord objects are used to pass logging requests between
+ * the logging framework and individual log Handlers.
+ * <p>
+ * When a LogRecord is passed into the logging framework it
+ * logically belongs to the framework and should no longer be
+ * used or updated by the client application.
+ * <p>
+ * Note that if the client application has not specified an
+ * explicit source method name and source class name, then the
+ * LogRecord class will infer them automatically when they are
+ * first accessed (due to a call on getSourceMethodName or
+ * getSourceClassName) by analyzing the call stack.  Therefore,
+ * if a logging Handler wants to pass off a LogRecord to another
+ * thread, or to transmit it over RMI, and if it wishes to subsequently
+ * obtain method name or class name information it should call
+ * one of getSourceClassName or getSourceMethodName to force
+ * the values to be filled in.
+ * <p>
+ * <b> Serialization notes:</b>
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>The LogRecord class is serializable.
+ *
+ * <li> Because objects in the parameters array may not be serializable,
+ * during serialization all objects in the parameters array are
+ * written as the corresponding Strings (using Object.toString).
+ *
+ * <li> The ResourceBundle is not transmitted as part of the serialized
+ * form, but the resource bundle name is, and the recipient object's
+ * readObject method will attempt to locate a suitable resource bundle.
+ *
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+
+public class LogRecord implements java.io.Serializable {
+    private static final AtomicLong globalSequenceNumber
+        = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * The default value of threadID will be the current thread's
+     * thread id, for ease of correlation, unless it is greater than
+     * MIN_SEQUENTIAL_THREAD_ID, in which case we try harder to keep
+     * our promise to keep threadIDs unique by avoiding collisions due
+     * to 32-bit wraparound.  Unfortunately, LogRecord.getThreadID()
+     * returns int, while Thread.getId() returns long.
+     */
+    private static final int MIN_SEQUENTIAL_THREAD_ID = Integer.MAX_VALUE / 2;
+
+    private static final AtomicInteger nextThreadId
+        = new AtomicInteger(MIN_SEQUENTIAL_THREAD_ID);
+
+    private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadIds = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Logging message level
+     */
+    private Level level;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Sequence number
+     */
+    private long sequenceNumber;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Class that issued logging call
+     */
+    private String sourceClassName;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Method that issued logging call
+     */
+    private String sourceMethodName;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Non-localized raw message text
+     */
+    private String message;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Thread ID for thread that issued logging call.
+     */
+    private int threadID;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Event time in milliseconds since 1970
+     */
+    private long millis;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial The Throwable (if any) associated with log message
+     */
+    private Throwable thrown;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Name of the source Logger.
+     */
+    private String loggerName;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial Resource bundle name to localized log message.
+     */
+    private String resourceBundleName;
+
+    private transient boolean needToInferCaller;
+    private transient Object parameters[];
+    private transient ResourceBundle resourceBundle;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the default value for a new LogRecord's threadID.
+     */
+    private int defaultThreadID() {
+        long tid = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        if (tid < MIN_SEQUENTIAL_THREAD_ID) {
+            return (int) tid;
+        } else {
+            Integer id = threadIds.get();
+            if (id == null) {
+                id = nextThreadId.getAndIncrement();
+                threadIds.set(id);
+            }
+            return id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a LogRecord with the given level and message values.
+     * <p>
+     * The sequence property will be initialized with a new unique value.
+     * These sequence values are allocated in increasing order within a VM.
+     * <p>
+     * The millis property will be initialized to the current time.
+     * <p>
+     * The thread ID property will be initialized with a unique ID for
+     * the current thread.
+     * <p>
+     * All other properties will be initialized to "null".
+     *
+     * @param level  a logging level value
+     * @param msg  the raw non-localized logging message (may be null)
+     */
+    public LogRecord(Level level, String msg) {
+        // Make sure level isn't null, by calling random method.
+        level.getClass();
+        this.level = level;
+        message = msg;
+        // Assign a thread ID and a unique sequence number.
+        sequenceNumber = globalSequenceNumber.getAndIncrement();
+        threadID = defaultThreadID();
+        millis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        needToInferCaller = true;
+   }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the source Logger's name.
+     *
+     * @return source logger name (may be null)
+     */
+    public String getLoggerName() {
+        return loggerName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the source Logger's name.
+     *
+     * @param name   the source logger name (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setLoggerName(String name) {
+        loggerName = name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the localization resource bundle
+     * <p>
+     * This is the ResourceBundle that should be used to localize
+     * the message string before formatting it.  The result may
+     * be null if the message is not localizable, or if no suitable
+     * ResourceBundle is available.
+     */
+    public ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
+        return resourceBundle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the localization resource bundle.
+     *
+     * @param bundle  localization bundle (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setResourceBundle(ResourceBundle bundle) {
+        resourceBundle = bundle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the localization resource bundle name
+     * <p>
+     * This is the name for the ResourceBundle that should be
+     * used to localize the message string before formatting it.
+     * The result may be null if the message is not localizable.
+     */
+    public String getResourceBundleName() {
+        return resourceBundleName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the localization resource bundle name.
+     *
+     * @param name  localization bundle name (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setResourceBundleName(String name) {
+        resourceBundleName = name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the logging message level, for example Level.SEVERE.
+     * @return the logging message level
+     */
+    public Level getLevel() {
+        return level;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the logging message level, for example Level.SEVERE.
+     * @param level the logging message level
+     */
+    public void setLevel(Level level) {
+        if (level == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        this.level = level;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the sequence number.
+     * <p>
+     * Sequence numbers are normally assigned in the LogRecord
+     * constructor, which assigns unique sequence numbers to
+     * each new LogRecord in increasing order.
+     * @return the sequence number
+     */
+    public long getSequenceNumber() {
+        return sequenceNumber;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the sequence number.
+     * <p>
+     * Sequence numbers are normally assigned in the LogRecord constructor,
+     * so it should not normally be necessary to use this method.
+     */
+    public void setSequenceNumber(long seq) {
+        sequenceNumber = seq;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the  name of the class that (allegedly) issued the logging request.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that this sourceClassName is not verified and may be spoofed.
+     * This information may either have been provided as part of the
+     * logging call, or it may have been inferred automatically by the
+     * logging framework.  In the latter case, the information may only
+     * be approximate and may in fact describe an earlier call on the
+     * stack frame.
+     * <p>
+     * May be null if no information could be obtained.
+     *
+     * @return the source class name
+     */
+    public String getSourceClassName() {
+        if (needToInferCaller) {
+            inferCaller();
+        }
+        return sourceClassName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the name of the class that (allegedly) issued the logging request.
+     *
+     * @param sourceClassName the source class name (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setSourceClassName(String sourceClassName) {
+        this.sourceClassName = sourceClassName;
+        needToInferCaller = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the  name of the method that (allegedly) issued the logging request.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that this sourceMethodName is not verified and may be spoofed.
+     * This information may either have been provided as part of the
+     * logging call, or it may have been inferred automatically by the
+     * logging framework.  In the latter case, the information may only
+     * be approximate and may in fact describe an earlier call on the
+     * stack frame.
+     * <p>
+     * May be null if no information could be obtained.
+     *
+     * @return the source method name
+     */
+    public String getSourceMethodName() {
+        if (needToInferCaller) {
+            inferCaller();
+        }
+        return sourceMethodName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the name of the method that (allegedly) issued the logging request.
+     *
+     * @param sourceMethodName the source method name (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setSourceMethodName(String sourceMethodName) {
+        this.sourceMethodName = sourceMethodName;
+        needToInferCaller = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the "raw" log message, before localization or formatting.
+     * <p>
+     * May be null, which is equivalent to the empty string "".
+     * <p>
+     * This message may be either the final text or a localization key.
+     * <p>
+     * During formatting, if the source logger has a localization
+     * ResourceBundle and if that ResourceBundle has an entry for
+     * this message string, then the message string is replaced
+     * with the localized value.
+     *
+     * @return the raw message string
+     */
+    public String getMessage() {
+        return message;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the "raw" log message, before localization or formatting.
+     *
+     * @param message the raw message string (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setMessage(String message) {
+        this.message = message;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the parameters to the log message.
+     *
+     * @return the log message parameters.  May be null if
+     *                  there are no parameters.
+     */
+    public Object[] getParameters() {
+        return parameters;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the parameters to the log message.
+     *
+     * @param parameters the log message parameters. (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setParameters(Object parameters[]) {
+        this.parameters = parameters;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an identifier for the thread where the message originated.
+     * <p>
+     * This is a thread identifier within the Java VM and may or
+     * may not map to any operating system ID.
+     *
+     * @return thread ID
+     */
+    public int getThreadID() {
+        return threadID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set an identifier for the thread where the message originated.
+     * @param threadID  the thread ID
+     */
+    public void setThreadID(int threadID) {
+        this.threadID = threadID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get event time in milliseconds since 1970.
+     *
+     * @return event time in millis since 1970
+     */
+    public long getMillis() {
+        return millis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set event time.
+     *
+     * @param millis event time in millis since 1970
+     */
+    public void setMillis(long millis) {
+        this.millis = millis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get any throwable associated with the log record.
+     * <p>
+     * If the event involved an exception, this will be the
+     * exception object. Otherwise null.
+     *
+     * @return a throwable
+     */
+    public Throwable getThrown() {
+        return thrown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a throwable associated with the log event.
+     *
+     * @param thrown  a throwable (may be null)
+     */
+    public void setThrown(Throwable thrown) {
+        this.thrown = thrown;
+    }
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5372048053134512534L;
+
+    /**
+     * @serialData Default fields, followed by a two byte version number
+     * (major byte, followed by minor byte), followed by information on
+     * the log record parameter array.  If there is no parameter array,
+     * then -1 is written.  If there is a parameter array (possible of zero
+     * length) then the array length is written as an integer, followed
+     * by String values for each parameter.  If a parameter is null, then
+     * a null String is written.  Otherwise the output of Object.toString()
+     * is written.
+     */
+    private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        // We have to call defaultWriteObject first.
+        out.defaultWriteObject();
+
+        // Write our version number.
+        out.writeByte(1);
+        out.writeByte(0);
+        if (parameters == null) {
+            out.writeInt(-1);
+            return;
+        }
+        out.writeInt(parameters.length);
+        // Write string values for the parameters.
+        for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+            if (parameters[i] == null) {
+                out.writeObject(null);
+            } else {
+                out.writeObject(parameters[i].toString());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in)
+                        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        // We have to call defaultReadObject first.
+        in.defaultReadObject();
+
+        // Read version number.
+        byte major = in.readByte();
+        byte minor = in.readByte();
+        if (major != 1) {
+            throw new IOException("LogRecord: bad version: " + major + "." + minor);
+        }
+        int len = in.readInt();
+        if (len == -1) {
+            parameters = null;
+        } else {
+            parameters = new Object[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+                parameters[i] = in.readObject();
+            }
+        }
+        // If necessary, try to regenerate the resource bundle.
+        if (resourceBundleName != null) {
+            try {
+                resourceBundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle(resourceBundleName);
+            } catch (MissingResourceException ex) {
+                // This is not a good place to throw an exception,
+                // so we simply leave the resourceBundle null.
+                resourceBundle = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        needToInferCaller = false;
+    }
+
+    // Private method to infer the caller's class and method names
+    private void inferCaller() {
+        needToInferCaller = false;
+        JavaLangAccess access = SharedSecrets.getJavaLangAccess();
+        Throwable throwable = new Throwable();
+        int depth = access.getStackTraceDepth(throwable);
+
+        boolean lookingForLogger = true;
+        for (int ix = 0; ix < depth; ix++) {
+            // Calling getStackTraceElement directly prevents the VM
+            // from paying the cost of building the entire stack frame.
+            StackTraceElement frame =
+                access.getStackTraceElement(throwable, ix);
+            String cname = frame.getClassName();
+            boolean isLoggerImpl = isLoggerImplFrame(cname);
+            if (lookingForLogger) {
+                // Skip all frames until we have found the first logger frame.
+                if (isLoggerImpl) {
+                    lookingForLogger = false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!isLoggerImpl) {
+                    // skip reflection call
+                    if (!cname.startsWith("java.lang.reflect.") && !cname.startsWith("sun.reflect.")) {
+                       // We've found the relevant frame.
+                       setSourceClassName(cname);
+                       setSourceMethodName(frame.getMethodName());
+                       return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // We haven't found a suitable frame, so just punt.  This is
+        // OK as we are only committed to making a "best effort" here.
+    }
+
+    private boolean isLoggerImplFrame(String cname) {
+        // the log record could be created for a platform logger
+        return (cname.equals("java.util.logging.Logger") ||
+                cname.startsWith("java.util.logging.LoggingProxyImpl") ||
+                cname.startsWith("sun.util.logging."));
+    }
+}
diff -r 0035ab74249f -r 724f3e1ea53e emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/logging/Logger.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/compact/src/main/java/java/util/logging/Logger.java	Sat Sep 07 13:51:24 2013 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1530 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+
+package java.util.logging;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.security.*;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+
+/**
+ * A Logger object is used to log messages for a specific
+ * system or application component.  Loggers are normally named,
+ * using a hierarchical dot-separated namespace.  Logger names
+ * can be arbitrary strings, but they should normally be based on
+ * the package name or class name of the logged component, such
+ * as java.net or javax.swing.  In addition it is possible to create
+ * "anonymous" Loggers that are not stored in the Logger namespace.
+ * <p>
+ * Logger objects may be obtained by calls on one of the getLogger
+ * factory methods.  These will either create a new Logger or
+ * return a suitable existing Logger. It is important to note that
+ * the Logger returned by one of the {@code getLogger} factory methods
+ * may be garbage collected at any time if a strong reference to the
+ * Logger is not kept.
+ * <p>
+ * Logging messages will be forwarded to registered Handler
+ * objects, which can forward the messages to a variety of
+ * destinations, including consoles, files, OS logs, etc.
+ * <p>
+ * Each Logger keeps track of a "parent" Logger, which is its
+ * nearest existing ancestor in the Logger namespace.
+ * <p>
+ * Each Logger has a "Level" associated with it.  This reflects
+ * a minimum Level that this logger cares about.  If a Logger's
+ * level is set to <tt>null</tt>, then its effective level is inherited
+ * from its parent, which may in turn obtain it recursively from its
+ * parent, and so on up the tree.
+ * <p>
+ * The log level can be configured based on the properties from the
+ * logging configuration file, as described in the description
+ * of the LogManager class.  However it may also be dynamically changed
+ * by calls on the Logger.setLevel method.  If a logger's level is
+ * changed the change may also affect child loggers, since any child
+ * logger that has <tt>null</tt> as its level will inherit its
+ * effective level from its parent.
+ * <p>
+ * On each logging call the Logger initially performs a cheap
+ * check of the request level (e.g., SEVERE or FINE) against the
+ * effective log level of the logger.  If the request level is
+ * lower than the log level, the logging call returns immediately.
+ * <p>
+ * After passing this initial (cheap) test, the Logger will allocate
+ * a LogRecord to describe the logging message.  It will then call a
+ * Filter (if present) to do a more detailed check on whether the
+ * record should be published.  If that passes it will then publish
+ * the LogRecord to its output Handlers.  By default, loggers also
+ * publish to their parent's Handlers, recursively up the tree.
+ * <p>
+ * Each Logger may have a ResourceBundle name associated with it.
+ * The named bundle will be used for localizing logging messages.
+ * If a Logger does not have its own ResourceBundle name, then
+ * it will inherit the ResourceBundle name from its parent,
+ * recursively up the tree.
+ * <p>
+ * Most of the logger output methods take a "msg" argument.  This
+ * msg argument may be either a raw value or a localization key.
+ * During formatting, if the logger has (or inherits) a localization
+ * ResourceBundle and if the ResourceBundle has a mapping for the msg
+ * string, then the msg string is replaced by the localized value.
+ * Otherwise the original msg string is used.  Typically, formatters use
+ * java.text.MessageFormat style formatting to format parameters, so
+ * for example a format string "{0} {1}" would format two parameters
+ * as strings.
+ * <p>
+ * When mapping ResourceBundle names to ResourceBundles, the Logger
+ * will first try to use the Thread's ContextClassLoader.  If that
+ * is null it will try the SystemClassLoader instead.  As a temporary
+ * transition feature in the initial implementation, if the Logger is
+ * unable to locate a ResourceBundle from the ContextClassLoader or
+ * SystemClassLoader the Logger will also search up the class stack
+ * and use successive calling ClassLoaders to try to locate a ResourceBundle.
+ * (This call stack search is to allow containers to transition to
+ * using ContextClassLoaders and is likely to be removed in future
+ * versions.)
+ * <p>
+ * Formatting (including localization) is the responsibility of
+ * the output Handler, which will typically call a Formatter.
+ * <p>
+ * Note that formatting need not occur synchronously.  It may be delayed
+ * until a LogRecord is actually written to an external sink.
+ * <p>
+ * The logging methods are grouped in five main categories:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li><p>
+ *     There are a set of "log" methods that take a log level, a message
+ *     string, and optionally some parameters to the message string.
+ * <li><p>
+ *     There are a set of "logp" methods (for "log precise") that are
+ *     like the "log" methods, but also take an explicit source class name
+ *     and method name.
+ * <li><p>
+ *     There are a set of "logrb" method (for "log with resource bundle")
+ *     that are like the "logp" method, but also take an explicit resource
+ *     bundle name for use in localizing the log message.
+ * <li><p>
+ *     There are convenience methods for tracing method entries (the
+ *     "entering" methods), method returns (the "exiting" methods) and
+ *     throwing exceptions (the "throwing" methods).
+ * <li><p>
+ *     Finally, there are a set of convenience methods for use in the
+ *     very simplest cases, when a developer simply wants to log a
+ *     simple string at a given log level.  These methods are named
+ *     after the standard Level names ("severe", "warning", "info", etc.)
+ *     and take a single argument, a message string.
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * For the methods that do not take an explicit source name and
+ * method name, the Logging framework will make a "best effort"
+ * to determine which class and method called into the logging method.
+ * However, it is important to realize that this automatically inferred
+ * information may only be approximate (or may even be quite wrong!).
+ * Virtual machines are allowed to do extensive optimizations when
+ * JITing and may entirely remove stack frames, making it impossible
+ * to reliably locate the calling class and method.
+ * <P>
+ * All methods on Logger are multi-thread safe.
+ * <p>
+ * <b>Subclassing Information:</b> Note that a LogManager class may
+ * provide its own implementation of named Loggers for any point in
+ * the namespace.  Therefore, any subclasses of Logger (unless they
+ * are implemented in conjunction with a new LogManager class) should
+ * take care to obtain a Logger instance from the LogManager class and
+ * should delegate operations such as "isLoggable" and "log(LogRecord)"
+ * to that instance.  Note that in order to intercept all logging
+ * output, subclasses need only override the log(LogRecord) method.
+ * All the other logging methods are implemented as calls on this
+ * log(LogRecord) method.
+ *
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+
+
+public class Logger {
+    private static final Handler emptyHandlers[] = new Handler[0];
+    private static final int offValue = Level.OFF.intValue();
+    private LogManager manager;
+    private String name;
+    private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<Handler> handlers =
+        new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+    private String resourceBundleName;
+    private volatile boolean useParentHandlers = true;
+    private volatile Filter filter;
+    private boolean anonymous;
+
+    private ResourceBundle catalog;     // Cached resource bundle
+    private String catalogName;         // name associated with catalog
+    private Locale catalogLocale;       // locale associated with catalog
+
+    // The fields relating to parent-child relationships and levels
+    // are managed under a separate lock, the treeLock.
+    private static Object treeLock = new Object();
+    // We keep weak references from parents to children, but strong
+    // references from children to parents.
+    private volatile Logger parent;    // our nearest parent.
+    private ArrayList<LogManager.LoggerWeakRef> kids;   // WeakReferences to loggers that have us as parent
+    private volatile Level levelObject;
+    private volatile int levelValue;  // current effective level value
+
+    /**
+     * GLOBAL_LOGGER_NAME is a name for the global logger.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static final String GLOBAL_LOGGER_NAME = "global";
+
+    /**
+     * Return global logger object with the name Logger.GLOBAL_LOGGER_NAME.
+     *
+     * @return global logger object
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public static final Logger getGlobal() {
+        return global;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The "global" Logger object is provided as a convenience to developers
+     * who are making casual use of the Logging package.  Developers
+     * who are making serious use of the logging package (for example
+     * in products) should create and use their own Logger objects,
+     * with appropriate names, so that logging can be controlled on a
+     * suitable per-Logger granularity. Developers also need to keep a
+     * strong reference to their Logger objects to prevent them from
+     * being garbage collected.
+     * <p>
+     * @deprecated Initialization of this field is prone to deadlocks.
+     * The field must be initialized by the Logger class initialization
+     * which may cause deadlocks with the LogManager class initialization.
+     * In such cases two class initialization wait for each other to complete.
+     * The preferred way to get the global logger object is via the call
+     * <code>Logger.getGlobal()</code>.
+     * For compatibility with old JDK versions where the
+     * <code>Logger.getGlobal()</code> is not available use the call
+     * <code>Logger.getLogger(Logger.GLOBAL_LOGGER_NAME)</code>
+     * or <code>Logger.getLogger("global")</code>.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public static final Logger global = new Logger(GLOBAL_LOGGER_NAME);
+
+    /**
+     * Protected method to construct a logger for a named subsystem.
+     * <p>
+     * The logger will be initially configured with a null Level
+     * and with useParentHandlers set to true.
+     *
+     * @param   name    A name for the logger.  This should
+     *                          be a dot-separated name and should normally
+     *                          be based on the package name or class name
+     *                          of the subsystem, such as java.net
+     *                          or javax.swing.  It may be null for anonymous Loggers.
+     * @param   resourceBundleName  name of ResourceBundle to be used for localizing
+     *                          messages for this logger.  May be null if none
+     *                          of the messages require localization.
+     * @throws MissingResourceException if the resourceBundleName is non-null and
+     *             no corresponding resource can be found.
+     */
+    protected Logger(String name, String resourceBundleName) {
+        this.manager = LogManager.getLogManager();
+        if (resourceBundleName != null) {
+            // Note: we may get a MissingResourceException here.
+            setupResourceInfo(resourceBundleName);
+        }
+        this.name = name;
+        levelValue = Level.INFO.intValue();
+    }
+
+    // This constructor is used only to create the global Logger.
+    // It is needed to break a cyclic dependence between the LogManager
+    // and Logger static initializers causing deadlocks.
+    private Logger(String name) {
+        // The manager field is not initialized here.
+        this.name = name;
+        levelValue = Level.INFO.intValue();
+    }
+
+    // It is called from the LogManager.<clinit> to complete
+    // initialization of the global Logger.
+    void setLogManager(LogManager manager) {
+        this.manager = manager;
+    }
+
+    private void checkAccess() throws SecurityException {
+        if (!anonymous) {
+            if (manager == null) {
+                // Complete initialization of the global Logger.
+                manager = LogManager.getLogManager();
+            }
+            manager.checkAccess();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find or create a logger for a named subsystem.  If a logger has
+     * already been created with the given name it is returned.  Otherwise
+     * a new logger is created.
+     * <p>
+     * If a new logger is created its log level will be configured
+     * based on the LogManager configuration and it will configured
+     * to also send logging output to its parent's Handlers.  It will
+     * be registered in the LogManager global namespace.
+     * <p>
+     * Note: The LogManager may only retain a weak reference to the newly
+     * created Logger. It is important to understand that a previously
+     * created Logger with the given name may be garbage collected at any
+     * time if there is no strong reference to the Logger. In particular,
+     * this means that two back-to-back calls like
+     * {@code getLogger("MyLogger").log(...)} may use different Logger
+     * objects named "MyLogger" if there is no strong reference to the
+     * Logger named "MyLogger" elsewhere in the program.
+     *
+     * @param   name            A name for the logger.  This should
+     *                          be a dot-separated name and should normally
+     *                          be based on the package name or class name
+     *                          of the subsystem, such as java.net
+     *                          or javax.swing
+     * @return a suitable Logger
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the name is null.
+     */
+
+    // Synchronization is not required here. All synchronization for
+    // adding a new Logger object is handled by LogManager.addLogger().
+    public static Logger getLogger(String name) {
+        // This method is intentionally not a wrapper around a call
+        // to getLogger(name, resourceBundleName). If it were then
+        // this sequence:
+        //
+        //     getLogger("Foo", "resourceBundleForFoo");
+        //     getLogger("Foo");
+        //
+        // would throw an IllegalArgumentException in the second call
+        // because the wrapper would result in an attempt to replace
+        // the existing "resourceBundleForFoo" with null.
+        LogManager manager = LogManager.getLogManager();
+        return manager.demandLogger(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find or create a logger for a named subsystem.  If a logger has
+     * already been created with the given name it is returned.  Otherwise
+     * a new logger is created.
+     * <p>
+     * If a new logger is created its log level will be configured
+     * based on the LogManager and it will configured to also send logging
+     * output to its parent's Handlers.  It will be registered in
+     * the LogManager global namespace.
+     * <p>
+     * Note: The LogManager may only retain a weak reference to the newly
+     * created Logger. It is important to understand that a previously
+     * created Logger with the given name may be garbage collected at any
+     * time if there is no strong reference to the Logger. In particular,
+     * this means that two back-to-back calls like
+     * {@code getLogger("MyLogger", ...).log(...)} may use different Logger
+     * objects named "MyLogger" if there is no strong reference to the
+     * Logger named "MyLogger" elsewhere in the program.
+     * <p>
+     * If the named Logger already exists and does not yet have a
+     * localization resource bundle then the given resource bundle
+     * name is used.  If the named Logger already exists and has
+     * a different resource bundle name then an IllegalArgumentException
+     * is thrown.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   name    A name for the logger.  This should
+     *                          be a dot-separated name and should normally
+     *                          be based on the package name or class name
+     *                          of the subsystem, such as java.net
+     *                          or javax.swing
+     * @param   resourceBundleName  name of ResourceBundle to be used for localizing
+     *                          messages for this logger. May be <CODE>null</CODE> if none of
+     *                          the messages require localization.
+     * @return a suitable Logger
+     * @throws MissingResourceException if the resourceBundleName is non-null and
+     *             no corresponding resource can be found.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Logger already exists and uses
+     *             a different resource bundle name.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the name is null.
+     */
+
+    // Synchronization is not required here. All synchronization for
+    // adding a new Logger object is handled by LogManager.addLogger().
+    public static Logger getLogger(String name, String resourceBundleName) {
+        LogManager manager = LogManager.getLogManager();
+        Logger result = manager.demandLogger(name);
+        if (result.resourceBundleName == null) {
+            // Note: we may get a MissingResourceException here.
+            result.setupResourceInfo(resourceBundleName);
+        } else if (!result.resourceBundleName.equals(resourceBundleName)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(result.resourceBundleName +
+                                " != " + resourceBundleName);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Create an anonymous Logger.  The newly created Logger is not
+     * registered in the LogManager namespace.  There will be no
+     * access checks on updates to the logger.
+     * <p>
+     * This factory method is primarily intended for use from applets.
+     * Because the resulting Logger is anonymous it can be kept private
+     * by the creating class.  This removes the need for normal security
+     * checks, which in turn allows untrusted applet code to update
+     * the control state of the Logger.  For example an applet can do
+     * a setLevel or an addHandler on an anonymous Logger.
+     * <p>
+     * Even although the new logger is anonymous, it is configured
+     * to have the root logger ("") as its parent.  This means that
+     * by default it inherits its effective level and handlers
+     * from the root logger.
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * @return a newly created private Logger
+     */
+    public static Logger getAnonymousLogger() {
+        return getAnonymousLogger(null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create an anonymous Logger.  The newly created Logger is not
+     * registered in the LogManager namespace.  There will be no
+     * access checks on updates to the logger.
+     * <p>
+     * This factory method is primarily intended for use from applets.
+     * Because the resulting Logger is anonymous it can be kept private
+     * by the creating class.  This removes the need for normal security
+     * checks, which in turn allows untrusted applet code to update
+     * the control state of the Logger.  For example an applet can do
+     * a setLevel or an addHandler on an anonymous Logger.
+     * <p>
+     * Even although the new logger is anonymous, it is configured
+     * to have the root logger ("") as its parent.  This means that
+     * by default it inherits its effective level and handlers
+     * from the root logger.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   resourceBundleName  name of ResourceBundle to be used for localizing
+     *                          messages for this logger.
+     *          May be null if none of the messages require localization.
+     * @return a newly created private Logger
+     * @throws MissingResourceException if the resourceBundleName is non-null and
+     *             no corresponding resource can be found.
+     */
+
+    // Synchronization is not required here. All synchronization for
+    // adding a new anonymous Logger object is handled by doSetParent().
+    public static Logger getAnonymousLogger(String resourceBundleName) {
+        LogManager manager = LogManager.getLogManager();
+        // cleanup some Loggers that have been GC'ed
+        manager.drainLoggerRefQueueBounded();
+        Logger result = new Logger(null, resourceBundleName);
+        result.anonymous = true;
+        Logger root = manager.getLogger("");
+        result.doSetParent(root);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the localization resource bundle for this
+     * logger for the current default locale.  Note that if
+     * the result is null, then the Logger will use a resource
+     * bundle inherited from its parent.
+     *
+     * @return localization bundle (may be null)
+     */
+    public ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
+        return findResourceBundle(getResourceBundleName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the localization resource bundle name for this
+     * logger.  Note that if the result is null, then the Logger
+     * will use a resource bundle name inherited from its parent.
+     *
+     * @return localization bundle name (may be null)
+     */
+    public String getResourceBundleName() {
+        return resourceBundleName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a filter to control output on this Logger.
+     * <P>
+     * After passing the initial "level" check, the Logger will
+     * call this Filter to check if a log record should really
+     * be published.
+     *
+     * @param   newFilter  a filter object (may be null)
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
+     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
+     */
+    public void setFilter(Filter newFilter) throws SecurityException {
+        checkAccess();
+        filter = newFilter;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current filter for this Logger.
+     *
+     * @return  a filter object (may be null)
+     */
+    public Filter getFilter() {
+        return filter;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a LogRecord.
+     * <p>
+     * All the other logging methods in this class call through
+     * this method to actually perform any logging.  Subclasses can
+     * override this single method to capture all log activity.
+     *
+     * @param record the LogRecord to be published
+     */
+    public void log(LogRecord record) {
+        if (record.getLevel().intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Filter theFilter = filter;
+        if (theFilter != null && !theFilter.isLoggable(record)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Post the LogRecord to all our Handlers, and then to
+        // our parents' handlers, all the way up the tree.
+
+        Logger logger = this;
+        while (logger != null) {
+            for (Handler handler : logger.getHandlers()) {
+                handler.publish(record);
+            }
+
+            if (!logger.getUseParentHandlers()) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            logger = logger.getParent();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // private support method for logging.
+    // We fill in the logger name, resource bundle name, and
+    // resource bundle and then call "void log(LogRecord)".
+    private void doLog(LogRecord lr) {
+        lr.setLoggerName(name);
+        String ebname = getEffectiveResourceBundleName();
+        if (ebname != null) {
+            lr.setResourceBundleName(ebname);
+            lr.setResourceBundle(findResourceBundle(ebname));
+        }
+        log(lr);
+    }
+
+
+    //================================================================
+    // Start of convenience methods WITHOUT className and methodName
+    //================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, with no arguments.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void log(Level level, String msg) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, with one object parameter.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then a corresponding LogRecord is created and forwarded
+     * to all the registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   param1  parameter to the message
+     */
+    public void log(Level level, String msg, Object param1) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        Object params[] = { param1 };
+        lr.setParameters(params);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, with an array of object arguments.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then a corresponding LogRecord is created and forwarded
+     * to all the registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   params  array of parameters to the message
+     */
+    public void log(Level level, String msg, Object params[]) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setParameters(params);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, with associated Throwable information.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then the given arguments are stored in a LogRecord
+     * which is forwarded to all registered output handlers.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that the thrown argument is stored in the LogRecord thrown
+     * property, rather than the LogRecord parameters property.  Thus is it
+     * processed specially by output Formatters and is not treated
+     * as a formatting parameter to the LogRecord message property.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   thrown  Throwable associated with log message.
+     */
+    public void log(Level level, String msg, Throwable thrown) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setThrown(thrown);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    //================================================================
+    // Start of convenience methods WITH className and methodName
+    //================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class and method,
+     * with no arguments.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void logp(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod, String msg) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class and method,
+     * with a single object parameter to the log message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then a corresponding LogRecord is created and forwarded
+     * to all the registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   msg      The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   param1    Parameter to the log message.
+     */
+    public void logp(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod,
+                                                String msg, Object param1) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        Object params[] = { param1 };
+        lr.setParameters(params);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class and method,
+     * with an array of object arguments.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then a corresponding LogRecord is created and forwarded
+     * to all the registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   params  Array of parameters to the message
+     */
+    public void logp(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod,
+                                                String msg, Object params[]) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        lr.setParameters(params);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class and method,
+     * with associated Throwable information.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then the given arguments are stored in a LogRecord
+     * which is forwarded to all registered output handlers.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that the thrown argument is stored in the LogRecord thrown
+     * property, rather than the LogRecord parameters property.  Thus is it
+     * processed specially by output Formatters and is not treated
+     * as a formatting parameter to the LogRecord message property.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   thrown  Throwable associated with log message.
+     */
+    public void logp(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod,
+                                                        String msg, Throwable thrown) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        lr.setThrown(thrown);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+
+    //=========================================================================
+    // Start of convenience methods WITH className, methodName and bundle name.
+    //=========================================================================
+
+    // Private support method for logging for "logrb" methods.
+    // We fill in the logger name, resource bundle name, and
+    // resource bundle and then call "void log(LogRecord)".
+    private void doLog(LogRecord lr, String rbname) {
+        lr.setLoggerName(name);
+        if (rbname != null) {
+            lr.setResourceBundleName(rbname);
+            lr.setResourceBundle(findResourceBundle(rbname));
+        }
+        log(lr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class, method, and resource bundle name
+     * with no arguments.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * The msg string is localized using the named resource bundle.  If the
+     * resource bundle name is null, or an empty String or invalid
+     * then the msg string is not localized.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   bundleName     name of resource bundle to localize msg,
+     *                         can be null
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+
+    public void logrb(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod,
+                                String bundleName, String msg) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        doLog(lr, bundleName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class, method, and resource bundle name,
+     * with a single object parameter to the log message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then a corresponding LogRecord is created and forwarded
+     * to all the registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * The msg string is localized using the named resource bundle.  If the
+     * resource bundle name is null, or an empty String or invalid
+     * then the msg string is not localized.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   bundleName     name of resource bundle to localize msg,
+     *                         can be null
+     * @param   msg      The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   param1    Parameter to the log message.
+     */
+    public void logrb(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod,
+                                String bundleName, String msg, Object param1) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        Object params[] = { param1 };
+        lr.setParameters(params);
+        doLog(lr, bundleName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class, method, and resource bundle name,
+     * with an array of object arguments.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then a corresponding LogRecord is created and forwarded
+     * to all the registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * The msg string is localized using the named resource bundle.  If the
+     * resource bundle name is null, or an empty String or invalid
+     * then the msg string is not localized.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   bundleName     name of resource bundle to localize msg,
+     *                         can be null.
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   params  Array of parameters to the message
+     */
+    public void logrb(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod,
+                                String bundleName, String msg, Object params[]) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        lr.setParameters(params);
+        doLog(lr, bundleName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a message, specifying source class, method, and resource bundle name,
+     * with associated Throwable information.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then the given arguments are stored in a LogRecord
+     * which is forwarded to all registered output handlers.
+     * <p>
+     * The msg string is localized using the named resource bundle.  If the
+     * resource bundle name is null, or an empty String or invalid
+     * then the msg string is not localized.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that the thrown argument is stored in the LogRecord thrown
+     * property, rather than the LogRecord parameters property.  Thus is it
+     * processed specially by output Formatters and is not treated
+     * as a formatting parameter to the LogRecord message property.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   level   One of the message level identifiers, e.g., SEVERE
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that issued the logging request
+     * @param   bundleName     name of resource bundle to localize msg,
+     *                         can be null
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     * @param   thrown  Throwable associated with log message.
+     */
+    public void logrb(Level level, String sourceClass, String sourceMethod,
+                                        String bundleName, String msg, Throwable thrown) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(level, msg);
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        lr.setThrown(thrown);
+        doLog(lr, bundleName);
+    }
+
+
+    //======================================================================
+    // Start of convenience methods for logging method entries and returns.
+    //======================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Log a method entry.
+     * <p>
+     * This is a convenience method that can be used to log entry
+     * to a method.  A LogRecord with message "ENTRY", log level
+     * FINER, and the given sourceMethod and sourceClass is logged.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that is being entered
+     */
+    public void entering(String sourceClass, String sourceMethod) {
+        if (Level.FINER.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        logp(Level.FINER, sourceClass, sourceMethod, "ENTRY");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a method entry, with one parameter.
+     * <p>
+     * This is a convenience method that can be used to log entry
+     * to a method.  A LogRecord with message "ENTRY {0}", log level
+     * FINER, and the given sourceMethod, sourceClass, and parameter
+     * is logged.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that is being entered
+     * @param   param1         parameter to the method being entered
+     */
+    public void entering(String sourceClass, String sourceMethod, Object param1) {
+        if (Level.FINER.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Object params[] = { param1 };
+        logp(Level.FINER, sourceClass, sourceMethod, "ENTRY {0}", params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a method entry, with an array of parameters.
+     * <p>
+     * This is a convenience method that can be used to log entry
+     * to a method.  A LogRecord with message "ENTRY" (followed by a
+     * format {N} indicator for each entry in the parameter array),
+     * log level FINER, and the given sourceMethod, sourceClass, and
+     * parameters is logged.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of method that is being entered
+     * @param   params         array of parameters to the method being entered
+     */
+    public void entering(String sourceClass, String sourceMethod, Object params[]) {
+        if (Level.FINER.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        String msg = "ENTRY";
+        if (params == null ) {
+           logp(Level.FINER, sourceClass, sourceMethod, msg);
+           return;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+            msg = msg + " {" + i + "}";
+        }
+        logp(Level.FINER, sourceClass, sourceMethod, msg, params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a method return.
+     * <p>
+     * This is a convenience method that can be used to log returning
+     * from a method.  A LogRecord with message "RETURN", log level
+     * FINER, and the given sourceMethod and sourceClass is logged.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of the method
+     */
+    public void exiting(String sourceClass, String sourceMethod) {
+        if (Level.FINER.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        logp(Level.FINER, sourceClass, sourceMethod, "RETURN");
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Log a method return, with result object.
+     * <p>
+     * This is a convenience method that can be used to log returning
+     * from a method.  A LogRecord with message "RETURN {0}", log level
+     * FINER, and the gives sourceMethod, sourceClass, and result
+     * object is logged.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod   name of the method
+     * @param   result  Object that is being returned
+     */
+    public void exiting(String sourceClass, String sourceMethod, Object result) {
+        if (Level.FINER.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Object params[] = { result };
+        logp(Level.FINER, sourceClass, sourceMethod, "RETURN {0}", result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log throwing an exception.
+     * <p>
+     * This is a convenience method to log that a method is
+     * terminating by throwing an exception.  The logging is done
+     * using the FINER level.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the given message
+     * level then the given arguments are stored in a LogRecord
+     * which is forwarded to all registered output handlers.  The
+     * LogRecord's message is set to "THROW".
+     * <p>
+     * Note that the thrown argument is stored in the LogRecord thrown
+     * property, rather than the LogRecord parameters property.  Thus is it
+     * processed specially by output Formatters and is not treated
+     * as a formatting parameter to the LogRecord message property.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   sourceClass    name of class that issued the logging request
+     * @param   sourceMethod  name of the method.
+     * @param   thrown  The Throwable that is being thrown.
+     */
+    public void throwing(String sourceClass, String sourceMethod, Throwable thrown) {
+        if (Level.FINER.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue ) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LogRecord lr = new LogRecord(Level.FINER, "THROW");
+        lr.setSourceClassName(sourceClass);
+        lr.setSourceMethodName(sourceMethod);
+        lr.setThrown(thrown);
+        doLog(lr);
+    }
+
+    //=======================================================================
+    // Start of simple convenience methods using level names as method names
+    //=======================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Log a SEVERE message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the SEVERE message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void severe(String msg) {
+        if (Level.SEVERE.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        log(Level.SEVERE, msg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a WARNING message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the WARNING message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void warning(String msg) {
+        if (Level.WARNING.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        log(Level.WARNING, msg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log an INFO message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the INFO message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void info(String msg) {
+        if (Level.INFO.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        log(Level.INFO, msg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a CONFIG message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the CONFIG message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void config(String msg) {
+        if (Level.CONFIG.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        log(Level.CONFIG, msg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a FINE message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the FINE message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void fine(String msg) {
+        if (Level.FINE.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        log(Level.FINE, msg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a FINER message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the FINER message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void finer(String msg) {
+        if (Level.FINER.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        log(Level.FINER, msg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log a FINEST message.
+     * <p>
+     * If the logger is currently enabled for the FINEST message
+     * level then the given message is forwarded to all the
+     * registered output Handler objects.
+     * <p>
+     * @param   msg     The string message (or a key in the message catalog)
+     */
+    public void finest(String msg) {
+        if (Level.FINEST.intValue() < levelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        log(Level.FINEST, msg);
+    }
+
+    //================================================================
+    // End of convenience methods
+    //================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Set the log level specifying which message levels will be
+     * logged by this logger.  Message levels lower than this
+     * value will be discarded.  The level value Level.OFF
+     * can be used to turn off logging.
+     * <p>
+     * If the new level is null, it means that this node should
+     * inherit its level from its nearest ancestor with a specific
+     * (non-null) level value.
+     *
+     * @param newLevel   the new value for the log level (may be null)
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
+     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
+     */
+    public void setLevel(Level newLevel) throws SecurityException {
+        checkAccess();
+        synchronized (treeLock) {
+            levelObject = newLevel;
+            updateEffectiveLevel();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the log Level that has been specified for this Logger.
+     * The result may be null, which means that this logger's
+     * effective level will be inherited from its parent.
+     *
+     * @return  this Logger's level
+     */
+    public Level getLevel() {
+        return levelObject;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if a message of the given level would actually be logged
+     * by this logger.  This check is based on the Loggers effective level,
+     * which may be inherited from its parent.
+     *
+     * @param   level   a message logging level
+     * @return  true if the given message level is currently being logged.
+     */
+    public boolean isLoggable(Level level) {
+        if (level.intValue() < levelValue || levelValue == offValue) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the name for this logger.
+     * @return logger name.  Will be null for anonymous Loggers.
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a log Handler to receive logging messages.
+     * <p>
+     * By default, Loggers also send their output to their parent logger.
+     * Typically the root Logger is configured with a set of Handlers
+     * that essentially act as default handlers for all loggers.
+     *
+     * @param   handler a logging Handler
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
+     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
+     */
+    public void addHandler(Handler handler) throws SecurityException {
+        // Check for null handler
+        handler.getClass();
+        checkAccess();
+        handlers.add(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a log Handler.
+     * <P>
+     * Returns silently if the given Handler is not found or is null
+     *
+     * @param   handler a logging Handler
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
+     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
+     */
+    public void removeHandler(Handler handler) throws SecurityException {
+        checkAccess();
+        if (handler == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        handlers.remove(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Handlers associated with this logger.
+     * <p>
+     * @return  an array of all registered Handlers
+     */
+    public Handler[] getHandlers() {
+        return handlers.toArray(emptyHandlers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify whether or not this logger should send its output
+     * to its parent Logger.  This means that any LogRecords will
+     * also be written to the parent's Handlers, and potentially
+     * to its parent, recursively up the namespace.
+     *
+     * @param useParentHandlers   true if output is to be sent to the
+     *          logger's parent.
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
+     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
+     */
+    public void setUseParentHandlers(boolean useParentHandlers) {
+        checkAccess();
+        this.useParentHandlers = useParentHandlers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Discover whether or not this logger is sending its output
+     * to its parent logger.
+     *
+     * @return  true if output is to be sent to the logger's parent
+     */
+    public boolean getUseParentHandlers() {
+        return useParentHandlers;
+    }
+
+    // Private utility method to map a resource bundle name to an
+    // actual resource bundle, using a simple one-entry cache.
+    // Returns null for a null name.
+    // May also return null if we can't find the resource bundle and
+    // there is no suitable previous cached value.
+
+    private synchronized ResourceBundle findResourceBundle(String name) {
+        // Return a null bundle for a null name.
+        if (name == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Locale currentLocale = Locale.getDefault();
+
+        // Normally we should hit on our simple one entry cache.
+        if (catalog != null && currentLocale == catalogLocale
+                                        && name == catalogName) {
+            return catalog;
+        }
+
+        // Use the thread's context ClassLoader.  If there isn't one,
+        // use the SystemClassloader.
+        ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+        if (cl == null) {
+            cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+        }
+        try {
+            catalog = ResourceBundle.getBundle(name, currentLocale, cl);
+            catalogName = name;
+            catalogLocale = currentLocale;
+            return catalog;
+        } catch (MissingResourceException ex) {
+            // Woops.  We can't find the ResourceBundle in the default
+            // ClassLoader.  Drop through.
+        }
+
+
+        // Fall back to searching up the call stack and trying each
+        // calling ClassLoader.
+        for (int ix = 0; ; ix++) {
+            Class clz = sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass(ix);
+            if (clz == null) {
+                break;
+            }
+            ClassLoader cl2 = clz.getClassLoader();
+            if (cl2 == null) {
+                cl2 = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+            }
+            if (cl == cl2) {
+                // We've already checked this classloader.
+                continue;
+            }
+            cl = cl2;
+            try {
+                catalog = ResourceBundle.getBundle(name, currentLocale, cl);
+                catalogName = name;
+                catalogLocale = currentLocale;
+                return catalog;
+            } catch (MissingResourceException ex) {
+                // Ok, this one didn't work either.
+                // Drop through, and try the next one.
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (name.equals(catalogName)) {
+            // Return the previous cached value for that name.
+            // This may be null.
+            return catalog;
+        }
+        // Sorry, we're out of luck.
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Private utility method to initialize our one entry
+    // resource bundle cache.
+    // Note: for consistency reasons, we are careful to check
+    // that a suitable ResourceBundle exists before setting the
+    // ResourceBundleName.
+    private synchronized void setupResourceInfo(String name) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        ResourceBundle rb = findResourceBundle(name);
+        if (rb == null) {
+            // We've failed to find an expected ResourceBundle.
+            throw new MissingResourceException("Can't find " + name + " bundle", name, "");
+        }
+        resourceBundleName = name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the parent for this Logger.
+     * <p>
+     * This method returns the nearest extant parent in the namespace.
+     * Thus if a Logger is called "a.b.c.d", and a Logger called "a.b"
+     * has been created but no logger "a.b.c" exists, then a call of
+     * getParent on the Logger "a.b.c.d" will return the Logger "a.b".
+     * <p>
+     * The result will be null if it is called on the root Logger
+     * in the namespace.
+     *
+     * @return nearest existing parent Logger
+     */
+    public Logger getParent() {
+        // Note: this used to be synchronized on treeLock.  However, this only
+        // provided memory semantics, as there was no guarantee that the caller
+        // would synchronize on treeLock (in fact, there is no way for external
+        // callers to so synchronize).  Therefore, we have made parent volatile
+        // instead.
+        return parent;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the parent for this Logger.  This method is used by
+     * the LogManager to update a Logger when the namespace changes.
+     * <p>
+     * It should not be called from application code.
+     * <p>
+     * @param  parent   the new parent logger
+     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and if
+     *             the caller does not have LoggingPermission("control").
+     */
+    public void setParent(Logger parent) {
+        if (parent == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        manager.checkAccess();
+        doSetParent(parent);
+    }
+
+    // Private method to do the work for parenting a child
+    // Logger onto a parent logger.
+    private void doSetParent(Logger newParent) {
+
+        // System.err.println("doSetParent \"" + getName() + "\" \""
+        //                              + newParent.getName() + "\"");
+
+        synchronized (treeLock) {
+
+            // Remove ourself from any previous parent.
+            LogManager.LoggerWeakRef ref = null;
+            if (parent != null) {
+                // assert parent.kids != null;
+                for (Iterator<LogManager.LoggerWeakRef> iter = parent.kids.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+                    ref = iter.next();
+                    Logger kid =  ref.get();
+                    if (kid == this) {
+                        // ref is used down below to complete the reparenting
+                        iter.remove();
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        ref = null;
+                    }
+                }
+                // We have now removed ourself from our parents' kids.
+            }
+
+            // Set our new parent.
+            parent = newParent;
+            if (parent.kids == null) {
+                parent.kids = new ArrayList<>(2);
+            }
+            if (ref == null) {
+                // we didn't have a previous parent
+                ref = manager.new LoggerWeakRef(this);
+            }
+            ref.setParentRef(new WeakReference<Logger>(parent));
+            parent.kids.add(ref);
+
+            // As a result of the reparenting, the effective level
+            // may have changed for us and our children.
+            updateEffectiveLevel();
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Package-level method.
+    // Remove the weak reference for the specified child Logger from the
+    // kid list. We should only be called from LoggerWeakRef.dispose().
+    final void removeChildLogger(LogManager.LoggerWeakRef child) {
+        synchronized (treeLock) {
+            for (Iterator<LogManager.LoggerWeakRef> iter = kids.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+                LogManager.LoggerWeakRef ref = iter.next();
+                if (ref == child) {
+                    iter.remove();
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Recalculate the effective level for this node and
+    // recursively for our children.
+
+    private void updateEffectiveLevel() {
+        // assert Thread.holdsLock(treeLock);
+
+        // Figure out our current effective level.
+        int newLevelValue;
+        if (levelObject != null) {
+            newLevelValue = levelObject.intValue();
+        } else {
+            if (parent != null) {
+                newLevelValue = parent.levelValue;
+            } else {
+                // This may happen during initialization.
+                newLevelValue = Level.INFO.intValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If our effective value hasn't changed, we're done.
+        if (levelValue == newLevelValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        levelValue = newLevelValue;
+
+        // System.err.println("effective level: \"" + getName() + "\" := " + level);
+
+        // Recursively update the level on each of our kids.
+        if (kids != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < kids.size(); i++) {
+                LogManager.LoggerWeakRef ref = kids.get(i);
+                Logger kid =  ref.get();
+                if (kid != null) {
+                    kid.updateEffectiveLevel();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // Private method to get the potentially inherited
+    // resource bundle name for this Logger.
+    // May return null
+    private String getEffectiveResourceBundleName() {
+        Logger target = this;
+        while (target != null) {
+            String rbn = target.getResourceBundleName();
+            if (rbn != null) {
+                return rbn;
+            }
+            target = target.getParent();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+}