# HG changeset patch
# User Jaroslav Tulach <jaroslav.tulach@apidesign.org>
# Date 1348908983 -7200
# Node ID cc0d42d2110a62222e6e349cef188baba0e4f551
# Parent  8a74b5d8d1d45dea954bec868fa601d4c0d87d78
Bringing in math & numbers

diff -r 8a74b5d8d1d4 -r cc0d42d2110a emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Byte.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Byte.java	Sat Sep 29 10:56:23 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * The {@code Byte} class wraps a value of primitive type {@code byte}
+ * in an object.  An object of type {@code Byte} contains a single
+ * field whose type is {@code byte}.
+ *
+ * <p>In addition, this class provides several methods for converting
+ * a {@code byte} to a {@code String} and a {@code String} to a {@code
+ * byte}, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing
+ * with a {@code byte}.
+ *
+ * @author  Nakul Saraiya
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @see     java.lang.Number
+ * @since   JDK1.1
+ */
+public final class Byte extends Number implements Comparable<Byte> {
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the minimum value a {@code byte} can
+     * have, -2<sup>7</sup>.
+     */
+    public static final byte   MIN_VALUE = -128;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the maximum value a {@code byte} can
+     * have, 2<sup>7</sup>-1.
+     */
+    public static final byte   MAX_VALUE = 127;
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
+     * {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public static final Class<Byte>     TYPE = (Class<Byte>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("byte");
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new {@code String} object representing the
+     * specified {@code byte}. The radix is assumed to be 10.
+     *
+     * @param b the {@code byte} to be converted
+     * @return the string representation of the specified {@code byte}
+     * @see java.lang.Integer#toString(int)
+     */
+    public static String toString(byte b) {
+        return Integer.toString((int)b, 10);
+    }
+
+    private static class ByteCache {
+        private ByteCache(){}
+
+        static final Byte cache[] = new Byte[-(-128) + 127 + 1];
+
+        static {
+            for(int i = 0; i < cache.length; i++)
+                cache[i] = new Byte((byte)(i - 128));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Byte} instance representing the specified
+     * {@code byte} value.
+     * If a new {@code Byte} instance is not required, this method
+     * should generally be used in preference to the constructor
+     * {@link #Byte(byte)}, as this method is likely to yield
+     * significantly better space and time performance since
+     * all byte values are cached.
+     *
+     * @param  b a byte value.
+     * @return a {@code Byte} instance representing {@code b}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static Byte valueOf(byte b) {
+        final int offset = 128;
+        return ByteCache.cache[(int)b + offset];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the string argument as a signed {@code byte} in the
+     * radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the
+     * string must all be digits, of the specified radix (as
+     * determined by whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char,
+     * int)} returns a nonnegative value) except that the first
+     * character may be an ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) to indicate a negative value or an
+     * ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) to
+     * indicate a positive value.  The resulting {@code byte} value is
+     * returned.
+     *
+     * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
+     * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
+     * length zero.
+     *
+     * <li> The radix is either smaller than {@link
+     * java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or larger than {@link
+     * java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
+     *
+     * <li> Any character of the string is not a digit of the
+     * specified radix, except that the first character may be a minus
+     * sign {@code '-'} (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) or plus sign
+     * {@code '+'} (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) provided that the
+     * string is longer than length 1.
+     *
+     * <li> The value represented by the string is not a value of type
+     * {@code byte}.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param s         the {@code String} containing the
+     *                  {@code byte}
+     *                  representation to be parsed
+     * @param radix     the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}
+     * @return          the {@code byte} value represented by the string
+     *                   argument in the specified radix
+     * @throws          NumberFormatException If the string does
+     *                  not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public static byte parseByte(String s, int radix)
+        throws NumberFormatException {
+        int i = Integer.parseInt(s, radix);
+        if (i < MIN_VALUE || i > MAX_VALUE)
+            throw new NumberFormatException(
+                "Value out of range. Value:\"" + s + "\" Radix:" + radix);
+        return (byte)i;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the string argument as a signed decimal {@code
+     * byte}. The characters in the string must all be decimal digits,
+     * except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign
+     * {@code '-'} (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) to indicate a negative
+     * value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) to indicate a positive value. The
+     * resulting {@code byte} value is returned, exactly as if the
+     * argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the {@link
+     * #parseByte(java.lang.String, int)} method.
+     *
+     * @param s         a {@code String} containing the
+     *                  {@code byte} representation to be parsed
+     * @return          the {@code byte} value represented by the
+     *                  argument in decimal
+     * @throws          NumberFormatException if the string does not
+     *                  contain a parsable {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public static byte parseByte(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return parseByte(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Byte} object holding the value
+     * extracted from the specified {@code String} when parsed
+     * with the radix given by the second argument. The first argument
+     * is interpreted as representing a signed {@code byte} in
+     * the radix specified by the second argument, exactly as if the
+     * argument were given to the {@link #parseByte(java.lang.String,
+     * int)} method. The result is a {@code Byte} object that
+     * represents the {@code byte} value specified by the string.
+     *
+     * <p> In other words, this method returns a {@code Byte} object
+     * equal to the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * {@code new Byte(Byte.parseByte(s, radix))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param s         the string to be parsed
+     * @param radix     the radix to be used in interpreting {@code s}
+     * @return          a {@code Byte} object holding the value
+     *                  represented by the string argument in the
+     *                  specified radix.
+     * @throws          NumberFormatException If the {@code String} does
+     *                  not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public static Byte valueOf(String s, int radix)
+        throws NumberFormatException {
+        return valueOf(parseByte(s, radix));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Byte} object holding the value
+     * given by the specified {@code String}. The argument is
+     * interpreted as representing a signed decimal {@code byte},
+     * exactly as if the argument were given to the {@link
+     * #parseByte(java.lang.String)} method. The result is a
+     * {@code Byte} object that represents the {@code byte}
+     * value specified by the string.
+     *
+     * <p> In other words, this method returns a {@code Byte} object
+     * equal to the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * {@code new Byte(Byte.parseByte(s))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param s         the string to be parsed
+     * @return          a {@code Byte} object holding the value
+     *                  represented by the string argument
+     * @throws          NumberFormatException If the {@code String} does
+     *                  not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public static Byte valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return valueOf(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes a {@code String} into a {@code Byte}.
+     * Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by
+     * the following grammar:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>DecodableString:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> DecimalNumeral</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0x} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0X} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code #} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0} <i>OctalDigits</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Sign:</i>
+     * <dd>{@code -}
+     * <dd>{@code +}
+     * </dl>
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <i>DecimalNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, and <i>OctalDigits</i>
+     * are as defined in section 3.10.1 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
+     * except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
+     *
+     * <p>The sequence of characters following an optional
+     * sign and/or radix specifier ("{@code 0x}", "{@code 0X}",
+     * "{@code #}", or leading zero) is parsed as by the {@code
+     * Byte.parseByte} method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 8).
+     * This sequence of characters must represent a positive value or
+     * a {@link NumberFormatException} will be thrown.  The result is
+     * negated if first character of the specified {@code String} is
+     * the minus sign.  No whitespace characters are permitted in the
+     * {@code String}.
+     *
+     * @param     nm the {@code String} to decode.
+     * @return   a {@code Byte} object holding the {@code byte}
+     *          value represented by {@code nm}
+     * @throws  NumberFormatException  if the {@code String} does not
+     *            contain a parsable {@code byte}.
+     * @see java.lang.Byte#parseByte(java.lang.String, int)
+     */
+    public static Byte decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException {
+        int i = Integer.decode(nm);
+        if (i < MIN_VALUE || i > MAX_VALUE)
+            throw new NumberFormatException(
+                    "Value " + i + " out of range from input " + nm);
+        return valueOf((byte)i);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the {@code Byte}.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private final byte value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Byte} object that
+     * represents the specified {@code byte} value.
+     *
+     * @param value     the value to be represented by the
+     *                  {@code Byte}.
+     */
+    public Byte(byte value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Byte} object that
+     * represents the {@code byte} value indicated by the
+     * {@code String} parameter. The string is converted to a
+     * {@code byte} value in exactly the manner used by the
+     * {@code parseByte} method for radix 10.
+     *
+     * @param s         the {@code String} to be converted to a
+     *                  {@code Byte}
+     * @throws           NumberFormatException If the {@code String}
+     *                  does not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
+     * @see        java.lang.Byte#parseByte(java.lang.String, int)
+     */
+    public Byte(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        this.value = parseByte(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a
+     * {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public byte byteValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a
+     * {@code short}.
+     */
+    public short shortValue() {
+        return (short)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as an
+     * {@code int}.
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a
+     * {@code long}.
+     */
+    public long longValue() {
+        return (long)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a
+     * {@code float}.
+     */
+    public float floatValue() {
+        return (float)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a
+     * {@code double}.
+     */
+    public double doubleValue() {
+        return (double)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code String} object representing this
+     * {@code Byte}'s value.  The value is converted to signed
+     * decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if
+     * the {@code byte} value were given as an argument to the
+     * {@link java.lang.Byte#toString(byte)} method.
+     *
+     * @return  a string representation of the value of this object in
+     *          base&nbsp;10.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return Integer.toString((int)value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hash code for this {@code Byte}; equal to the result
+     * of invoking {@code intValue()}.
+     *
+     * @return a hash code value for this {@code Byte}
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return (int)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this object to the specified object.  The result is
+     * {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
+     * {@code null} and is a {@code Byte} object that
+     * contains the same {@code byte} value as this object.
+     *
+     * @param obj       the object to compare with
+     * @return          {@code true} if the objects are the same;
+     *                  {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj instanceof Byte) {
+            return value == ((Byte)obj).byteValue();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code Byte} objects numerically.
+     *
+     * @param   anotherByte   the {@code Byte} to be compared.
+     * @return  the value {@code 0} if this {@code Byte} is
+     *          equal to the argument {@code Byte}; a value less than
+     *          {@code 0} if this {@code Byte} is numerically less
+     *          than the argument {@code Byte}; and a value greater than
+     *           {@code 0} if this {@code Byte} is numerically
+     *           greater than the argument {@code Byte} (signed
+     *           comparison).
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public int compareTo(Byte anotherByte) {
+        return compare(this.value, anotherByte.value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code byte} values numerically.
+     * The value returned is identical to what would be returned by:
+     * <pre>
+     *    Byte.valueOf(x).compareTo(Byte.valueOf(y))
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  x the first {@code byte} to compare
+     * @param  y the second {@code byte} to compare
+     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
+     *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
+     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public static int compare(byte x, byte y) {
+        return x - y;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The number of bits used to represent a {@code byte} value in two's
+     * complement binary form.
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static final int SIZE = 8;
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1. for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -7183698231559129828L;
+}
diff -r 8a74b5d8d1d4 -r cc0d42d2110a emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Double.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Double.java	Sat Sep 29 10:56:23 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,988 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+import sun.misc.FloatingDecimal;
+import sun.misc.FpUtils;
+import sun.misc.DoubleConsts;
+
+/**
+ * The {@code Double} class wraps a value of the primitive type
+ * {@code double} in an object. An object of type
+ * {@code Double} contains a single field whose type is
+ * {@code double}.
+ *
+ * <p>In addition, this class provides several methods for converting a
+ * {@code double} to a {@code String} and a
+ * {@code String} to a {@code double}, as well as other
+ * constants and methods useful when dealing with a
+ * {@code double}.
+ *
+ * @author  Lee Boynton
+ * @author  Arthur van Hoff
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @since JDK1.0
+ */
+public final class Double extends Number implements Comparable<Double> {
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the positive infinity of type
+     * {@code double}. It is equal to the value returned by
+     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x7ff0000000000000L)}.
+     */
+    public static final double POSITIVE_INFINITY = 1.0 / 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the negative infinity of type
+     * {@code double}. It is equal to the value returned by
+     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0xfff0000000000000L)}.
+     */
+    public static final double NEGATIVE_INFINITY = -1.0 / 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding a Not-a-Number (NaN) value of type
+     * {@code double}. It is equivalent to the value returned by
+     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x7ff8000000000000L)}.
+     */
+    public static final double NaN = 0.0d / 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the largest positive finite value of type
+     * {@code double},
+     * (2-2<sup>-52</sup>)&middot;2<sup>1023</sup>.  It is equal to
+     * the hexadecimal floating-point literal
+     * {@code 0x1.fffffffffffffP+1023} and also equal to
+     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x7fefffffffffffffL)}.
+     */
+    public static final double MAX_VALUE = 0x1.fffffffffffffP+1023; // 1.7976931348623157e+308
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the smallest positive normal value of type
+     * {@code double}, 2<sup>-1022</sup>.  It is equal to the
+     * hexadecimal floating-point literal {@code 0x1.0p-1022} and also
+     * equal to {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x0010000000000000L)}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static final double MIN_NORMAL = 0x1.0p-1022; // 2.2250738585072014E-308
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the smallest positive nonzero value of type
+     * {@code double}, 2<sup>-1074</sup>. It is equal to the
+     * hexadecimal floating-point literal
+     * {@code 0x0.0000000000001P-1022} and also equal to
+     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x1L)}.
+     */
+    public static final double MIN_VALUE = 0x0.0000000000001P-1022; // 4.9e-324
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum exponent a finite {@code double} variable may have.
+     * It is equal to the value returned by
+     * {@code Math.getExponent(Double.MAX_VALUE)}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static final int MAX_EXPONENT = 1023;
+
+    /**
+     * Minimum exponent a normalized {@code double} variable may
+     * have.  It is equal to the value returned by
+     * {@code Math.getExponent(Double.MIN_NORMAL)}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static final int MIN_EXPONENT = -1022;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of bits used to represent a {@code double} value.
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static final int SIZE = 64;
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
+     * {@code double}.
+     *
+     * @since JDK1.1
+     */
+    public static final Class<Double>   TYPE = (Class<Double>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("double");
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of the {@code double}
+     * argument. All characters mentioned below are ASCII characters.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, the result is the string
+     *     "{@code NaN}".
+     * <li>Otherwise, the result is a string that represents the sign and
+     * magnitude (absolute value) of the argument. If the sign is negative,
+     * the first character of the result is '{@code -}'
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>); if the sign is positive, no sign character
+     * appears in the result. As for the magnitude <i>m</i>:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is infinity, it is represented by the characters
+     * {@code "Infinity"}; thus, positive infinity produces the result
+     * {@code "Infinity"} and negative infinity produces the result
+     * {@code "-Infinity"}.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is zero, it is represented by the characters
+     * {@code "0.0"}; thus, negative zero produces the result
+     * {@code "-0.0"} and positive zero produces the result
+     * {@code "0.0"}.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is greater than or equal to 10<sup>-3</sup> but less
+     * than 10<sup>7</sup>, then it is represented as the integer part of
+     * <i>m</i>, in decimal form with no leading zeroes, followed by
+     * '{@code .}' (<code>'&#92;u002E'</code>), followed by one or
+     * more decimal digits representing the fractional part of <i>m</i>.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is less than 10<sup>-3</sup> or greater than or
+     * equal to 10<sup>7</sup>, then it is represented in so-called
+     * "computerized scientific notation." Let <i>n</i> be the unique
+     * integer such that 10<sup><i>n</i></sup> &le; <i>m</i> {@literal <}
+     * 10<sup><i>n</i>+1</sup>; then let <i>a</i> be the
+     * mathematically exact quotient of <i>m</i> and
+     * 10<sup><i>n</i></sup> so that 1 &le; <i>a</i> {@literal <} 10. The
+     * magnitude is then represented as the integer part of <i>a</i>,
+     * as a single decimal digit, followed by '{@code .}'
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002E'</code>), followed by decimal digits
+     * representing the fractional part of <i>a</i>, followed by the
+     * letter '{@code E}' (<code>'&#92;u0045'</code>), followed
+     * by a representation of <i>n</i> as a decimal integer, as
+     * produced by the method {@link Integer#toString(int)}.
+     * </ul>
+     * </ul>
+     * How many digits must be printed for the fractional part of
+     * <i>m</i> or <i>a</i>? There must be at least one digit to represent
+     * the fractional part, and beyond that as many, but only as many, more
+     * digits as are needed to uniquely distinguish the argument value from
+     * adjacent values of type {@code double}. That is, suppose that
+     * <i>x</i> is the exact mathematical value represented by the decimal
+     * representation produced by this method for a finite nonzero argument
+     * <i>d</i>. Then <i>d</i> must be the {@code double} value nearest
+     * to <i>x</i>; or if two {@code double} values are equally close
+     * to <i>x</i>, then <i>d</i> must be one of them and the least
+     * significant bit of the significand of <i>d</i> must be {@code 0}.
+     *
+     * <p>To create localized string representations of a floating-point
+     * value, use subclasses of {@link java.text.NumberFormat}.
+     *
+     * @param   d   the {@code double} to be converted.
+     * @return a string representation of the argument.
+     */
+    public static String toString(double d) {
+        return new FloatingDecimal(d).toJavaFormatString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hexadecimal string representation of the
+     * {@code double} argument. All characters mentioned below
+     * are ASCII characters.
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, the result is the string
+     *     "{@code NaN}".
+     * <li>Otherwise, the result is a string that represents the sign
+     * and magnitude of the argument. If the sign is negative, the
+     * first character of the result is '{@code -}'
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>); if the sign is positive, no sign
+     * character appears in the result. As for the magnitude <i>m</i>:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is infinity, it is represented by the string
+     * {@code "Infinity"}; thus, positive infinity produces the
+     * result {@code "Infinity"} and negative infinity produces
+     * the result {@code "-Infinity"}.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is zero, it is represented by the string
+     * {@code "0x0.0p0"}; thus, negative zero produces the result
+     * {@code "-0x0.0p0"} and positive zero produces the result
+     * {@code "0x0.0p0"}.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is a {@code double} value with a
+     * normalized representation, substrings are used to represent the
+     * significand and exponent fields.  The significand is
+     * represented by the characters {@code "0x1."}
+     * followed by a lowercase hexadecimal representation of the rest
+     * of the significand as a fraction.  Trailing zeros in the
+     * hexadecimal representation are removed unless all the digits
+     * are zero, in which case a single zero is used. Next, the
+     * exponent is represented by {@code "p"} followed
+     * by a decimal string of the unbiased exponent as if produced by
+     * a call to {@link Integer#toString(int) Integer.toString} on the
+     * exponent value.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is a {@code double} value with a subnormal
+     * representation, the significand is represented by the
+     * characters {@code "0x0."} followed by a
+     * hexadecimal representation of the rest of the significand as a
+     * fraction.  Trailing zeros in the hexadecimal representation are
+     * removed. Next, the exponent is represented by
+     * {@code "p-1022"}.  Note that there must be at
+     * least one nonzero digit in a subnormal significand.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <table border>
+     * <caption><h3>Examples</h3></caption>
+     * <tr><th>Floating-point Value</th><th>Hexadecimal String</th>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 1.0}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.0p0}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code -1.0}</td>        <td>{@code -0x1.0p0}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 2.0}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.0p1}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 3.0}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.8p1}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 0.5}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.0p-1}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 0.25}</td>        <td>{@code 0x1.0p-2}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Double.MAX_VALUE}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x1.fffffffffffffp1023}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Minimum Normal Value}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x1.0p-1022}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Maximum Subnormal Value}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x0.fffffffffffffp-1022}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Double.MIN_VALUE}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x0.0000000000001p-1022}</td>
+     * </table>
+     * @param   d   the {@code double} to be converted.
+     * @return a hex string representation of the argument.
+     * @since 1.5
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     */
+    public static String toHexString(double d) {
+        /*
+         * Modeled after the "a" conversion specifier in C99, section
+         * 7.19.6.1; however, the output of this method is more
+         * tightly specified.
+         */
+        if (!FpUtils.isFinite(d) )
+            // For infinity and NaN, use the decimal output.
+            return Double.toString(d);
+        else {
+            // Initialized to maximum size of output.
+            StringBuffer answer = new StringBuffer(24);
+
+            if (FpUtils.rawCopySign(1.0, d) == -1.0) // value is negative,
+                answer.append("-");                  // so append sign info
+
+            answer.append("0x");
+
+            d = Math.abs(d);
+
+            if(d == 0.0) {
+                answer.append("0.0p0");
+            }
+            else {
+                boolean subnormal = (d < DoubleConsts.MIN_NORMAL);
+
+                // Isolate significand bits and OR in a high-order bit
+                // so that the string representation has a known
+                // length.
+                long signifBits = (Double.doubleToLongBits(d)
+                                   & DoubleConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK) |
+                    0x1000000000000000L;
+
+                // Subnormal values have a 0 implicit bit; normal
+                // values have a 1 implicit bit.
+                answer.append(subnormal ? "0." : "1.");
+
+                // Isolate the low-order 13 digits of the hex
+                // representation.  If all the digits are zero,
+                // replace with a single 0; otherwise, remove all
+                // trailing zeros.
+                String signif = Long.toHexString(signifBits).substring(3,16);
+                answer.append(signif.equals("0000000000000") ? // 13 zeros
+                              "0":
+                              signif.replaceFirst("0{1,12}$", ""));
+
+                // If the value is subnormal, use the E_min exponent
+                // value for double; otherwise, extract and report d's
+                // exponent (the representation of a subnormal uses
+                // E_min -1).
+                answer.append("p" + (subnormal ?
+                               DoubleConsts.MIN_EXPONENT:
+                               FpUtils.getExponent(d) ));
+            }
+            return answer.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Double} object holding the
+     * {@code double} value represented by the argument string
+     * {@code s}.
+     *
+     * <p>If {@code s} is {@code null}, then a
+     * {@code NullPointerException} is thrown.
+     *
+     * <p>Leading and trailing whitespace characters in {@code s}
+     * are ignored.  Whitespace is removed as if by the {@link
+     * String#trim} method; that is, both ASCII space and control
+     * characters are removed. The rest of {@code s} should
+     * constitute a <i>FloatValue</i> as described by the lexical
+     * syntax rules:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>FloatValue:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code NaN}
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code Infinity}
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> FloatingPointLiteral</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> HexFloatingPointLiteral</i>
+     * <dd><i>SignedInteger</i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>HexFloatingPointLiteral</i>:
+     * <dd> <i>HexSignificand BinaryExponent FloatTypeSuffix<sub>opt</sub></i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>HexSignificand:</i>
+     * <dd><i>HexNumeral</i>
+     * <dd><i>HexNumeral</i> {@code .}
+     * <dd>{@code 0x} <i>HexDigits<sub>opt</sub>
+     *     </i>{@code .}<i> HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd>{@code 0X}<i> HexDigits<sub>opt</sub>
+     *     </i>{@code .} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>BinaryExponent:</i>
+     * <dd><i>BinaryExponentIndicator SignedInteger</i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>BinaryExponentIndicator:</i>
+     * <dd>{@code p}
+     * <dd>{@code P}
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * where <i>Sign</i>, <i>FloatingPointLiteral</i>,
+     * <i>HexNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, <i>SignedInteger</i> and
+     * <i>FloatTypeSuffix</i> are as defined in the lexical structure
+     * sections of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
+     * except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
+     * If {@code s} does not have the form of
+     * a <i>FloatValue</i>, then a {@code NumberFormatException}
+     * is thrown. Otherwise, {@code s} is regarded as
+     * representing an exact decimal value in the usual
+     * "computerized scientific notation" or as an exact
+     * hexadecimal value; this exact numerical value is then
+     * conceptually converted to an "infinitely precise"
+     * binary value that is then rounded to type {@code double}
+     * by the usual round-to-nearest rule of IEEE 754 floating-point
+     * arithmetic, which includes preserving the sign of a zero
+     * value.
+     *
+     * Note that the round-to-nearest rule also implies overflow and
+     * underflow behaviour; if the exact value of {@code s} is large
+     * enough in magnitude (greater than or equal to ({@link
+     * #MAX_VALUE} + {@link Math#ulp(double) ulp(MAX_VALUE)}/2),
+     * rounding to {@code double} will result in an infinity and if the
+     * exact value of {@code s} is small enough in magnitude (less
+     * than or equal to {@link #MIN_VALUE}/2), rounding to float will
+     * result in a zero.
+     *
+     * Finally, after rounding a {@code Double} object representing
+     * this {@code double} value is returned.
+     *
+     * <p> To interpret localized string representations of a
+     * floating-point value, use subclasses of {@link
+     * java.text.NumberFormat}.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that trailing format specifiers, specifiers that
+     * determine the type of a floating-point literal
+     * ({@code 1.0f} is a {@code float} value;
+     * {@code 1.0d} is a {@code double} value), do
+     * <em>not</em> influence the results of this method.  In other
+     * words, the numerical value of the input string is converted
+     * directly to the target floating-point type.  The two-step
+     * sequence of conversions, string to {@code float} followed
+     * by {@code float} to {@code double}, is <em>not</em>
+     * equivalent to converting a string directly to
+     * {@code double}. For example, the {@code float}
+     * literal {@code 0.1f} is equal to the {@code double}
+     * value {@code 0.10000000149011612}; the {@code float}
+     * literal {@code 0.1f} represents a different numerical
+     * value than the {@code double} literal
+     * {@code 0.1}. (The numerical value 0.1 cannot be exactly
+     * represented in a binary floating-point number.)
+     *
+     * <p>To avoid calling this method on an invalid string and having
+     * a {@code NumberFormatException} be thrown, the regular
+     * expression below can be used to screen the input string:
+     *
+     * <code>
+     * <pre>
+     *  final String Digits     = "(\\p{Digit}+)";
+     *  final String HexDigits  = "(\\p{XDigit}+)";
+     *  // an exponent is 'e' or 'E' followed by an optionally
+     *  // signed decimal integer.
+     *  final String Exp        = "[eE][+-]?"+Digits;
+     *  final String fpRegex    =
+     *      ("[\\x00-\\x20]*"+  // Optional leading "whitespace"
+     *       "[+-]?(" + // Optional sign character
+     *       "NaN|" +           // "NaN" string
+     *       "Infinity|" +      // "Infinity" string
+     *
+     *       // A decimal floating-point string representing a finite positive
+     *       // number without a leading sign has at most five basic pieces:
+     *       // Digits . Digits ExponentPart FloatTypeSuffix
+     *       //
+     *       // Since this method allows integer-only strings as input
+     *       // in addition to strings of floating-point literals, the
+     *       // two sub-patterns below are simplifications of the grammar
+     *       // productions from section 3.10.2 of
+     *       // <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
+     *
+     *       // Digits ._opt Digits_opt ExponentPart_opt FloatTypeSuffix_opt
+     *       "((("+Digits+"(\\.)?("+Digits+"?)("+Exp+")?)|"+
+     *
+     *       // . Digits ExponentPart_opt FloatTypeSuffix_opt
+     *       "(\\.("+Digits+")("+Exp+")?)|"+
+     *
+     *       // Hexadecimal strings
+     *       "((" +
+     *        // 0[xX] HexDigits ._opt BinaryExponent FloatTypeSuffix_opt
+     *        "(0[xX]" + HexDigits + "(\\.)?)|" +
+     *
+     *        // 0[xX] HexDigits_opt . HexDigits BinaryExponent FloatTypeSuffix_opt
+     *        "(0[xX]" + HexDigits + "?(\\.)" + HexDigits + ")" +
+     *
+     *        ")[pP][+-]?" + Digits + "))" +
+     *       "[fFdD]?))" +
+     *       "[\\x00-\\x20]*");// Optional trailing "whitespace"
+     *
+     *  if (Pattern.matches(fpRegex, myString))
+     *      Double.valueOf(myString); // Will not throw NumberFormatException
+     *  else {
+     *      // Perform suitable alternative action
+     *  }
+     * </pre>
+     * </code>
+     *
+     * @param      s   the string to be parsed.
+     * @return     a {@code Double} object holding the value
+     *             represented by the {@code String} argument.
+     * @throws     NumberFormatException  if the string does not contain a
+     *             parsable number.
+     */
+    public static Double valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return new Double(FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(s).doubleValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Double} instance representing the specified
+     * {@code double} value.
+     * If a new {@code Double} instance is not required, this method
+     * should generally be used in preference to the constructor
+     * {@link #Double(double)}, as this method is likely to yield
+     * significantly better space and time performance by caching
+     * frequently requested values.
+     *
+     * @param  d a double value.
+     * @return a {@code Double} instance representing {@code d}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static Double valueOf(double d) {
+        return new Double(d);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new {@code double} initialized to the value
+     * represented by the specified {@code String}, as performed
+     * by the {@code valueOf} method of class
+     * {@code Double}.
+     *
+     * @param  s   the string to be parsed.
+     * @return the {@code double} value represented by the string
+     *         argument.
+     * @throws NullPointerException  if the string is null
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain
+     *         a parsable {@code double}.
+     * @see    java.lang.Double#valueOf(String)
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public static double parseDouble(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(s).doubleValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if the specified number is a
+     * Not-a-Number (NaN) value, {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @param   v   the value to be tested.
+     * @return  {@code true} if the value of the argument is NaN;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    static public boolean isNaN(double v) {
+        return (v != v);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if the specified number is infinitely
+     * large in magnitude, {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @param   v   the value to be tested.
+     * @return  {@code true} if the value of the argument is positive
+     *          infinity or negative infinity; {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    static public boolean isInfinite(double v) {
+        return (v == POSITIVE_INFINITY) || (v == NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the Double.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private final double value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Double} object that
+     * represents the primitive {@code double} argument.
+     *
+     * @param   value   the value to be represented by the {@code Double}.
+     */
+    public Double(double value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Double} object that
+     * represents the floating-point value of type {@code double}
+     * represented by the string. The string is converted to a
+     * {@code double} value as if by the {@code valueOf} method.
+     *
+     * @param  s  a string to be converted to a {@code Double}.
+     * @throws    NumberFormatException  if the string does not contain a
+     *            parsable number.
+     * @see       java.lang.Double#valueOf(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public Double(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        // REMIND: this is inefficient
+        this(valueOf(s).doubleValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this {@code Double} value is
+     * a Not-a-Number (NaN), {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return  {@code true} if the value represented by this object is
+     *          NaN; {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean isNaN() {
+        return isNaN(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this {@code Double} value is
+     * infinitely large in magnitude, {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return  {@code true} if the value represented by this object is
+     *          positive infinity or negative infinity;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean isInfinite() {
+        return isInfinite(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of this {@code Double} object.
+     * The primitive {@code double} value represented by this
+     * object is converted to a string exactly as if by the method
+     * {@code toString} of one argument.
+     *
+     * @return  a {@code String} representation of this object.
+     * @see java.lang.Double#toString(double)
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return toString(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Double} as a {@code byte} (by
+     * casting to a {@code byte}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code double} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code byte}
+     * @since JDK1.1
+     */
+    public byte byteValue() {
+        return (byte)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Double} as a
+     * {@code short} (by casting to a {@code short}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code double} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code short}
+     * @since JDK1.1
+     */
+    public short shortValue() {
+        return (short)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Double} as an
+     * {@code int} (by casting to type {@code int}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code double} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code int}
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Double} as a
+     * {@code long} (by casting to type {@code long}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code double} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code long}
+     */
+    public long longValue() {
+        return (long)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code float} value of this
+     * {@code Double} object.
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code double} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code float}
+     * @since JDK1.0
+     */
+    public float floatValue() {
+        return (float)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code double} value of this
+     * {@code Double} object.
+     *
+     * @return the {@code double} value represented by this object
+     */
+    public double doubleValue() {
+        return (double)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hash code for this {@code Double} object. The
+     * result is the exclusive OR of the two halves of the
+     * {@code long} integer bit representation, exactly as
+     * produced by the method {@link #doubleToLongBits(double)}, of
+     * the primitive {@code double} value represented by this
+     * {@code Double} object. That is, the hash code is the value
+     * of the expression:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code (int)(v^(v>>>32))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * where {@code v} is defined by:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code long v = Double.doubleToLongBits(this.doubleValue());}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @return  a {@code hash code} value for this object.
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        long bits = doubleToLongBits(value);
+        return (int)(bits ^ (bits >>> 32));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this object against the specified object.  The result
+     * is {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
+     * {@code null} and is a {@code Double} object that
+     * represents a {@code double} that has the same value as the
+     * {@code double} represented by this object. For this
+     * purpose, two {@code double} values are considered to be
+     * the same if and only if the method {@link
+     * #doubleToLongBits(double)} returns the identical
+     * {@code long} value when applied to each.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that in most cases, for two instances of class
+     * {@code Double}, {@code d1} and {@code d2}, the
+     * value of {@code d1.equals(d2)} is {@code true} if and
+     * only if
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code d1.doubleValue() == d2.doubleValue()}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p>also has the value {@code true}. However, there are two
+     * exceptions:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If {@code d1} and {@code d2} both represent
+     *     {@code Double.NaN}, then the {@code equals} method
+     *     returns {@code true}, even though
+     *     {@code Double.NaN==Double.NaN} has the value
+     *     {@code false}.
+     * <li>If {@code d1} represents {@code +0.0} while
+     *     {@code d2} represents {@code -0.0}, or vice versa,
+     *     the {@code equal} test has the value {@code false},
+     *     even though {@code +0.0==-0.0} has the value {@code true}.
+     * </ul>
+     * This definition allows hash tables to operate properly.
+     * @param   obj   the object to compare with.
+     * @return  {@code true} if the objects are the same;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     * @see java.lang.Double#doubleToLongBits(double)
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        return (obj instanceof Double)
+               && (doubleToLongBits(((Double)obj).value) ==
+                      doubleToLongBits(value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a representation of the specified floating-point value
+     * according to the IEEE 754 floating-point "double
+     * format" bit layout.
+     *
+     * <p>Bit 63 (the bit that is selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x8000000000000000L}) represents the sign of the
+     * floating-point number. Bits
+     * 62-52 (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x7ff0000000000000L}) represent the exponent. Bits 51-0
+     * (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x000fffffffffffffL}) represent the significand
+     * (sometimes called the mantissa) of the floating-point number.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is positive infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0x7ff0000000000000L}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is negative infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0xfff0000000000000L}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is NaN, the result is
+     * {@code 0x7ff8000000000000L}.
+     *
+     * <p>In all cases, the result is a {@code long} integer that, when
+     * given to the {@link #longBitsToDouble(long)} method, will produce a
+     * floating-point value the same as the argument to
+     * {@code doubleToLongBits} (except all NaN values are
+     * collapsed to a single "canonical" NaN value).
+     *
+     * @param   value   a {@code double} precision floating-point number.
+     * @return the bits that represent the floating-point number.
+     */
+    public static long doubleToLongBits(double value) {
+        long result = doubleToRawLongBits(value);
+        // Check for NaN based on values of bit fields, maximum
+        // exponent and nonzero significand.
+        if ( ((result & DoubleConsts.EXP_BIT_MASK) ==
+              DoubleConsts.EXP_BIT_MASK) &&
+             (result & DoubleConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK) != 0L)
+            result = 0x7ff8000000000000L;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a representation of the specified floating-point value
+     * according to the IEEE 754 floating-point "double
+     * format" bit layout, preserving Not-a-Number (NaN) values.
+     *
+     * <p>Bit 63 (the bit that is selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x8000000000000000L}) represents the sign of the
+     * floating-point number. Bits
+     * 62-52 (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x7ff0000000000000L}) represent the exponent. Bits 51-0
+     * (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x000fffffffffffffL}) represent the significand
+     * (sometimes called the mantissa) of the floating-point number.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is positive infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0x7ff0000000000000L}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is negative infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0xfff0000000000000L}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is NaN, the result is the {@code long}
+     * integer representing the actual NaN value.  Unlike the
+     * {@code doubleToLongBits} method,
+     * {@code doubleToRawLongBits} does not collapse all the bit
+     * patterns encoding a NaN to a single "canonical" NaN
+     * value.
+     *
+     * <p>In all cases, the result is a {@code long} integer that,
+     * when given to the {@link #longBitsToDouble(long)} method, will
+     * produce a floating-point value the same as the argument to
+     * {@code doubleToRawLongBits}.
+     *
+     * @param   value   a {@code double} precision floating-point number.
+     * @return the bits that represent the floating-point number.
+     * @since 1.3
+     */
+    public static native long doubleToRawLongBits(double value);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code double} value corresponding to a given
+     * bit representation.
+     * The argument is considered to be a representation of a
+     * floating-point value according to the IEEE 754 floating-point
+     * "double format" bit layout.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is {@code 0x7ff0000000000000L}, the result
+     * is positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is {@code 0xfff0000000000000L}, the result
+     * is negative infinity.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is any value in the range
+     * {@code 0x7ff0000000000001L} through
+     * {@code 0x7fffffffffffffffL} or in the range
+     * {@code 0xfff0000000000001L} through
+     * {@code 0xffffffffffffffffL}, the result is a NaN.  No IEEE
+     * 754 floating-point operation provided by Java can distinguish
+     * between two NaN values of the same type with different bit
+     * patterns.  Distinct values of NaN are only distinguishable by
+     * use of the {@code Double.doubleToRawLongBits} method.
+     *
+     * <p>In all other cases, let <i>s</i>, <i>e</i>, and <i>m</i> be three
+     * values that can be computed from the argument:
+     *
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * int s = ((bits &gt;&gt; 63) == 0) ? 1 : -1;
+     * int e = (int)((bits &gt;&gt; 52) & 0x7ffL);
+     * long m = (e == 0) ?
+     *                 (bits & 0xfffffffffffffL) &lt;&lt; 1 :
+     *                 (bits & 0xfffffffffffffL) | 0x10000000000000L;
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * Then the floating-point result equals the value of the mathematical
+     * expression <i>s</i>&middot;<i>m</i>&middot;2<sup><i>e</i>-1075</sup>.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that this method may not be able to return a
+     * {@code double} NaN with exactly same bit pattern as the
+     * {@code long} argument.  IEEE 754 distinguishes between two
+     * kinds of NaNs, quiet NaNs and <i>signaling NaNs</i>.  The
+     * differences between the two kinds of NaN are generally not
+     * visible in Java.  Arithmetic operations on signaling NaNs turn
+     * them into quiet NaNs with a different, but often similar, bit
+     * pattern.  However, on some processors merely copying a
+     * signaling NaN also performs that conversion.  In particular,
+     * copying a signaling NaN to return it to the calling method
+     * may perform this conversion.  So {@code longBitsToDouble}
+     * may not be able to return a {@code double} with a
+     * signaling NaN bit pattern.  Consequently, for some
+     * {@code long} values,
+     * {@code doubleToRawLongBits(longBitsToDouble(start))} may
+     * <i>not</i> equal {@code start}.  Moreover, which
+     * particular bit patterns represent signaling NaNs is platform
+     * dependent; although all NaN bit patterns, quiet or signaling,
+     * must be in the NaN range identified above.
+     *
+     * @param   bits   any {@code long} integer.
+     * @return  the {@code double} floating-point value with the same
+     *          bit pattern.
+     */
+    public static native double longBitsToDouble(long bits);
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code Double} objects numerically.  There
+     * are two ways in which comparisons performed by this method
+     * differ from those performed by the Java language numerical
+     * comparison operators ({@code <, <=, ==, >=, >})
+     * when applied to primitive {@code double} values:
+     * <ul><li>
+     *          {@code Double.NaN} is considered by this method
+     *          to be equal to itself and greater than all other
+     *          {@code double} values (including
+     *          {@code Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY}).
+     * <li>
+     *          {@code 0.0d} is considered by this method to be greater
+     *          than {@code -0.0d}.
+     * </ul>
+     * This ensures that the <i>natural ordering</i> of
+     * {@code Double} objects imposed by this method is <i>consistent
+     * with equals</i>.
+     *
+     * @param   anotherDouble   the {@code Double} to be compared.
+     * @return  the value {@code 0} if {@code anotherDouble} is
+     *          numerically equal to this {@code Double}; a value
+     *          less than {@code 0} if this {@code Double}
+     *          is numerically less than {@code anotherDouble};
+     *          and a value greater than {@code 0} if this
+     *          {@code Double} is numerically greater than
+     *          {@code anotherDouble}.
+     *
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public int compareTo(Double anotherDouble) {
+        return Double.compare(value, anotherDouble.value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares the two specified {@code double} values. The sign
+     * of the integer value returned is the same as that of the
+     * integer that would be returned by the call:
+     * <pre>
+     *    new Double(d1).compareTo(new Double(d2))
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param   d1        the first {@code double} to compare
+     * @param   d2        the second {@code double} to compare
+     * @return  the value {@code 0} if {@code d1} is
+     *          numerically equal to {@code d2}; a value less than
+     *          {@code 0} if {@code d1} is numerically less than
+     *          {@code d2}; and a value greater than {@code 0}
+     *          if {@code d1} is numerically greater than
+     *          {@code d2}.
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+    public static int compare(double d1, double d2) {
+        if (d1 < d2)
+            return -1;           // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is smaller
+        if (d1 > d2)
+            return 1;            // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is larger
+
+        // Cannot use doubleToRawLongBits because of possibility of NaNs.
+        long thisBits    = Double.doubleToLongBits(d1);
+        long anotherBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(d2);
+
+        return (thisBits == anotherBits ?  0 : // Values are equal
+                (thisBits < anotherBits ? -1 : // (-0.0, 0.0) or (!NaN, NaN)
+                 1));                          // (0.0, -0.0) or (NaN, !NaN)
+    }
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -9172774392245257468L;
+}
diff -r 8a74b5d8d1d4 -r cc0d42d2110a emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Float.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Float.java	Sat Sep 29 10:56:23 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,892 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+import sun.misc.FloatingDecimal;
+import sun.misc.FpUtils;
+import sun.misc.FloatConsts;
+import sun.misc.DoubleConsts;
+
+/**
+ * The {@code Float} class wraps a value of primitive type
+ * {@code float} in an object. An object of type
+ * {@code Float} contains a single field whose type is
+ * {@code float}.
+ *
+ * <p>In addition, this class provides several methods for converting a
+ * {@code float} to a {@code String} and a
+ * {@code String} to a {@code float}, as well as other
+ * constants and methods useful when dealing with a
+ * {@code float}.
+ *
+ * @author  Lee Boynton
+ * @author  Arthur van Hoff
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @since JDK1.0
+ */
+public final class Float extends Number implements Comparable<Float> {
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the positive infinity of type
+     * {@code float}. It is equal to the value returned by
+     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7f800000)}.
+     */
+    public static final float POSITIVE_INFINITY = 1.0f / 0.0f;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the negative infinity of type
+     * {@code float}. It is equal to the value returned by
+     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0xff800000)}.
+     */
+    public static final float NEGATIVE_INFINITY = -1.0f / 0.0f;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding a Not-a-Number (NaN) value of type
+     * {@code float}.  It is equivalent to the value returned by
+     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7fc00000)}.
+     */
+    public static final float NaN = 0.0f / 0.0f;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the largest positive finite value of type
+     * {@code float}, (2-2<sup>-23</sup>)&middot;2<sup>127</sup>.
+     * It is equal to the hexadecimal floating-point literal
+     * {@code 0x1.fffffeP+127f} and also equal to
+     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7f7fffff)}.
+     */
+    public static final float MAX_VALUE = 0x1.fffffeP+127f; // 3.4028235e+38f
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the smallest positive normal value of type
+     * {@code float}, 2<sup>-126</sup>.  It is equal to the
+     * hexadecimal floating-point literal {@code 0x1.0p-126f} and also
+     * equal to {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x00800000)}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static final float MIN_NORMAL = 0x1.0p-126f; // 1.17549435E-38f
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the smallest positive nonzero value of type
+     * {@code float}, 2<sup>-149</sup>. It is equal to the
+     * hexadecimal floating-point literal {@code 0x0.000002P-126f}
+     * and also equal to {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x1)}.
+     */
+    public static final float MIN_VALUE = 0x0.000002P-126f; // 1.4e-45f
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum exponent a finite {@code float} variable may have.  It
+     * is equal to the value returned by {@code
+     * Math.getExponent(Float.MAX_VALUE)}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static final int MAX_EXPONENT = 127;
+
+    /**
+     * Minimum exponent a normalized {@code float} variable may have.
+     * It is equal to the value returned by {@code
+     * Math.getExponent(Float.MIN_NORMAL)}.
+     *
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static final int MIN_EXPONENT = -126;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of bits used to represent a {@code float} value.
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static final int SIZE = 32;
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
+     * {@code float}.
+     *
+     * @since JDK1.1
+     */
+    public static final Class<Float> TYPE = Class.getPrimitiveClass("float");
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of the {@code float}
+     * argument. All characters mentioned below are ASCII characters.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, the result is the string
+     * "{@code NaN}".
+     * <li>Otherwise, the result is a string that represents the sign and
+     *     magnitude (absolute value) of the argument. If the sign is
+     *     negative, the first character of the result is
+     *     '{@code -}' (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>); if the sign is
+     *     positive, no sign character appears in the result. As for
+     *     the magnitude <i>m</i>:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is infinity, it is represented by the characters
+     *     {@code "Infinity"}; thus, positive infinity produces
+     *     the result {@code "Infinity"} and negative infinity
+     *     produces the result {@code "-Infinity"}.
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is zero, it is represented by the characters
+     *     {@code "0.0"}; thus, negative zero produces the result
+     *     {@code "-0.0"} and positive zero produces the result
+     *     {@code "0.0"}.
+     * <li> If <i>m</i> is greater than or equal to 10<sup>-3</sup> but
+     *      less than 10<sup>7</sup>, then it is represented as the
+     *      integer part of <i>m</i>, in decimal form with no leading
+     *      zeroes, followed by '{@code .}'
+     *      (<code>'&#92;u002E'</code>), followed by one or more
+     *      decimal digits representing the fractional part of
+     *      <i>m</i>.
+     * <li> If <i>m</i> is less than 10<sup>-3</sup> or greater than or
+     *      equal to 10<sup>7</sup>, then it is represented in
+     *      so-called "computerized scientific notation." Let <i>n</i>
+     *      be the unique integer such that 10<sup><i>n</i> </sup>&le;
+     *      <i>m</i> {@literal <} 10<sup><i>n</i>+1</sup>; then let <i>a</i>
+     *      be the mathematically exact quotient of <i>m</i> and
+     *      10<sup><i>n</i></sup> so that 1 &le; <i>a</i> {@literal <} 10.
+     *      The magnitude is then represented as the integer part of
+     *      <i>a</i>, as a single decimal digit, followed by
+     *      '{@code .}' (<code>'&#92;u002E'</code>), followed by
+     *      decimal digits representing the fractional part of
+     *      <i>a</i>, followed by the letter '{@code E}'
+     *      (<code>'&#92;u0045'</code>), followed by a representation
+     *      of <i>n</i> as a decimal integer, as produced by the
+     *      method {@link java.lang.Integer#toString(int)}.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     * </ul>
+     * How many digits must be printed for the fractional part of
+     * <i>m</i> or <i>a</i>? There must be at least one digit
+     * to represent the fractional part, and beyond that as many, but
+     * only as many, more digits as are needed to uniquely distinguish
+     * the argument value from adjacent values of type
+     * {@code float}. That is, suppose that <i>x</i> is the
+     * exact mathematical value represented by the decimal
+     * representation produced by this method for a finite nonzero
+     * argument <i>f</i>. Then <i>f</i> must be the {@code float}
+     * value nearest to <i>x</i>; or, if two {@code float} values are
+     * equally close to <i>x</i>, then <i>f</i> must be one of
+     * them and the least significant bit of the significand of
+     * <i>f</i> must be {@code 0}.
+     *
+     * <p>To create localized string representations of a floating-point
+     * value, use subclasses of {@link java.text.NumberFormat}.
+     *
+     * @param   f   the float to be converted.
+     * @return a string representation of the argument.
+     */
+    public static String toString(float f) {
+        return new FloatingDecimal(f).toJavaFormatString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hexadecimal string representation of the
+     * {@code float} argument. All characters mentioned below are
+     * ASCII characters.
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, the result is the string
+     *     "{@code NaN}".
+     * <li>Otherwise, the result is a string that represents the sign and
+     * magnitude (absolute value) of the argument. If the sign is negative,
+     * the first character of the result is '{@code -}'
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>); if the sign is positive, no sign character
+     * appears in the result. As for the magnitude <i>m</i>:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is infinity, it is represented by the string
+     * {@code "Infinity"}; thus, positive infinity produces the
+     * result {@code "Infinity"} and negative infinity produces
+     * the result {@code "-Infinity"}.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is zero, it is represented by the string
+     * {@code "0x0.0p0"}; thus, negative zero produces the result
+     * {@code "-0x0.0p0"} and positive zero produces the result
+     * {@code "0x0.0p0"}.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is a {@code float} value with a
+     * normalized representation, substrings are used to represent the
+     * significand and exponent fields.  The significand is
+     * represented by the characters {@code "0x1."}
+     * followed by a lowercase hexadecimal representation of the rest
+     * of the significand as a fraction.  Trailing zeros in the
+     * hexadecimal representation are removed unless all the digits
+     * are zero, in which case a single zero is used. Next, the
+     * exponent is represented by {@code "p"} followed
+     * by a decimal string of the unbiased exponent as if produced by
+     * a call to {@link Integer#toString(int) Integer.toString} on the
+     * exponent value.
+     *
+     * <li>If <i>m</i> is a {@code float} value with a subnormal
+     * representation, the significand is represented by the
+     * characters {@code "0x0."} followed by a
+     * hexadecimal representation of the rest of the significand as a
+     * fraction.  Trailing zeros in the hexadecimal representation are
+     * removed. Next, the exponent is represented by
+     * {@code "p-126"}.  Note that there must be at
+     * least one nonzero digit in a subnormal significand.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <table border>
+     * <caption><h3>Examples</h3></caption>
+     * <tr><th>Floating-point Value</th><th>Hexadecimal String</th>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 1.0}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.0p0}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code -1.0}</td>        <td>{@code -0x1.0p0}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 2.0}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.0p1}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 3.0}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.8p1}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 0.5}</td> <td>{@code 0x1.0p-1}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code 0.25}</td>        <td>{@code 0x1.0p-2}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Float.MAX_VALUE}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x1.fffffep127}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Minimum Normal Value}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x1.0p-126}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Maximum Subnormal Value}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x0.fffffep-126}</td>
+     * <tr><td>{@code Float.MIN_VALUE}</td>
+     *     <td>{@code 0x0.000002p-126}</td>
+     * </table>
+     * @param   f   the {@code float} to be converted.
+     * @return a hex string representation of the argument.
+     * @since 1.5
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     */
+    public static String toHexString(float f) {
+        if (Math.abs(f) < FloatConsts.MIN_NORMAL
+            &&  f != 0.0f ) {// float subnormal
+            // Adjust exponent to create subnormal double, then
+            // replace subnormal double exponent with subnormal float
+            // exponent
+            String s = Double.toHexString(FpUtils.scalb((double)f,
+                                                        /* -1022+126 */
+                                                        DoubleConsts.MIN_EXPONENT-
+                                                        FloatConsts.MIN_EXPONENT));
+            return s.replaceFirst("p-1022$", "p-126");
+        }
+        else // double string will be the same as float string
+            return Double.toHexString(f);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Float} object holding the
+     * {@code float} value represented by the argument string
+     * {@code s}.
+     *
+     * <p>If {@code s} is {@code null}, then a
+     * {@code NullPointerException} is thrown.
+     *
+     * <p>Leading and trailing whitespace characters in {@code s}
+     * are ignored.  Whitespace is removed as if by the {@link
+     * String#trim} method; that is, both ASCII space and control
+     * characters are removed. The rest of {@code s} should
+     * constitute a <i>FloatValue</i> as described by the lexical
+     * syntax rules:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>FloatValue:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code NaN}
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code Infinity}
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> FloatingPointLiteral</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> HexFloatingPointLiteral</i>
+     * <dd><i>SignedInteger</i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>HexFloatingPointLiteral</i>:
+     * <dd> <i>HexSignificand BinaryExponent FloatTypeSuffix<sub>opt</sub></i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>HexSignificand:</i>
+     * <dd><i>HexNumeral</i>
+     * <dd><i>HexNumeral</i> {@code .}
+     * <dd>{@code 0x} <i>HexDigits<sub>opt</sub>
+     *     </i>{@code .}<i> HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd>{@code 0X}<i> HexDigits<sub>opt</sub>
+     *     </i>{@code .} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>BinaryExponent:</i>
+     * <dd><i>BinaryExponentIndicator SignedInteger</i>
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>BinaryExponentIndicator:</i>
+     * <dd>{@code p}
+     * <dd>{@code P}
+     * </dl>
+     *
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * where <i>Sign</i>, <i>FloatingPointLiteral</i>,
+     * <i>HexNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, <i>SignedInteger</i> and
+     * <i>FloatTypeSuffix</i> are as defined in the lexical structure
+     * sections of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
+     * except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
+     * If {@code s} does not have the form of
+     * a <i>FloatValue</i>, then a {@code NumberFormatException}
+     * is thrown. Otherwise, {@code s} is regarded as
+     * representing an exact decimal value in the usual
+     * "computerized scientific notation" or as an exact
+     * hexadecimal value; this exact numerical value is then
+     * conceptually converted to an "infinitely precise"
+     * binary value that is then rounded to type {@code float}
+     * by the usual round-to-nearest rule of IEEE 754 floating-point
+     * arithmetic, which includes preserving the sign of a zero
+     * value.
+     *
+     * Note that the round-to-nearest rule also implies overflow and
+     * underflow behaviour; if the exact value of {@code s} is large
+     * enough in magnitude (greater than or equal to ({@link
+     * #MAX_VALUE} + {@link Math#ulp(float) ulp(MAX_VALUE)}/2),
+     * rounding to {@code float} will result in an infinity and if the
+     * exact value of {@code s} is small enough in magnitude (less
+     * than or equal to {@link #MIN_VALUE}/2), rounding to float will
+     * result in a zero.
+     *
+     * Finally, after rounding a {@code Float} object representing
+     * this {@code float} value is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>To interpret localized string representations of a
+     * floating-point value, use subclasses of {@link
+     * java.text.NumberFormat}.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that trailing format specifiers, specifiers that
+     * determine the type of a floating-point literal
+     * ({@code 1.0f} is a {@code float} value;
+     * {@code 1.0d} is a {@code double} value), do
+     * <em>not</em> influence the results of this method.  In other
+     * words, the numerical value of the input string is converted
+     * directly to the target floating-point type.  In general, the
+     * two-step sequence of conversions, string to {@code double}
+     * followed by {@code double} to {@code float}, is
+     * <em>not</em> equivalent to converting a string directly to
+     * {@code float}.  For example, if first converted to an
+     * intermediate {@code double} and then to
+     * {@code float}, the string<br>
+     * {@code "1.00000017881393421514957253748434595763683319091796875001d"}<br>
+     * results in the {@code float} value
+     * {@code 1.0000002f}; if the string is converted directly to
+     * {@code float}, <code>1.000000<b>1</b>f</code> results.
+     *
+     * <p>To avoid calling this method on an invalid string and having
+     * a {@code NumberFormatException} be thrown, the documentation
+     * for {@link Double#valueOf Double.valueOf} lists a regular
+     * expression which can be used to screen the input.
+     *
+     * @param   s   the string to be parsed.
+     * @return  a {@code Float} object holding the value
+     *          represented by the {@code String} argument.
+     * @throws  NumberFormatException  if the string does not contain a
+     *          parsable number.
+     */
+    public static Float valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return new Float(FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(s).floatValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Float} instance representing the specified
+     * {@code float} value.
+     * If a new {@code Float} instance is not required, this method
+     * should generally be used in preference to the constructor
+     * {@link #Float(float)}, as this method is likely to yield
+     * significantly better space and time performance by caching
+     * frequently requested values.
+     *
+     * @param  f a float value.
+     * @return a {@code Float} instance representing {@code f}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static Float valueOf(float f) {
+        return new Float(f);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new {@code float} initialized to the value
+     * represented by the specified {@code String}, as performed
+     * by the {@code valueOf} method of class {@code Float}.
+     *
+     * @param  s the string to be parsed.
+     * @return the {@code float} value represented by the string
+     *         argument.
+     * @throws NullPointerException  if the string is null
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a
+     *               parsable {@code float}.
+     * @see    java.lang.Float#valueOf(String)
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public static float parseFloat(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(s).floatValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if the specified number is a
+     * Not-a-Number (NaN) value, {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @param   v   the value to be tested.
+     * @return  {@code true} if the argument is NaN;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    static public boolean isNaN(float v) {
+        return (v != v);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if the specified number is infinitely
+     * large in magnitude, {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @param   v   the value to be tested.
+     * @return  {@code true} if the argument is positive infinity or
+     *          negative infinity; {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    static public boolean isInfinite(float v) {
+        return (v == POSITIVE_INFINITY) || (v == NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the Float.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private final float value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Float} object that
+     * represents the primitive {@code float} argument.
+     *
+     * @param   value   the value to be represented by the {@code Float}.
+     */
+    public Float(float value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Float} object that
+     * represents the argument converted to type {@code float}.
+     *
+     * @param   value   the value to be represented by the {@code Float}.
+     */
+    public Float(double value) {
+        this.value = (float)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Float} object that
+     * represents the floating-point value of type {@code float}
+     * represented by the string. The string is converted to a
+     * {@code float} value as if by the {@code valueOf} method.
+     *
+     * @param      s   a string to be converted to a {@code Float}.
+     * @throws  NumberFormatException  if the string does not contain a
+     *               parsable number.
+     * @see        java.lang.Float#valueOf(java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public Float(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        // REMIND: this is inefficient
+        this(valueOf(s).floatValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this {@code Float} value is a
+     * Not-a-Number (NaN), {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return  {@code true} if the value represented by this object is
+     *          NaN; {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean isNaN() {
+        return isNaN(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this {@code Float} value is
+     * infinitely large in magnitude, {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return  {@code true} if the value represented by this object is
+     *          positive infinity or negative infinity;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean isInfinite() {
+        return isInfinite(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of this {@code Float} object.
+     * The primitive {@code float} value represented by this object
+     * is converted to a {@code String} exactly as if by the method
+     * {@code toString} of one argument.
+     *
+     * @return  a {@code String} representation of this object.
+     * @see java.lang.Float#toString(float)
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return Float.toString(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Float} as a {@code byte} (by
+     * casting to a {@code byte}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code float} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code byte}
+     */
+    public byte byteValue() {
+        return (byte)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Float} as a {@code short} (by
+     * casting to a {@code short}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code float} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code short}
+     * @since JDK1.1
+     */
+    public short shortValue() {
+        return (short)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Float} as an {@code int} (by
+     * casting to type {@code int}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code float} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code int}
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns value of this {@code Float} as a {@code long} (by
+     * casting to type {@code long}).
+     *
+     * @return  the {@code float} value represented by this object
+     *          converted to type {@code long}
+     */
+    public long longValue() {
+        return (long)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code float} value of this {@code Float} object.
+     *
+     * @return the {@code float} value represented by this object
+     */
+    public float floatValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code double} value of this {@code Float} object.
+     *
+     * @return the {@code float} value represented by this
+     *         object is converted to type {@code double} and the
+     *         result of the conversion is returned.
+     */
+    public double doubleValue() {
+        return (double)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hash code for this {@code Float} object. The
+     * result is the integer bit representation, exactly as produced
+     * by the method {@link #floatToIntBits(float)}, of the primitive
+     * {@code float} value represented by this {@code Float}
+     * object.
+     *
+     * @return a hash code value for this object.
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return floatToIntBits(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+
+     * Compares this object against the specified object.  The result
+     * is {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
+     * {@code null} and is a {@code Float} object that
+     * represents a {@code float} with the same value as the
+     * {@code float} represented by this object. For this
+     * purpose, two {@code float} values are considered to be the
+     * same if and only if the method {@link #floatToIntBits(float)}
+     * returns the identical {@code int} value when applied to
+     * each.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that in most cases, for two instances of class
+     * {@code Float}, {@code f1} and {@code f2}, the value
+     * of {@code f1.equals(f2)} is {@code true} if and only if
+     *
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     *   f1.floatValue() == f2.floatValue()
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p>also has the value {@code true}. However, there are two exceptions:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If {@code f1} and {@code f2} both represent
+     *     {@code Float.NaN}, then the {@code equals} method returns
+     *     {@code true}, even though {@code Float.NaN==Float.NaN}
+     *     has the value {@code false}.
+     * <li>If {@code f1} represents {@code +0.0f} while
+     *     {@code f2} represents {@code -0.0f}, or vice
+     *     versa, the {@code equal} test has the value
+     *     {@code false}, even though {@code 0.0f==-0.0f}
+     *     has the value {@code true}.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * This definition allows hash tables to operate properly.
+     *
+     * @param obj the object to be compared
+     * @return  {@code true} if the objects are the same;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     * @see java.lang.Float#floatToIntBits(float)
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        return (obj instanceof Float)
+               && (floatToIntBits(((Float)obj).value) == floatToIntBits(value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a representation of the specified floating-point value
+     * according to the IEEE 754 floating-point "single format" bit
+     * layout.
+     *
+     * <p>Bit 31 (the bit that is selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x80000000}) represents the sign of the floating-point
+     * number.
+     * Bits 30-23 (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x7f800000}) represent the exponent.
+     * Bits 22-0 (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x007fffff}) represent the significand (sometimes called
+     * the mantissa) of the floating-point number.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is positive infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0x7f800000}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is negative infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0xff800000}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is NaN, the result is {@code 0x7fc00000}.
+     *
+     * <p>In all cases, the result is an integer that, when given to the
+     * {@link #intBitsToFloat(int)} method, will produce a floating-point
+     * value the same as the argument to {@code floatToIntBits}
+     * (except all NaN values are collapsed to a single
+     * "canonical" NaN value).
+     *
+     * @param   value   a floating-point number.
+     * @return the bits that represent the floating-point number.
+     */
+    public static int floatToIntBits(float value) {
+        int result = floatToRawIntBits(value);
+        // Check for NaN based on values of bit fields, maximum
+        // exponent and nonzero significand.
+        if ( ((result & FloatConsts.EXP_BIT_MASK) ==
+              FloatConsts.EXP_BIT_MASK) &&
+             (result & FloatConsts.SIGNIF_BIT_MASK) != 0)
+            result = 0x7fc00000;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a representation of the specified floating-point value
+     * according to the IEEE 754 floating-point "single format" bit
+     * layout, preserving Not-a-Number (NaN) values.
+     *
+     * <p>Bit 31 (the bit that is selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x80000000}) represents the sign of the floating-point
+     * number.
+     * Bits 30-23 (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x7f800000}) represent the exponent.
+     * Bits 22-0 (the bits that are selected by the mask
+     * {@code 0x007fffff}) represent the significand (sometimes called
+     * the mantissa) of the floating-point number.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is positive infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0x7f800000}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is negative infinity, the result is
+     * {@code 0xff800000}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is NaN, the result is the integer representing
+     * the actual NaN value.  Unlike the {@code floatToIntBits}
+     * method, {@code floatToRawIntBits} does not collapse all the
+     * bit patterns encoding a NaN to a single "canonical"
+     * NaN value.
+     *
+     * <p>In all cases, the result is an integer that, when given to the
+     * {@link #intBitsToFloat(int)} method, will produce a
+     * floating-point value the same as the argument to
+     * {@code floatToRawIntBits}.
+     *
+     * @param   value   a floating-point number.
+     * @return the bits that represent the floating-point number.
+     * @since 1.3
+     */
+    public static native int floatToRawIntBits(float value);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code float} value corresponding to a given
+     * bit representation.
+     * The argument is considered to be a representation of a
+     * floating-point value according to the IEEE 754 floating-point
+     * "single format" bit layout.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is {@code 0x7f800000}, the result is positive
+     * infinity.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is {@code 0xff800000}, the result is negative
+     * infinity.
+     *
+     * <p>If the argument is any value in the range
+     * {@code 0x7f800001} through {@code 0x7fffffff} or in
+     * the range {@code 0xff800001} through
+     * {@code 0xffffffff}, the result is a NaN.  No IEEE 754
+     * floating-point operation provided by Java can distinguish
+     * between two NaN values of the same type with different bit
+     * patterns.  Distinct values of NaN are only distinguishable by
+     * use of the {@code Float.floatToRawIntBits} method.
+     *
+     * <p>In all other cases, let <i>s</i>, <i>e</i>, and <i>m</i> be three
+     * values that can be computed from the argument:
+     *
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * int s = ((bits &gt;&gt; 31) == 0) ? 1 : -1;
+     * int e = ((bits &gt;&gt; 23) & 0xff);
+     * int m = (e == 0) ?
+     *                 (bits & 0x7fffff) &lt;&lt; 1 :
+     *                 (bits & 0x7fffff) | 0x800000;
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * Then the floating-point result equals the value of the mathematical
+     * expression <i>s</i>&middot;<i>m</i>&middot;2<sup><i>e</i>-150</sup>.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that this method may not be able to return a
+     * {@code float} NaN with exactly same bit pattern as the
+     * {@code int} argument.  IEEE 754 distinguishes between two
+     * kinds of NaNs, quiet NaNs and <i>signaling NaNs</i>.  The
+     * differences between the two kinds of NaN are generally not
+     * visible in Java.  Arithmetic operations on signaling NaNs turn
+     * them into quiet NaNs with a different, but often similar, bit
+     * pattern.  However, on some processors merely copying a
+     * signaling NaN also performs that conversion.  In particular,
+     * copying a signaling NaN to return it to the calling method may
+     * perform this conversion.  So {@code intBitsToFloat} may
+     * not be able to return a {@code float} with a signaling NaN
+     * bit pattern.  Consequently, for some {@code int} values,
+     * {@code floatToRawIntBits(intBitsToFloat(start))} may
+     * <i>not</i> equal {@code start}.  Moreover, which
+     * particular bit patterns represent signaling NaNs is platform
+     * dependent; although all NaN bit patterns, quiet or signaling,
+     * must be in the NaN range identified above.
+     *
+     * @param   bits   an integer.
+     * @return  the {@code float} floating-point value with the same bit
+     *          pattern.
+     */
+    public static native float intBitsToFloat(int bits);
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code Float} objects numerically.  There are
+     * two ways in which comparisons performed by this method differ
+     * from those performed by the Java language numerical comparison
+     * operators ({@code <, <=, ==, >=, >}) when
+     * applied to primitive {@code float} values:
+     *
+     * <ul><li>
+     *          {@code Float.NaN} is considered by this method to
+     *          be equal to itself and greater than all other
+     *          {@code float} values
+     *          (including {@code Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY}).
+     * <li>
+     *          {@code 0.0f} is considered by this method to be greater
+     *          than {@code -0.0f}.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * This ensures that the <i>natural ordering</i> of {@code Float}
+     * objects imposed by this method is <i>consistent with equals</i>.
+     *
+     * @param   anotherFloat   the {@code Float} to be compared.
+     * @return  the value {@code 0} if {@code anotherFloat} is
+     *          numerically equal to this {@code Float}; a value
+     *          less than {@code 0} if this {@code Float}
+     *          is numerically less than {@code anotherFloat};
+     *          and a value greater than {@code 0} if this
+     *          {@code Float} is numerically greater than
+     *          {@code anotherFloat}.
+     *
+     * @since   1.2
+     * @see Comparable#compareTo(Object)
+     */
+    public int compareTo(Float anotherFloat) {
+        return Float.compare(value, anotherFloat.value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares the two specified {@code float} values. The sign
+     * of the integer value returned is the same as that of the
+     * integer that would be returned by the call:
+     * <pre>
+     *    new Float(f1).compareTo(new Float(f2))
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param   f1        the first {@code float} to compare.
+     * @param   f2        the second {@code float} to compare.
+     * @return  the value {@code 0} if {@code f1} is
+     *          numerically equal to {@code f2}; a value less than
+     *          {@code 0} if {@code f1} is numerically less than
+     *          {@code f2}; and a value greater than {@code 0}
+     *          if {@code f1} is numerically greater than
+     *          {@code f2}.
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+    public static int compare(float f1, float f2) {
+        if (f1 < f2)
+            return -1;           // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is smaller
+        if (f1 > f2)
+            return 1;            // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is larger
+
+        // Cannot use floatToRawIntBits because of possibility of NaNs.
+        int thisBits    = Float.floatToIntBits(f1);
+        int anotherBits = Float.floatToIntBits(f2);
+
+        return (thisBits == anotherBits ?  0 : // Values are equal
+                (thisBits < anotherBits ? -1 : // (-0.0, 0.0) or (!NaN, NaN)
+                 1));                          // (0.0, -0.0) or (NaN, !NaN)
+    }
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -2671257302660747028L;
+}
diff -r 8a74b5d8d1d4 -r cc0d42d2110a emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Long.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Long.java	Sat Sep 29 10:56:23 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1199 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+/**
+ * The {@code Long} class wraps a value of the primitive type {@code
+ * long} in an object. An object of type {@code Long} contains a
+ * single field whose type is {@code long}.
+ *
+ * <p> In addition, this class provides several methods for converting
+ * a {@code long} to a {@code String} and a {@code String} to a {@code
+ * long}, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing
+ * with a {@code long}.
+ *
+ * <p>Implementation note: The implementations of the "bit twiddling"
+ * methods (such as {@link #highestOneBit(long) highestOneBit} and
+ * {@link #numberOfTrailingZeros(long) numberOfTrailingZeros}) are
+ * based on material from Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s <i>Hacker's
+ * Delight</i>, (Addison Wesley, 2002).
+ *
+ * @author  Lee Boynton
+ * @author  Arthur van Hoff
+ * @author  Josh Bloch
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+public final class Long extends Number implements Comparable<Long> {
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the minimum value a {@code long} can
+     * have, -2<sup>63</sup>.
+     */
+    public static final long MIN_VALUE = 0x8000000000000000L;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the maximum value a {@code long} can
+     * have, 2<sup>63</sup>-1.
+     */
+    public static final long MAX_VALUE = 0x7fffffffffffffffL;
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
+     * {@code long}.
+     *
+     * @since   JDK1.1
+     */
+    public static final Class<Long>     TYPE = (Class<Long>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("long");
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of the first argument in the
+     * radix specified by the second argument.
+     *
+     * <p>If the radix is smaller than {@code Character.MIN_RADIX}
+     * or larger than {@code Character.MAX_RADIX}, then the radix
+     * {@code 10} is used instead.
+     *
+     * <p>If the first argument is negative, the first element of the
+     * result is the ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002d'</code>). If the first argument is not
+     * negative, no sign character appears in the result.
+     *
+     * <p>The remaining characters of the result represent the magnitude
+     * of the first argument. If the magnitude is zero, it is
+     * represented by a single zero character {@code '0'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of
+     * the representation of the magnitude will not be the zero
+     * character.  The following ASCII characters are used as digits:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *   {@code 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * These are <code>'&#92;u0030'</code> through
+     * <code>'&#92;u0039'</code> and <code>'&#92;u0061'</code> through
+     * <code>'&#92;u007a'</code>. If {@code radix} is
+     * <var>N</var>, then the first <var>N</var> of these characters
+     * are used as radix-<var>N</var> digits in the order shown. Thus,
+     * the digits for hexadecimal (radix 16) are
+     * {@code 0123456789abcdef}. If uppercase letters are
+     * desired, the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may
+     * be called on the result:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code Long.toString(n, 16).toUpperCase()}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param   i       a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
+     * @param   radix   the radix to use in the string representation.
+     * @return  a string representation of the argument in the specified radix.
+     * @see     java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX
+     * @see     java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX
+     */
+    public static String toString(long i, int radix) {
+        if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX || radix > Character.MAX_RADIX)
+            radix = 10;
+        if (radix == 10)
+            return toString(i);
+        char[] buf = new char[65];
+        int charPos = 64;
+        boolean negative = (i < 0);
+
+        if (!negative) {
+            i = -i;
+        }
+
+        while (i <= -radix) {
+            buf[charPos--] = Integer.digits[(int)(-(i % radix))];
+            i = i / radix;
+        }
+        buf[charPos] = Integer.digits[(int)(-i)];
+
+        if (negative) {
+            buf[--charPos] = '-';
+        }
+
+        return new String(buf, charPos, (65 - charPos));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of the {@code long}
+     * argument as an unsigned integer in base&nbsp;16.
+     *
+     * <p>The unsigned {@code long} value is the argument plus
+     * 2<sup>64</sup> if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is
+     * equal to the argument.  This value is converted to a string of
+     * ASCII digits in hexadecimal (base&nbsp;16) with no extra
+     * leading {@code 0}s.  If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it
+     * is represented by a single zero character {@code '0'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of
+     * the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the
+     * zero character. The following characters are used as
+     * hexadecimal digits:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code 0123456789abcdef}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * These are the characters <code>'&#92;u0030'</code> through
+     * <code>'&#92;u0039'</code> and  <code>'&#92;u0061'</code> through
+     * <code>'&#92;u0066'</code>.  If uppercase letters are desired,
+     * the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may be called
+     * on the result:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code Long.toHexString(n).toUpperCase()}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param   i   a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
+     * @return  the string representation of the unsigned {@code long}
+     *          value represented by the argument in hexadecimal
+     *          (base&nbsp;16).
+     * @since   JDK 1.0.2
+     */
+    public static String toHexString(long i) {
+        return toUnsignedString(i, 4);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of the {@code long}
+     * argument as an unsigned integer in base&nbsp;8.
+     *
+     * <p>The unsigned {@code long} value is the argument plus
+     * 2<sup>64</sup> if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is
+     * equal to the argument.  This value is converted to a string of
+     * ASCII digits in octal (base&nbsp;8) with no extra leading
+     * {@code 0}s.
+     *
+     * <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a
+     * single zero character {@code '0'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of
+     * the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the
+     * zero character. The following characters are used as octal
+     * digits:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code 01234567}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * These are the characters <code>'&#92;u0030'</code> through
+     * <code>'&#92;u0037'</code>.
+     *
+     * @param   i   a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
+     * @return  the string representation of the unsigned {@code long}
+     *          value represented by the argument in octal (base&nbsp;8).
+     * @since   JDK 1.0.2
+     */
+    public static String toOctalString(long i) {
+        return toUnsignedString(i, 3);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of the {@code long}
+     * argument as an unsigned integer in base&nbsp;2.
+     *
+     * <p>The unsigned {@code long} value is the argument plus
+     * 2<sup>64</sup> if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is
+     * equal to the argument.  This value is converted to a string of
+     * ASCII digits in binary (base&nbsp;2) with no extra leading
+     * {@code 0}s.  If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is
+     * represented by a single zero character {@code '0'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of
+     * the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the
+     * zero character. The characters {@code '0'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u0030'</code>) and {@code '1'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u0031'</code>) are used as binary digits.
+     *
+     * @param   i   a {@code long} to be converted to a string.
+     * @return  the string representation of the unsigned {@code long}
+     *          value represented by the argument in binary (base&nbsp;2).
+     * @since   JDK 1.0.2
+     */
+    public static String toBinaryString(long i) {
+        return toUnsignedString(i, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert the integer to an unsigned number.
+     */
+    private static String toUnsignedString(long i, int shift) {
+        char[] buf = new char[64];
+        int charPos = 64;
+        int radix = 1 << shift;
+        long mask = radix - 1;
+        do {
+            buf[--charPos] = Integer.digits[(int)(i & mask)];
+            i >>>= shift;
+        } while (i != 0);
+        return new String(buf, charPos, (64 - charPos));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code String} object representing the specified
+     * {@code long}.  The argument is converted to signed decimal
+     * representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the
+     * argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the {@link
+     * #toString(long, int)} method.
+     *
+     * @param   i   a {@code long} to be converted.
+     * @return  a string representation of the argument in base&nbsp;10.
+     */
+    public static String toString(long i) {
+        if (i == Long.MIN_VALUE)
+            return "-9223372036854775808";
+        int size = (i < 0) ? stringSize(-i) + 1 : stringSize(i);
+        char[] buf = new char[size];
+        getChars(i, size, buf);
+        return new String(0, size, buf);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Places characters representing the integer i into the
+     * character array buf. The characters are placed into
+     * the buffer backwards starting with the least significant
+     * digit at the specified index (exclusive), and working
+     * backwards from there.
+     *
+     * Will fail if i == Long.MIN_VALUE
+     */
+    static void getChars(long i, int index, char[] buf) {
+        long q;
+        int r;
+        int charPos = index;
+        char sign = 0;
+
+        if (i < 0) {
+            sign = '-';
+            i = -i;
+        }
+
+        // Get 2 digits/iteration using longs until quotient fits into an int
+        while (i > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            q = i / 100;
+            // really: r = i - (q * 100);
+            r = (int)(i - ((q << 6) + (q << 5) + (q << 2)));
+            i = q;
+            buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitOnes[r];
+            buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitTens[r];
+        }
+
+        // Get 2 digits/iteration using ints
+        int q2;
+        int i2 = (int)i;
+        while (i2 >= 65536) {
+            q2 = i2 / 100;
+            // really: r = i2 - (q * 100);
+            r = i2 - ((q2 << 6) + (q2 << 5) + (q2 << 2));
+            i2 = q2;
+            buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitOnes[r];
+            buf[--charPos] = Integer.DigitTens[r];
+        }
+
+        // Fall thru to fast mode for smaller numbers
+        // assert(i2 <= 65536, i2);
+        for (;;) {
+            q2 = (i2 * 52429) >>> (16+3);
+            r = i2 - ((q2 << 3) + (q2 << 1));  // r = i2-(q2*10) ...
+            buf[--charPos] = Integer.digits[r];
+            i2 = q2;
+            if (i2 == 0) break;
+        }
+        if (sign != 0) {
+            buf[--charPos] = sign;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Requires positive x
+    static int stringSize(long x) {
+        long p = 10;
+        for (int i=1; i<19; i++) {
+            if (x < p)
+                return i;
+            p = 10*p;
+        }
+        return 19;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the string argument as a signed {@code long} in the
+     * radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the
+     * string must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined
+     * by whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns
+     * a nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an
+     * ASCII minus sign {@code '-'} (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) to
+     * indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) to indicate a positive value. The
+     * resulting {@code long} value is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that neither the character {@code L}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u004C'</code>) nor {@code l}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u006C'</code>) is permitted to appear at the end
+     * of the string as a type indicator, as would be permitted in
+     * Java programming language source code - except that either
+     * {@code L} or {@code l} may appear as a digit for a
+     * radix greater than 22.
+     *
+     * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
+     * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li>The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
+     * length zero.
+     *
+     * <li>The {@code radix} is either smaller than {@link
+     * java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or larger than {@link
+     * java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
+     *
+     * <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
+     * radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign
+     * {@code '-'} (<code>'&#92;u002d'</code>) or plus sign {@code
+     * '+'} (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) provided that the string is
+     * longer than length 1.
+     *
+     * <li>The value represented by the string is not a value of type
+     *      {@code long}.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>Examples:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * parseLong("0", 10) returns 0L
+     * parseLong("473", 10) returns 473L
+     * parseLong("+42", 10) returns 42L
+     * parseLong("-0", 10) returns 0L
+     * parseLong("-FF", 16) returns -255L
+     * parseLong("1100110", 2) returns 102L
+     * parseLong("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException
+     * parseLong("Hazelnut", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
+     * parseLong("Hazelnut", 36) returns 1356099454469L
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param      s       the {@code String} containing the
+     *                     {@code long} representation to be parsed.
+     * @param      radix   the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}.
+     * @return     the {@code long} represented by the string argument in
+     *             the specified radix.
+     * @throws     NumberFormatException  if the string does not contain a
+     *             parsable {@code long}.
+     */
+    public static long parseLong(String s, int radix)
+              throws NumberFormatException
+    {
+        if (s == null) {
+            throw new NumberFormatException("null");
+        }
+
+        if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX) {
+            throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
+                                            " less than Character.MIN_RADIX");
+        }
+        if (radix > Character.MAX_RADIX) {
+            throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
+                                            " greater than Character.MAX_RADIX");
+        }
+
+        long result = 0;
+        boolean negative = false;
+        int i = 0, len = s.length();
+        long limit = -Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        long multmin;
+        int digit;
+
+        if (len > 0) {
+            char firstChar = s.charAt(0);
+            if (firstChar < '0') { // Possible leading "+" or "-"
+                if (firstChar == '-') {
+                    negative = true;
+                    limit = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+                } else if (firstChar != '+')
+                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
+
+                if (len == 1) // Cannot have lone "+" or "-"
+                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
+                i++;
+            }
+            multmin = limit / radix;
+            while (i < len) {
+                // Accumulating negatively avoids surprises near MAX_VALUE
+                digit = Character.digit(s.charAt(i++),radix);
+                if (digit < 0) {
+                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
+                }
+                if (result < multmin) {
+                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
+                }
+                result *= radix;
+                if (result < limit + digit) {
+                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
+                }
+                result -= digit;
+            }
+        } else {
+            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
+        }
+        return negative ? result : -result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the string argument as a signed decimal {@code long}.
+     * The characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except
+     * that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
+     * (<code>&#92;u002D'</code>) to indicate a negative value or an
+     * ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) to
+     * indicate a positive value. The resulting {@code long} value is
+     * returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix {@code 10}
+     * were given as arguments to the {@link
+     * #parseLong(java.lang.String, int)} method.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that neither the character {@code L}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u004C'</code>) nor {@code l}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u006C'</code>) is permitted to appear at the end
+     * of the string as a type indicator, as would be permitted in
+     * Java programming language source code.
+     *
+     * @param      s   a {@code String} containing the {@code long}
+     *             representation to be parsed
+     * @return     the {@code long} represented by the argument in
+     *             decimal.
+     * @throws     NumberFormatException  if the string does not contain a
+     *             parsable {@code long}.
+     */
+    public static long parseLong(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return parseLong(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Long} object holding the value
+     * extracted from the specified {@code String} when parsed
+     * with the radix given by the second argument.  The first
+     * argument is interpreted as representing a signed
+     * {@code long} in the radix specified by the second
+     * argument, exactly as if the arguments were given to the {@link
+     * #parseLong(java.lang.String, int)} method. The result is a
+     * {@code Long} object that represents the {@code long}
+     * value specified by the string.
+     *
+     * <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Long} object equal
+     * to the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code new Long(Long.parseLong(s, radix))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param      s       the string to be parsed
+     * @param      radix   the radix to be used in interpreting {@code s}
+     * @return     a {@code Long} object holding the value
+     *             represented by the string argument in the specified
+     *             radix.
+     * @throws     NumberFormatException  If the {@code String} does not
+     *             contain a parsable {@code long}.
+     */
+    public static Long valueOf(String s, int radix) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return Long.valueOf(parseLong(s, radix));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Long} object holding the value
+     * of the specified {@code String}. The argument is
+     * interpreted as representing a signed decimal {@code long},
+     * exactly as if the argument were given to the {@link
+     * #parseLong(java.lang.String)} method. The result is a
+     * {@code Long} object that represents the integer value
+     * specified by the string.
+     *
+     * <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Long} object
+     * equal to the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code new Long(Long.parseLong(s))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param      s   the string to be parsed.
+     * @return     a {@code Long} object holding the value
+     *             represented by the string argument.
+     * @throws     NumberFormatException  If the string cannot be parsed
+     *             as a {@code long}.
+     */
+    public static Long valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException
+    {
+        return Long.valueOf(parseLong(s, 10));
+    }
+
+    private static class LongCache {
+        private LongCache(){}
+
+        static final Long cache[] = new Long[-(-128) + 127 + 1];
+
+        static {
+            for(int i = 0; i < cache.length; i++)
+                cache[i] = new Long(i - 128);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Long} instance representing the specified
+     * {@code long} value.
+     * If a new {@code Long} instance is not required, this method
+     * should generally be used in preference to the constructor
+     * {@link #Long(long)}, as this method is likely to yield
+     * significantly better space and time performance by caching
+     * frequently requested values.
+     *
+     * Note that unlike the {@linkplain Integer#valueOf(int)
+     * corresponding method} in the {@code Integer} class, this method
+     * is <em>not</em> required to cache values within a particular
+     * range.
+     *
+     * @param  l a long value.
+     * @return a {@code Long} instance representing {@code l}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static Long valueOf(long l) {
+        final int offset = 128;
+        if (l >= -128 && l <= 127) { // will cache
+            return LongCache.cache[(int)l + offset];
+        }
+        return new Long(l);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes a {@code String} into a {@code Long}.
+     * Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by the
+     * following grammar:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>DecodableString:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> DecimalNumeral</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0x} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0X} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code #} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0} <i>OctalDigits</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Sign:</i>
+     * <dd>{@code -}
+     * <dd>{@code +}
+     * </dl>
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <i>DecimalNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, and <i>OctalDigits</i>
+     * are as defined in section 3.10.1 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
+     * except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
+     *
+     * <p>The sequence of characters following an optional
+     * sign and/or radix specifier ("{@code 0x}", "{@code 0X}",
+     * "{@code #}", or leading zero) is parsed as by the {@code
+     * Long.parseLong} method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 8).
+     * This sequence of characters must represent a positive value or
+     * a {@link NumberFormatException} will be thrown.  The result is
+     * negated if first character of the specified {@code String} is
+     * the minus sign.  No whitespace characters are permitted in the
+     * {@code String}.
+     *
+     * @param     nm the {@code String} to decode.
+     * @return    a {@code Long} object holding the {@code long}
+     *            value represented by {@code nm}
+     * @throws    NumberFormatException  if the {@code String} does not
+     *            contain a parsable {@code long}.
+     * @see java.lang.Long#parseLong(String, int)
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public static Long decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException {
+        int radix = 10;
+        int index = 0;
+        boolean negative = false;
+        Long result;
+
+        if (nm.length() == 0)
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length string");
+        char firstChar = nm.charAt(0);
+        // Handle sign, if present
+        if (firstChar == '-') {
+            negative = true;
+            index++;
+        } else if (firstChar == '+')
+            index++;
+
+        // Handle radix specifier, if present
+        if (nm.startsWith("0x", index) || nm.startsWith("0X", index)) {
+            index += 2;
+            radix = 16;
+        }
+        else if (nm.startsWith("#", index)) {
+            index ++;
+            radix = 16;
+        }
+        else if (nm.startsWith("0", index) && nm.length() > 1 + index) {
+            index ++;
+            radix = 8;
+        }
+
+        if (nm.startsWith("-", index) || nm.startsWith("+", index))
+            throw new NumberFormatException("Sign character in wrong position");
+
+        try {
+            result = Long.valueOf(nm.substring(index), radix);
+            result = negative ? Long.valueOf(-result.longValue()) : result;
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            // If number is Long.MIN_VALUE, we'll end up here. The next line
+            // handles this case, and causes any genuine format error to be
+            // rethrown.
+            String constant = negative ? ("-" + nm.substring(index))
+                                       : nm.substring(index);
+            result = Long.valueOf(constant, radix);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the {@code Long}.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private final long value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Long} object that
+     * represents the specified {@code long} argument.
+     *
+     * @param   value   the value to be represented by the
+     *          {@code Long} object.
+     */
+    public Long(long value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Long} object that
+     * represents the {@code long} value indicated by the
+     * {@code String} parameter. The string is converted to a
+     * {@code long} value in exactly the manner used by the
+     * {@code parseLong} method for radix 10.
+     *
+     * @param      s   the {@code String} to be converted to a
+     *             {@code Long}.
+     * @throws     NumberFormatException  if the {@code String} does not
+     *             contain a parsable {@code long}.
+     * @see        java.lang.Long#parseLong(java.lang.String, int)
+     */
+    public Long(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        this.value = parseLong(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a
+     * {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public byte byteValue() {
+        return (byte)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a
+     * {@code short}.
+     */
+    public short shortValue() {
+        return (short)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Long} as an
+     * {@code int}.
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a
+     * {@code long} value.
+     */
+    public long longValue() {
+        return (long)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a
+     * {@code float}.
+     */
+    public float floatValue() {
+        return (float)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Long} as a
+     * {@code double}.
+     */
+    public double doubleValue() {
+        return (double)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code String} object representing this
+     * {@code Long}'s value.  The value is converted to signed
+     * decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if
+     * the {@code long} value were given as an argument to the
+     * {@link java.lang.Long#toString(long)} method.
+     *
+     * @return  a string representation of the value of this object in
+     *          base&nbsp;10.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return toString(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hash code for this {@code Long}. The result is
+     * the exclusive OR of the two halves of the primitive
+     * {@code long} value held by this {@code Long}
+     * object. That is, the hashcode is the value of the expression:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code (int)(this.longValue()^(this.longValue()>>>32))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return (int)(value ^ (value >>> 32));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this object to the specified object.  The result is
+     * {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
+     * {@code null} and is a {@code Long} object that
+     * contains the same {@code long} value as this object.
+     *
+     * @param   obj   the object to compare with.
+     * @return  {@code true} if the objects are the same;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj instanceof Long) {
+            return value == ((Long)obj).longValue();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the {@code long} value of the system property
+     * with the specified name.
+     *
+     * <p>The first argument is treated as the name of a system property.
+     * System properties are accessible through the {@link
+     * java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method. The
+     * string value of this property is then interpreted as a
+     * {@code long} value and a {@code Long} object
+     * representing this value is returned.  Details of possible
+     * numeric formats can be found with the definition of
+     * {@code getProperty}.
+     *
+     * <p>If there is no property with the specified name, if the
+     * specified name is empty or {@code null}, or if the
+     * property does not have the correct numeric format, then
+     * {@code null} is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Long} object equal to
+     * the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code getLong(nm, null)}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param   nm   property name.
+     * @return  the {@code Long} value of the property.
+     * @see     java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
+     * @see     java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public static Long getLong(String nm) {
+        return getLong(nm, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the {@code long} value of the system property
+     * with the specified name.
+     *
+     * <p>The first argument is treated as the name of a system property.
+     * System properties are accessible through the {@link
+     * java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method. The
+     * string value of this property is then interpreted as a
+     * {@code long} value and a {@code Long} object
+     * representing this value is returned.  Details of possible
+     * numeric formats can be found with the definition of
+     * {@code getProperty}.
+     *
+     * <p>The second argument is the default value. A {@code Long} object
+     * that represents the value of the second argument is returned if there
+     * is no property of the specified name, if the property does not have
+     * the correct numeric format, or if the specified name is empty or null.
+     *
+     * <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Long} object equal
+     * to the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code getLong(nm, new Long(val))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * but in practice it may be implemented in a manner such as:
+     *
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Long result = getLong(nm, null);
+     * return (result == null) ? new Long(val) : result;
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * to avoid the unnecessary allocation of a {@code Long} object when
+     * the default value is not needed.
+     *
+     * @param   nm    property name.
+     * @param   val   default value.
+     * @return  the {@code Long} value of the property.
+     * @see     java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
+     * @see     java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+     */
+    public static Long getLong(String nm, long val) {
+        Long result = Long.getLong(nm, null);
+        return (result == null) ? Long.valueOf(val) : result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code long} value of the system property with
+     * the specified name.  The first argument is treated as the name
+     * of a system property.  System properties are accessible through
+     * the {@link java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)}
+     * method. The string value of this property is then interpreted
+     * as a {@code long} value, as per the
+     * {@code Long.decode} method, and a {@code Long} object
+     * representing this value is returned.
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the property value begins with the two ASCII characters
+     * {@code 0x} or the ASCII character {@code #}, not followed by
+     * a minus sign, then the rest of it is parsed as a hexadecimal integer
+     * exactly as for the method {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)}
+     * with radix 16.
+     * <li>If the property value begins with the ASCII character
+     * {@code 0} followed by another character, it is parsed as
+     * an octal integer exactly as by the method {@link
+     * #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)} with radix 8.
+     * <li>Otherwise the property value is parsed as a decimal
+     * integer exactly as by the method
+     * {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)} with radix 10.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>Note that, in every case, neither {@code L}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u004C'</code>) nor {@code l}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u006C'</code>) is permitted to appear at the end
+     * of the property value as a type indicator, as would be
+     * permitted in Java programming language source code.
+     *
+     * <p>The second argument is the default value. The default value is
+     * returned if there is no property of the specified name, if the
+     * property does not have the correct numeric format, or if the
+     * specified name is empty or {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @param   nm   property name.
+     * @param   val   default value.
+     * @return  the {@code Long} value of the property.
+     * @see     java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
+     * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+     * @see java.lang.Long#decode
+     */
+    public static Long getLong(String nm, Long val) {
+        String v = null;
+        try {
+            v = System.getProperty(nm);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+        }
+        if (v != null) {
+            try {
+                return Long.decode(v);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        return val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code Long} objects numerically.
+     *
+     * @param   anotherLong   the {@code Long} to be compared.
+     * @return  the value {@code 0} if this {@code Long} is
+     *          equal to the argument {@code Long}; a value less than
+     *          {@code 0} if this {@code Long} is numerically less
+     *          than the argument {@code Long}; and a value greater
+     *          than {@code 0} if this {@code Long} is numerically
+     *           greater than the argument {@code Long} (signed
+     *           comparison).
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public int compareTo(Long anotherLong) {
+        return compare(this.value, anotherLong.value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code long} values numerically.
+     * The value returned is identical to what would be returned by:
+     * <pre>
+     *    Long.valueOf(x).compareTo(Long.valueOf(y))
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  x the first {@code long} to compare
+     * @param  y the second {@code long} to compare
+     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
+     *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
+     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public static int compare(long x, long y) {
+        return (x < y) ? -1 : ((x == y) ? 0 : 1);
+    }
+
+
+    // Bit Twiddling
+
+    /**
+     * The number of bits used to represent a {@code long} value in two's
+     * complement binary form.
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static final int SIZE = 64;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code long} value with at most a single one-bit, in the
+     * position of the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the specified
+     * {@code long} value.  Returns zero if the specified value has no
+     * one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it
+     * is equal to zero.
+     *
+     * @return a {@code long} value with a single one-bit, in the position
+     *     of the highest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if
+     *     the specified value is itself equal to zero.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static long highestOneBit(long i) {
+        // HD, Figure 3-1
+        i |= (i >>  1);
+        i |= (i >>  2);
+        i |= (i >>  4);
+        i |= (i >>  8);
+        i |= (i >> 16);
+        i |= (i >> 32);
+        return i - (i >>> 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code long} value with at most a single one-bit, in the
+     * position of the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the specified
+     * {@code long} value.  Returns zero if the specified value has no
+     * one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it
+     * is equal to zero.
+     *
+     * @return a {@code long} value with a single one-bit, in the position
+     *     of the lowest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if
+     *     the specified value is itself equal to zero.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static long lowestOneBit(long i) {
+        // HD, Section 2-1
+        return i & -i;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order
+     * ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation
+     * of the specified {@code long} value.  Returns 64 if the
+     * specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement representation,
+     * in other words if it is equal to zero.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that this method is closely related to the logarithm base 2.
+     * For all positive {@code long} values x:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>floor(log<sub>2</sub>(x)) = {@code 63 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x)}
+     * <li>ceil(log<sub>2</sub>(x)) = {@code 64 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x - 1)}
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order
+     *     ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation
+     *     of the specified {@code long} value, or 64 if the value
+     *     is equal to zero.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static int numberOfLeadingZeros(long i) {
+        // HD, Figure 5-6
+         if (i == 0)
+            return 64;
+        int n = 1;
+        int x = (int)(i >>> 32);
+        if (x == 0) { n += 32; x = (int)i; }
+        if (x >>> 16 == 0) { n += 16; x <<= 16; }
+        if (x >>> 24 == 0) { n +=  8; x <<=  8; }
+        if (x >>> 28 == 0) { n +=  4; x <<=  4; }
+        if (x >>> 30 == 0) { n +=  2; x <<=  2; }
+        n -= x >>> 31;
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost")
+     * one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified
+     * {@code long} value.  Returns 64 if the specified value has no
+     * one-bits in its two's complement representation, in other words if it is
+     * equal to zero.
+     *
+     * @return the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost")
+     *     one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the
+     *     specified {@code long} value, or 64 if the value is equal
+     *     to zero.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static int numberOfTrailingZeros(long i) {
+        // HD, Figure 5-14
+        int x, y;
+        if (i == 0) return 64;
+        int n = 63;
+        y = (int)i; if (y != 0) { n = n -32; x = y; } else x = (int)(i>>>32);
+        y = x <<16; if (y != 0) { n = n -16; x = y; }
+        y = x << 8; if (y != 0) { n = n - 8; x = y; }
+        y = x << 4; if (y != 0) { n = n - 4; x = y; }
+        y = x << 2; if (y != 0) { n = n - 2; x = y; }
+        return n - ((x << 1) >>> 31);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary
+     * representation of the specified {@code long} value.  This function is
+     * sometimes referred to as the <i>population count</i>.
+     *
+     * @return the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary
+     *     representation of the specified {@code long} value.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+     public static int bitCount(long i) {
+        // HD, Figure 5-14
+        i = i - ((i >>> 1) & 0x5555555555555555L);
+        i = (i & 0x3333333333333333L) + ((i >>> 2) & 0x3333333333333333L);
+        i = (i + (i >>> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0fL;
+        i = i + (i >>> 8);
+        i = i + (i >>> 16);
+        i = i + (i >>> 32);
+        return (int)i & 0x7f;
+     }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
+     * representation of the specified {@code long} value left by the
+     * specified number of bits.  (Bits shifted out of the left hand, or
+     * high-order, side reenter on the right, or low-order.)
+     *
+     * <p>Note that left rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to
+     * right rotation: {@code rotateLeft(val, -distance) == rotateRight(val,
+     * distance)}.  Note also that rotation by any multiple of 64 is a
+     * no-op, so all but the last six bits of the rotation distance can be
+     * ignored, even if the distance is negative: {@code rotateLeft(val,
+     * distance) == rotateLeft(val, distance & 0x3F)}.
+     *
+     * @return the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
+     *     representation of the specified {@code long} value left by the
+     *     specified number of bits.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static long rotateLeft(long i, int distance) {
+        return (i << distance) | (i >>> -distance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
+     * representation of the specified {@code long} value right by the
+     * specified number of bits.  (Bits shifted out of the right hand, or
+     * low-order, side reenter on the left, or high-order.)
+     *
+     * <p>Note that right rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to
+     * left rotation: {@code rotateRight(val, -distance) == rotateLeft(val,
+     * distance)}.  Note also that rotation by any multiple of 64 is a
+     * no-op, so all but the last six bits of the rotation distance can be
+     * ignored, even if the distance is negative: {@code rotateRight(val,
+     * distance) == rotateRight(val, distance & 0x3F)}.
+     *
+     * @return the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
+     *     representation of the specified {@code long} value right by the
+     *     specified number of bits.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static long rotateRight(long i, int distance) {
+        return (i >>> distance) | (i << -distance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bits in the
+     * two's complement binary representation of the specified {@code long}
+     * value.
+     *
+     * @return the value obtained by reversing order of the bits in the
+     *     specified {@code long} value.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static long reverse(long i) {
+        // HD, Figure 7-1
+        i = (i & 0x5555555555555555L) << 1 | (i >>> 1) & 0x5555555555555555L;
+        i = (i & 0x3333333333333333L) << 2 | (i >>> 2) & 0x3333333333333333L;
+        i = (i & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0fL) << 4 | (i >>> 4) & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0fL;
+        i = (i & 0x00ff00ff00ff00ffL) << 8 | (i >>> 8) & 0x00ff00ff00ff00ffL;
+        i = (i << 48) | ((i & 0xffff0000L) << 16) |
+            ((i >>> 16) & 0xffff0000L) | (i >>> 48);
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the signum function of the specified {@code long} value.  (The
+     * return value is -1 if the specified value is negative; 0 if the
+     * specified value is zero; and 1 if the specified value is positive.)
+     *
+     * @return the signum function of the specified {@code long} value.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static int signum(long i) {
+        // HD, Section 2-7
+        return (int) ((i >> 63) | (-i >>> 63));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the
+     * two's complement representation of the specified {@code long} value.
+     *
+     * @return the value obtained by reversing the bytes in the specified
+     *     {@code long} value.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static long reverseBytes(long i) {
+        i = (i & 0x00ff00ff00ff00ffL) << 8 | (i >>> 8) & 0x00ff00ff00ff00ffL;
+        return (i << 48) | ((i & 0xffff0000L) << 16) |
+            ((i >>> 16) & 0xffff0000L) | (i >>> 48);
+    }
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 4290774380558885855L;
+}
diff -r 8a74b5d8d1d4 -r cc0d42d2110a emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Math.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Math.java	Sat Sep 29 10:56:23 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1526 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+
+/**
+ * The class {@code Math} contains methods for performing basic
+ * numeric operations such as the elementary exponential, logarithm,
+ * square root, and trigonometric functions.
+ *
+ * <p>Unlike some of the numeric methods of class
+ * {@code StrictMath}, all implementations of the equivalent
+ * functions of class {@code Math} are not defined to return the
+ * bit-for-bit same results.  This relaxation permits
+ * better-performing implementations where strict reproducibility is
+ * not required.
+ *
+ * <p>By default many of the {@code Math} methods simply call
+ * the equivalent method in {@code StrictMath} for their
+ * implementation.  Code generators are encouraged to use
+ * platform-specific native libraries or microprocessor instructions,
+ * where available, to provide higher-performance implementations of
+ * {@code Math} methods.  Such higher-performance
+ * implementations still must conform to the specification for
+ * {@code Math}.
+ *
+ * <p>The quality of implementation specifications concern two
+ * properties, accuracy of the returned result and monotonicity of the
+ * method.  Accuracy of the floating-point {@code Math} methods
+ * is measured in terms of <i>ulps</i>, units in the last place.  For
+ * a given floating-point format, an ulp of a specific real number
+ * value is the distance between the two floating-point values
+ * bracketing that numerical value.  When discussing the accuracy of a
+ * method as a whole rather than at a specific argument, the number of
+ * ulps cited is for the worst-case error at any argument.  If a
+ * method always has an error less than 0.5 ulps, the method always
+ * returns the floating-point number nearest the exact result; such a
+ * method is <i>correctly rounded</i>.  A correctly rounded method is
+ * generally the best a floating-point approximation can be; however,
+ * it is impractical for many floating-point methods to be correctly
+ * rounded.  Instead, for the {@code Math} class, a larger error
+ * bound of 1 or 2 ulps is allowed for certain methods.  Informally,
+ * with a 1 ulp error bound, when the exact result is a representable
+ * number, the exact result should be returned as the computed result;
+ * otherwise, either of the two floating-point values which bracket
+ * the exact result may be returned.  For exact results large in
+ * magnitude, one of the endpoints of the bracket may be infinite.
+ * Besides accuracy at individual arguments, maintaining proper
+ * relations between the method at different arguments is also
+ * important.  Therefore, most methods with more than 0.5 ulp errors
+ * are required to be <i>semi-monotonic</i>: whenever the mathematical
+ * function is non-decreasing, so is the floating-point approximation,
+ * likewise, whenever the mathematical function is non-increasing, so
+ * is the floating-point approximation.  Not all approximations that
+ * have 1 ulp accuracy will automatically meet the monotonicity
+ * requirements.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @since   JDK1.0
+ */
+
+public final class Math {
+
+    /**
+     * Don't let anyone instantiate this class.
+     */
+    private Math() {}
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code double} value that is closer than any other to
+     * <i>e</i>, the base of the natural logarithms.
+     */
+    public static final double E = 2.7182818284590452354;
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code double} value that is closer than any other to
+     * <i>pi</i>, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
+     * diameter.
+     */
+    public static final double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle.  Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the
+     * result is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an angle, in radians.
+     * @return  the sine of the argument.
+     */
+    public static double sin(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.sin(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle. Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the
+     * result is NaN.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an angle, in radians.
+     * @return  the cosine of the argument.
+     */
+    public static double cos(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.cos(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle.  Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result
+     * is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an angle, in radians.
+     * @return  the tangent of the argument.
+     */
+    public static double tan(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.tan(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the arc sine of a value; the returned angle is in the
+     * range -<i>pi</i>/2 through <i>pi</i>/2.  Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater
+     * than 1, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   the value whose arc sine is to be returned.
+     * @return  the arc sine of the argument.
+     */
+    public static double asin(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.asin(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the arc cosine of a value; the returned angle is in the
+     * range 0.0 through <i>pi</i>.  Special case:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater
+     * than 1, then the result is NaN.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   the value whose arc cosine is to be returned.
+     * @return  the arc cosine of the argument.
+     */
+    public static double acos(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.acos(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the arc tangent of a value; the returned angle is in the
+     * range -<i>pi</i>/2 through <i>pi</i>/2.  Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   the value whose arc tangent is to be returned.
+     * @return  the arc tangent of the argument.
+     */
+    public static double atan(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.atan(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately
+     * equivalent angle measured in radians.  The conversion from
+     * degrees to radians is generally inexact.
+     *
+     * @param   angdeg   an angle, in degrees
+     * @return  the measurement of the angle {@code angdeg}
+     *          in radians.
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public static double toRadians(double angdeg) {
+        return angdeg / 180.0 * PI;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately
+     * equivalent angle measured in degrees.  The conversion from
+     * radians to degrees is generally inexact; users should
+     * <i>not</i> expect {@code cos(toRadians(90.0))} to exactly
+     * equal {@code 0.0}.
+     *
+     * @param   angrad   an angle, in radians
+     * @return  the measurement of the angle {@code angrad}
+     *          in degrees.
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public static double toDegrees(double angrad) {
+        return angrad * 180.0 / PI;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns Euler's number <i>e</i> raised to the power of a
+     * {@code double} value.  Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
+     * positive infinity.
+     * <li>If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is
+     * positive zero.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   the exponent to raise <i>e</i> to.
+     * @return  the value <i>e</i><sup>{@code a}</sup>,
+     *          where <i>e</i> is the base of the natural logarithms.
+     */
+    public static double exp(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.exp(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the natural logarithm (base <i>e</i>) of a {@code double}
+     * value.  Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result
+     * is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
+     * positive infinity.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
+     * result is negative infinity.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   a value
+     * @return  the value ln&nbsp;{@code a}, the natural logarithm of
+     *          {@code a}.
+     */
+    public static double log(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.log(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the base 10 logarithm of a {@code double} value.
+     * Special cases:
+     *
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result
+     * is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
+     * positive infinity.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
+     * result is negative infinity.
+     * <li> If the argument is equal to 10<sup><i>n</i></sup> for
+     * integer <i>n</i>, then the result is <i>n</i>.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   a value
+     * @return  the base 10 logarithm of  {@code a}.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double log10(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.log10(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a
+     * {@code double} value.
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result
+     * is NaN.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive
+     * infinity.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
+     * result is the same as the argument.</ul>
+     * Otherwise, the result is the {@code double} value closest to
+     * the true mathematical square root of the argument value.
+     *
+     * @param   a   a value.
+     * @return  the positive square root of {@code a}.
+     *          If the argument is NaN or less than zero, the result is NaN.
+     */
+    public static double sqrt(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.sqrt(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+                                   // Note that hardware sqrt instructions
+                                   // frequently can be directly used by JITs
+                                   // and should be much faster than doing
+                                   // Math.sqrt in software.
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cube root of a {@code double} value.  For
+     * positive finite {@code x}, {@code cbrt(-x) ==
+     * -cbrt(x)}; that is, the cube root of a negative value is
+     * the negative of the cube root of that value's magnitude.
+     *
+     * Special cases:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity
+     * with the same sign as the argument.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     *
+     * @param   a   a value.
+     * @return  the cube root of {@code a}.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double cbrt(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.cbrt(a);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the remainder operation on two arguments as prescribed
+     * by the IEEE 754 standard.
+     * The remainder value is mathematically equal to
+     * <code>f1&nbsp;-&nbsp;f2</code>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;<i>n</i>,
+     * where <i>n</i> is the mathematical integer closest to the exact
+     * mathematical value of the quotient {@code f1/f2}, and if two
+     * mathematical integers are equally close to {@code f1/f2},
+     * then <i>n</i> is the integer that is even. If the remainder is
+     * zero, its sign is the same as the sign of the first argument.
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If either argument is NaN, or the first argument is infinite,
+     * or the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
+     * result is NaN.
+     * <li>If the first argument is finite and the second argument is
+     * infinite, then the result is the same as the first argument.</ul>
+     *
+     * @param   f1   the dividend.
+     * @param   f2   the divisor.
+     * @return  the remainder when {@code f1} is divided by
+     *          {@code f2}.
+     */
+    public static double IEEEremainder(double f1, double f2) {
+        return StrictMath.IEEEremainder(f1, f2); // delegate to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity)
+     * {@code double} value that is greater than or equal to the
+     * argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument value is already equal to a
+     * mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the
+     * argument.  <li>If the argument is NaN or an infinity or
+     * positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as
+     * the argument.  <li>If the argument value is less than zero but
+     * greater than -1.0, then the result is negative zero.</ul> Note
+     * that the value of {@code Math.ceil(x)} is exactly the
+     * value of {@code -Math.floor(-x)}.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param   a   a value.
+     * @return  the smallest (closest to negative infinity)
+     *          floating-point value that is greater than or equal to
+     *          the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
+     */
+    public static double ceil(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.ceil(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity)
+     * {@code double} value that is less than or equal to the
+     * argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument value is already equal to a
+     * mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the
+     * argument.  <li>If the argument is NaN or an infinity or
+     * positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as
+     * the argument.</ul>
+     *
+     * @param   a   a value.
+     * @return  the largest (closest to positive infinity)
+     *          floating-point value that less than or equal to the argument
+     *          and is equal to a mathematical integer.
+     */
+    public static double floor(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.floor(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code double} value that is closest in value
+     * to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. If two
+     * {@code double} values that are mathematical integers are
+     * equally close, the result is the integer value that is
+     * even. Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument value is already equal to a mathematical
+     * integer, then the result is the same as the argument.
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN or an infinity or positive zero or negative
+     * zero, then the result is the same as the argument.</ul>
+     *
+     * @param   a   a {@code double} value.
+     * @return  the closest floating-point value to {@code a} that is
+     *          equal to a mathematical integer.
+     */
+    public static double rint(double a) {
+        return StrictMath.rint(a); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the angle <i>theta</i> from the conversion of rectangular
+     * coordinates ({@code x},&nbsp;{@code y}) to polar
+     * coordinates (r,&nbsp;<i>theta</i>).
+     * This method computes the phase <i>theta</i> by computing an arc tangent
+     * of {@code y/x} in the range of -<i>pi</i> to <i>pi</i>. Special
+     * cases:
+     * <ul><li>If either argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li>If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
+     * is positive, or the first argument is positive and finite and the
+     * second argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive
+     * zero.
+     * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
+     * is positive, or the first argument is negative and finite and the
+     * second argument is positive infinity, then the result is negative zero.
+     * <li>If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
+     * is negative, or the first argument is positive and finite and the
+     * second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the
+     * {@code double} value closest to <i>pi</i>.
+     * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
+     * is negative, or the first argument is negative and finite and the
+     * second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the
+     * {@code double} value closest to -<i>pi</i>.
+     * <li>If the first argument is positive and the second argument is
+     * positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is positive
+     * infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the
+     * {@code double} value closest to <i>pi</i>/2.
+     * <li>If the first argument is negative and the second argument is
+     * positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is negative
+     * infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the
+     * {@code double} value closest to -<i>pi</i>/2.
+     * <li>If both arguments are positive infinity, then the result is the
+     * {@code double} value closest to <i>pi</i>/4.
+     * <li>If the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument
+     * is negative infinity, then the result is the {@code double}
+     * value closest to 3*<i>pi</i>/4.
+     * <li>If the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument
+     * is positive infinity, then the result is the {@code double} value
+     * closest to -<i>pi</i>/4.
+     * <li>If both arguments are negative infinity, then the result is the
+     * {@code double} value closest to -3*<i>pi</i>/4.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 2 ulps of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   y   the ordinate coordinate
+     * @param   x   the abscissa coordinate
+     * @return  the <i>theta</i> component of the point
+     *          (<i>r</i>,&nbsp;<i>theta</i>)
+     *          in polar coordinates that corresponds to the point
+     *          (<i>x</i>,&nbsp;<i>y</i>) in Cartesian coordinates.
+     */
+    public static double atan2(double y, double x) {
+        return StrictMath.atan2(y, x); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the
+     * second argument. Special cases:
+     *
+     * <ul><li>If the second argument is positive or negative zero, then the
+     * result is 1.0.
+     * <li>If the second argument is 1.0, then the result is the same as the
+     * first argument.
+     * <li>If the second argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li>If the first argument is NaN and the second argument is nonzero,
+     * then the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1
+     * and the second argument is positive infinity, or
+     * <li>the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and
+     * the second argument is negative infinity,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and
+     * the second argument is negative infinity, or
+     * <li>the absolute value of the
+     * first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is positive
+     * infinity,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is positive zero.
+     *
+     * <li>If the absolute value of the first argument equals 1 and the
+     * second argument is infinite, then the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
+     * is greater than zero, or
+     * <li>the first argument is positive infinity and the second
+     * argument is less than zero,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is positive zero.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
+     * is less than zero, or
+     * <li>the first argument is positive infinity and the second
+     * argument is greater than zero,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
+     * is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
+     * <li>the first argument is negative infinity and the second
+     * argument is less than zero but not a finite odd integer,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is positive zero.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
+     * is a positive finite odd integer, or
+     * <li>the first argument is negative infinity and the second
+     * argument is a negative finite odd integer,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is negative zero.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
+     * is less than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
+     * <li>the first argument is negative infinity and the second
+     * argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
+     * is a negative finite odd integer, or
+     * <li>the first argument is negative infinity and the second
+     * argument is a positive finite odd integer,
+     * </ul>
+     * then the result is negative infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If the first argument is finite and less than zero
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> if the second argument is a finite even integer, the
+     * result is equal to the result of raising the absolute value of
+     * the first argument to the power of the second argument
+     *
+     * <li>if the second argument is a finite odd integer, the result
+     * is equal to the negative of the result of raising the absolute
+     * value of the first argument to the power of the second
+     * argument
+     *
+     * <li>if the second argument is finite and not an integer, then
+     * the result is NaN.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <li>If both arguments are integers, then the result is exactly equal
+     * to the mathematical result of raising the first argument to the power
+     * of the second argument if that result can in fact be represented
+     * exactly as a {@code double} value.</ul>
+     *
+     * <p>(In the foregoing descriptions, a floating-point value is
+     * considered to be an integer if and only if it is finite and a
+     * fixed point of the method {@link #ceil ceil} or,
+     * equivalently, a fixed point of the method {@link #floor
+     * floor}. A value is a fixed point of a one-argument
+     * method if and only if the result of applying the method to the
+     * value is equal to the value.)
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   a   the base.
+     * @param   b   the exponent.
+     * @return  the value {@code a}<sup>{@code b}</sup>.
+     */
+    public static double pow(double a, double b) {
+        return StrictMath.pow(a, b); // default impl. delegates to StrictMath
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the closest {@code int} to the argument, with ties
+     * rounding up.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
+     * <li>If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or
+     * equal to the value of {@code Integer.MIN_VALUE}, the result is
+     * equal to the value of {@code Integer.MIN_VALUE}.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or
+     * equal to the value of {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}, the result is
+     * equal to the value of {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}.</ul>
+     *
+     * @param   a   a floating-point value to be rounded to an integer.
+     * @return  the value of the argument rounded to the nearest
+     *          {@code int} value.
+     * @see     java.lang.Integer#MAX_VALUE
+     * @see     java.lang.Integer#MIN_VALUE
+     */
+    public static int round(float a) {
+        if (a != 0x1.fffffep-2f) // greatest float value less than 0.5
+            return (int)floor(a + 0.5f);
+        else
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the closest {@code long} to the argument, with ties
+     * rounding up.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
+     * <li>If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or
+     * equal to the value of {@code Long.MIN_VALUE}, the result is
+     * equal to the value of {@code Long.MIN_VALUE}.
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or
+     * equal to the value of {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}, the result is
+     * equal to the value of {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}.</ul>
+     *
+     * @param   a   a floating-point value to be rounded to a
+     *          {@code long}.
+     * @return  the value of the argument rounded to the nearest
+     *          {@code long} value.
+     * @see     java.lang.Long#MAX_VALUE
+     * @see     java.lang.Long#MIN_VALUE
+     */
+    public static long round(double a) {
+        if (a != 0x1.fffffffffffffp-2) // greatest double value less than 0.5
+            return (long)floor(a + 0.5d);
+        else
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    private static Random randomNumberGenerator;
+
+    private static synchronized Random initRNG() {
+        Random rnd = randomNumberGenerator;
+        return (rnd == null) ? (randomNumberGenerator = new Random()) : rnd;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code double} value with a positive sign, greater
+     * than or equal to {@code 0.0} and less than {@code 1.0}.
+     * Returned values are chosen pseudorandomly with (approximately)
+     * uniform distribution from that range.
+     *
+     * <p>When this method is first called, it creates a single new
+     * pseudorandom-number generator, exactly as if by the expression
+     *
+     * <blockquote>{@code new java.util.Random()}</blockquote>
+     *
+     * This new pseudorandom-number generator is used thereafter for
+     * all calls to this method and is used nowhere else.
+     *
+     * <p>This method is properly synchronized to allow correct use by
+     * more than one thread. However, if many threads need to generate
+     * pseudorandom numbers at a great rate, it may reduce contention
+     * for each thread to have its own pseudorandom-number generator.
+     *
+     * @return  a pseudorandom {@code double} greater than or equal
+     * to {@code 0.0} and less than {@code 1.0}.
+     * @see Random#nextDouble()
+     */
+    public static double random() {
+        Random rnd = randomNumberGenerator;
+        if (rnd == null) rnd = initRNG();
+        return rnd.nextDouble();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the absolute value of an {@code int} value.
+     * If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned.
+     * If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if the argument is equal to the value of
+     * {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE}, the most negative representable
+     * {@code int} value, the result is that same value, which is
+     * negative.
+     *
+     * @param   a   the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
+     * @return  the absolute value of the argument.
+     */
+    public static int abs(int a) {
+        return (a < 0) ? -a : a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the absolute value of a {@code long} value.
+     * If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned.
+     * If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that if the argument is equal to the value of
+     * {@link Long#MIN_VALUE}, the most negative representable
+     * {@code long} value, the result is that same value, which
+     * is negative.
+     *
+     * @param   a   the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
+     * @return  the absolute value of the argument.
+     */
+    public static long abs(long a) {
+        return (a < 0) ? -a : a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the absolute value of a {@code float} value.
+     * If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned.
+     * If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the
+     * result is positive zero.
+     * <li>If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.</ul>
+     * In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:
+     * <p>{@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7fffffff & Float.floatToIntBits(a))}
+     *
+     * @param   a   the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
+     * @return  the absolute value of the argument.
+     */
+    public static float abs(float a) {
+        return (a <= 0.0F) ? 0.0F - a : a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the absolute value of a {@code double} value.
+     * If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned.
+     * If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul><li>If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the result
+     * is positive zero.
+     * <li>If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.</ul>
+     * In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:
+     * <p>{@code Double.longBitsToDouble((Double.doubleToLongBits(a)<<1)>>>1)}
+     *
+     * @param   a   the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
+     * @return  the absolute value of the argument.
+     */
+    public static double abs(double a) {
+        return (a <= 0.0D) ? 0.0D - a : a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the greater of two {@code int} values. That is, the
+     * result is the argument closer to the value of
+     * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}. If the arguments have the same value,
+     * the result is that same value.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the larger of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static int max(int a, int b) {
+        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the greater of two {@code long} values. That is, the
+     * result is the argument closer to the value of
+     * {@link Long#MAX_VALUE}. If the arguments have the same value,
+     * the result is that same value.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the larger of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static long max(long a, long b) {
+        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    private static long negativeZeroFloatBits = Float.floatToIntBits(-0.0f);
+    private static long negativeZeroDoubleBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(-0.0d);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the greater of two {@code float} values.  That is,
+     * the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If the
+     * arguments have the same value, the result is that same
+     * value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN.  Unlike
+     * the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
+     * negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one
+     * argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the
+     * result is positive zero.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the larger of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static float max(float a, float b) {
+        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
+        if ((a == 0.0f) && (b == 0.0f)
+            && (Float.floatToIntBits(a) == negativeZeroFloatBits)) {
+            return b;
+        }
+        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the greater of two {@code double} values.  That
+     * is, the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If
+     * the arguments have the same value, the result is that same
+     * value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN.  Unlike
+     * the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
+     * negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one
+     * argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the
+     * result is positive zero.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the larger of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static double max(double a, double b) {
+        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
+        if ((a == 0.0d) && (b == 0.0d)
+            && (Double.doubleToLongBits(a) == negativeZeroDoubleBits)) {
+            return b;
+        }
+        return (a >= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the smaller of two {@code int} values. That is,
+     * the result the argument closer to the value of
+     * {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE}.  If the arguments have the same
+     * value, the result is that same value.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the smaller of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static int min(int a, int b) {
+        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the smaller of two {@code long} values. That is,
+     * the result is the argument closer to the value of
+     * {@link Long#MIN_VALUE}. If the arguments have the same
+     * value, the result is that same value.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the smaller of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static long min(long a, long b) {
+        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the smaller of two {@code float} values.  That is,
+     * the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the
+     * arguments have the same value, the result is that same
+     * value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN.  Unlike
+     * the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
+     * negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero.  If
+     * one argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero,
+     * the result is negative zero.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the smaller of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static float min(float a, float b) {
+        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
+        if ((a == 0.0f) && (b == 0.0f)
+            && (Float.floatToIntBits(b) == negativeZeroFloatBits)) {
+            return b;
+        }
+        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the smaller of two {@code double} values.  That
+     * is, the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the
+     * arguments have the same value, the result is that same
+     * value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN.  Unlike
+     * the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
+     * negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one
+     * argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero, the
+     * result is negative zero.
+     *
+     * @param   a   an argument.
+     * @param   b   another argument.
+     * @return  the smaller of {@code a} and {@code b}.
+     */
+    public static double min(double a, double b) {
+        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
+        if ((a == 0.0d) && (b == 0.0d)
+            && (Double.doubleToLongBits(b) == negativeZeroDoubleBits)) {
+            return b;
+        }
+        return (a <= b) ? a : b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the size of an ulp of the argument.  An ulp of a
+     * {@code double} value is the positive distance between this
+     * floating-point value and the {@code double} value next
+     * larger in magnitude.  Note that for non-NaN <i>x</i>,
+     * <code>ulp(-<i>x</i>) == ulp(<i>x</i>)</code>.
+     *
+     * <p>Special Cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li> If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the
+     * result is positive infinity.
+     * <li> If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is
+     * {@code Double.MIN_VALUE}.
+     * <li> If the argument is &plusmn;{@code Double.MAX_VALUE}, then
+     * the result is equal to 2<sup>971</sup>.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param d the floating-point value whose ulp is to be returned
+     * @return the size of an ulp of the argument
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double ulp(double d) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.ulp(d);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the size of an ulp of the argument.  An ulp of a
+     * {@code float} value is the positive distance between this
+     * floating-point value and the {@code float} value next
+     * larger in magnitude.  Note that for non-NaN <i>x</i>,
+     * <code>ulp(-<i>x</i>) == ulp(<i>x</i>)</code>.
+     *
+     * <p>Special Cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li> If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the
+     * result is positive infinity.
+     * <li> If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is
+     * {@code Float.MIN_VALUE}.
+     * <li> If the argument is &plusmn;{@code Float.MAX_VALUE}, then
+     * the result is equal to 2<sup>104</sup>.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param f the floating-point value whose ulp is to be returned
+     * @return the size of an ulp of the argument
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static float ulp(float f) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.ulp(f);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument
+     * is zero, 1.0 if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0 if the
+     * argument is less than zero.
+     *
+     * <p>Special Cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li> If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
+     *      result is the same as the argument.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param d the floating-point value whose signum is to be returned
+     * @return the signum function of the argument
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double signum(double d) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.signum(d);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument
+     * is zero, 1.0f if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0f if the
+     * argument is less than zero.
+     *
+     * <p>Special Cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     * <li> If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
+     *      result is the same as the argument.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param f the floating-point value whose signum is to be returned
+     * @return the signum function of the argument
+     * @author Joseph D. Darcy
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static float signum(float f) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.signum(f);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hyperbolic sine of a {@code double} value.
+     * The hyperbolic sine of <i>x</i> is defined to be
+     * (<i>e<sup>x</sup>&nbsp;-&nbsp;e<sup>-x</sup></i>)/2
+     * where <i>e</i> is {@linkplain Math#E Euler's number}.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity
+     * with the same sign as the argument.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 2.5 ulps of the exact result.
+     *
+     * @param   x The number whose hyperbolic sine is to be returned.
+     * @return  The hyperbolic sine of {@code x}.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double sinh(double x) {
+        return StrictMath.sinh(x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a {@code double} value.
+     * The hyperbolic cosine of <i>x</i> is defined to be
+     * (<i>e<sup>x</sup>&nbsp;+&nbsp;e<sup>-x</sup></i>)/2
+     * where <i>e</i> is {@linkplain Math#E Euler's number}.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is infinite, then the result is positive
+     * infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is {@code 1.0}.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 2.5 ulps of the exact result.
+     *
+     * @param   x The number whose hyperbolic cosine is to be returned.
+     * @return  The hyperbolic cosine of {@code x}.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double cosh(double x) {
+        return StrictMath.cosh(x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a {@code double} value.
+     * The hyperbolic tangent of <i>x</i> is defined to be
+     * (<i>e<sup>x</sup>&nbsp;-&nbsp;e<sup>-x</sup></i>)/(<i>e<sup>x</sup>&nbsp;+&nbsp;e<sup>-x</sup></i>),
+     * in other words, {@linkplain Math#sinh
+     * sinh(<i>x</i>)}/{@linkplain Math#cosh cosh(<i>x</i>)}.  Note
+     * that the absolute value of the exact tanh is always less than
+     * 1.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
+     * {@code +1.0}.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is
+     * {@code -1.0}.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 2.5 ulps of the exact result.
+     * The result of {@code tanh} for any finite input must have
+     * an absolute value less than or equal to 1.  Note that once the
+     * exact result of tanh is within 1/2 of an ulp of the limit value
+     * of &plusmn;1, correctly signed &plusmn;{@code 1.0} should
+     * be returned.
+     *
+     * @param   x The number whose hyperbolic tangent is to be returned.
+     * @return  The hyperbolic tangent of {@code x}.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double tanh(double x) {
+        return StrictMath.tanh(x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns sqrt(<i>x</i><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;+<i>y</i><sup>2</sup>)
+     * without intermediate overflow or underflow.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li> If either argument is infinite, then the result
+     * is positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li> If either argument is NaN and neither argument is infinite,
+     * then the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact
+     * result.  If one parameter is held constant, the results must be
+     * semi-monotonic in the other parameter.
+     *
+     * @param x a value
+     * @param y a value
+     * @return sqrt(<i>x</i><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;+<i>y</i><sup>2</sup>)
+     * without intermediate overflow or underflow
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double hypot(double x, double y) {
+        return StrictMath.hypot(x, y);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <i>e</i><sup>x</sup>&nbsp;-1.  Note that for values of
+     * <i>x</i> near 0, the exact sum of
+     * {@code expm1(x)}&nbsp;+&nbsp;1 is much closer to the true
+     * result of <i>e</i><sup>x</sup> than {@code exp(x)}.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
+     * positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is
+     * -1.0.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.  The result of
+     * {@code expm1} for any finite input must be greater than or
+     * equal to {@code -1.0}.  Note that once the exact result of
+     * <i>e</i><sup>{@code x}</sup>&nbsp;-&nbsp;1 is within 1/2
+     * ulp of the limit value -1, {@code -1.0} should be
+     * returned.
+     *
+     * @param   x   the exponent to raise <i>e</i> to in the computation of
+     *              <i>e</i><sup>{@code x}</sup>&nbsp;-1.
+     * @return  the value <i>e</i><sup>{@code x}</sup>&nbsp;-&nbsp;1.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double expm1(double x) {
+        return StrictMath.expm1(x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the natural logarithm of the sum of the argument and 1.
+     * Note that for small values {@code x}, the result of
+     * {@code log1p(x)} is much closer to the true result of ln(1
+     * + {@code x}) than the floating-point evaluation of
+     * {@code log(1.0+x)}.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN or less than -1, then the result is
+     * NaN.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
+     * positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is negative one, then the result is
+     * negative infinity.
+     *
+     * <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
+     * same sign as the argument.
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
+     * Results must be semi-monotonic.
+     *
+     * @param   x   a value
+     * @return the value ln({@code x}&nbsp;+&nbsp;1), the natural
+     * log of {@code x}&nbsp;+&nbsp;1
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static double log1p(double x) {
+        return StrictMath.log1p(x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the
+     * second floating-point argument.  Note that unlike the {@link
+     * StrictMath#copySign(double, double) StrictMath.copySign}
+     * method, this method does not require NaN {@code sign}
+     * arguments to be treated as positive values; implementations are
+     * permitted to treat some NaN arguments as positive and other NaN
+     * arguments as negative to allow greater performance.
+     *
+     * @param magnitude  the parameter providing the magnitude of the result
+     * @param sign   the parameter providing the sign of the result
+     * @return a value with the magnitude of {@code magnitude}
+     * and the sign of {@code sign}.
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static double copySign(double magnitude, double sign) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.rawCopySign(magnitude, sign);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the
+     * second floating-point argument.  Note that unlike the {@link
+     * StrictMath#copySign(float, float) StrictMath.copySign}
+     * method, this method does not require NaN {@code sign}
+     * arguments to be treated as positive values; implementations are
+     * permitted to treat some NaN arguments as positive and other NaN
+     * arguments as negative to allow greater performance.
+     *
+     * @param magnitude  the parameter providing the magnitude of the result
+     * @param sign   the parameter providing the sign of the result
+     * @return a value with the magnitude of {@code magnitude}
+     * and the sign of {@code sign}.
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static float copySign(float magnitude, float sign) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.rawCopySign(magnitude, sign);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a
+     * {@code float}.  Special cases:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is
+     * {@link Float#MAX_EXPONENT} + 1.
+     * <li>If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is
+     * {@link Float#MIN_EXPONENT} -1.
+     * </ul>
+     * @param f a {@code float} value
+     * @return the unbiased exponent of the argument
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static int getExponent(float f) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.getExponent(f);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a
+     * {@code double}.  Special cases:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is
+     * {@link Double#MAX_EXPONENT} + 1.
+     * <li>If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is
+     * {@link Double#MIN_EXPONENT} -1.
+     * </ul>
+     * @param d a {@code double} value
+     * @return the unbiased exponent of the argument
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static int getExponent(double d) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.getExponent(d);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first
+     * argument in the direction of the second argument.  If both
+     * arguments compare as equal the second argument is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
+     *
+     * <li> If both arguments are signed zeros, {@code direction}
+     * is returned unchanged (as implied by the requirement of
+     * returning the second argument if the arguments compare as
+     * equal).
+     *
+     * <li> If {@code start} is
+     * &plusmn;{@link Double#MIN_VALUE} and {@code direction}
+     * has a value such that the result should have a smaller
+     * magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as {@code start}
+     * is returned.
+     *
+     * <li> If {@code start} is infinite and
+     * {@code direction} has a value such that the result should
+     * have a smaller magnitude, {@link Double#MAX_VALUE} with the
+     * same sign as {@code start} is returned.
+     *
+     * <li> If {@code start} is equal to &plusmn;
+     * {@link Double#MAX_VALUE} and {@code direction} has a
+     * value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an
+     * infinity with same sign as {@code start} is returned.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param start  starting floating-point value
+     * @param direction value indicating which of
+     * {@code start}'s neighbors or {@code start} should
+     * be returned
+     * @return The floating-point number adjacent to {@code start} in the
+     * direction of {@code direction}.
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static double nextAfter(double start, double direction) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextAfter(start, direction);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first
+     * argument in the direction of the second argument.  If both
+     * arguments compare as equal a value equivalent to the second argument
+     * is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
+     *
+     * <li> If both arguments are signed zeros, a value equivalent
+     * to {@code direction} is returned.
+     *
+     * <li> If {@code start} is
+     * &plusmn;{@link Float#MIN_VALUE} and {@code direction}
+     * has a value such that the result should have a smaller
+     * magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as {@code start}
+     * is returned.
+     *
+     * <li> If {@code start} is infinite and
+     * {@code direction} has a value such that the result should
+     * have a smaller magnitude, {@link Float#MAX_VALUE} with the
+     * same sign as {@code start} is returned.
+     *
+     * <li> If {@code start} is equal to &plusmn;
+     * {@link Float#MAX_VALUE} and {@code direction} has a
+     * value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an
+     * infinity with same sign as {@code start} is returned.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param start  starting floating-point value
+     * @param direction value indicating which of
+     * {@code start}'s neighbors or {@code start} should
+     * be returned
+     * @return The floating-point number adjacent to {@code start} in the
+     * direction of {@code direction}.
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static float nextAfter(float start, double direction) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextAfter(start, direction);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the floating-point value adjacent to {@code d} in
+     * the direction of positive infinity.  This method is
+     * semantically equivalent to {@code nextAfter(d,
+     * Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY)}; however, a {@code nextUp}
+     * implementation may run faster than its equivalent
+     * {@code nextAfter} call.
+     *
+     * <p>Special Cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li> If the argument is positive infinity, the result is
+     * positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li> If the argument is zero, the result is
+     * {@link Double#MIN_VALUE}
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param d starting floating-point value
+     * @return The adjacent floating-point value closer to positive
+     * infinity.
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static double nextUp(double d) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextUp(d);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the floating-point value adjacent to {@code f} in
+     * the direction of positive infinity.  This method is
+     * semantically equivalent to {@code nextAfter(f,
+     * Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY)}; however, a {@code nextUp}
+     * implementation may run faster than its equivalent
+     * {@code nextAfter} call.
+     *
+     * <p>Special Cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
+     *
+     * <li> If the argument is positive infinity, the result is
+     * positive infinity.
+     *
+     * <li> If the argument is zero, the result is
+     * {@link Float#MIN_VALUE}
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param f starting floating-point value
+     * @return The adjacent floating-point value closer to positive
+     * infinity.
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static float nextUp(float f) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextUp(f);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Return {@code d} &times;
+     * 2<sup>{@code scaleFactor}</sup> rounded as if performed
+     * by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a
+     * member of the double value set.  See the Java
+     * Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point
+     * value sets.  If the exponent of the result is between {@link
+     * Double#MIN_EXPONENT} and {@link Double#MAX_EXPONENT}, the
+     * answer is calculated exactly.  If the exponent of the result
+     * would be larger than {@code Double.MAX_EXPONENT}, an
+     * infinity is returned.  Note that if the result is subnormal,
+     * precision may be lost; that is, when {@code scalb(x, n)}
+     * is subnormal, {@code scalb(scalb(x, n), -n)} may not equal
+     * <i>x</i>.  When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same
+     * sign as {@code d}.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
+     * <li> If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the
+     * same sign is returned.
+     * <li> If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same
+     * sign is returned.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param d number to be scaled by a power of two.
+     * @param scaleFactor power of 2 used to scale {@code d}
+     * @return {@code d} &times; 2<sup>{@code scaleFactor}</sup>
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static double scalb(double d, int scaleFactor) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.scalb(d, scaleFactor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return {@code f} &times;
+     * 2<sup>{@code scaleFactor}</sup> rounded as if performed
+     * by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a
+     * member of the float value set.  See the Java
+     * Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point
+     * value sets.  If the exponent of the result is between {@link
+     * Float#MIN_EXPONENT} and {@link Float#MAX_EXPONENT}, the
+     * answer is calculated exactly.  If the exponent of the result
+     * would be larger than {@code Float.MAX_EXPONENT}, an
+     * infinity is returned.  Note that if the result is subnormal,
+     * precision may be lost; that is, when {@code scalb(x, n)}
+     * is subnormal, {@code scalb(scalb(x, n), -n)} may not equal
+     * <i>x</i>.  When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same
+     * sign as {@code f}.
+     *
+     * <p>Special cases:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
+     * <li> If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the
+     * same sign is returned.
+     * <li> If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same
+     * sign is returned.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param f number to be scaled by a power of two.
+     * @param scaleFactor power of 2 used to scale {@code f}
+     * @return {@code f} &times; 2<sup>{@code scaleFactor}</sup>
+     * @since 1.6
+     */
+    public static float scalb(float f, int scaleFactor) {
+        return sun.misc.FpUtils.scalb(f, scaleFactor);
+    }
+}
diff -r 8a74b5d8d1d4 -r cc0d42d2110a emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Short.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/emul/src/main/java/java/lang/Short.java	Sat Sep 29 10:56:23 2012 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+/**
+ * The {@code Short} class wraps a value of primitive type {@code
+ * short} in an object.  An object of type {@code Short} contains a
+ * single field whose type is {@code short}.
+ *
+ * <p>In addition, this class provides several methods for converting
+ * a {@code short} to a {@code String} and a {@code String} to a
+ * {@code short}, as well as other constants and methods useful when
+ * dealing with a {@code short}.
+ *
+ * @author  Nakul Saraiya
+ * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
+ * @see     java.lang.Number
+ * @since   JDK1.1
+ */
+public final class Short extends Number implements Comparable<Short> {
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the minimum value a {@code short} can
+     * have, -2<sup>15</sup>.
+     */
+    public static final short   MIN_VALUE = -32768;
+
+    /**
+     * A constant holding the maximum value a {@code short} can
+     * have, 2<sup>15</sup>-1.
+     */
+    public static final short   MAX_VALUE = 32767;
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
+     * {@code short}.
+     */
+    public static final Class<Short>    TYPE = (Class<Short>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("short");
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new {@code String} object representing the
+     * specified {@code short}. The radix is assumed to be 10.
+     *
+     * @param s the {@code short} to be converted
+     * @return the string representation of the specified {@code short}
+     * @see java.lang.Integer#toString(int)
+     */
+    public static String toString(short s) {
+        return Integer.toString((int)s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the string argument as a signed {@code short} in the
+     * radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the
+     * string must all be digits, of the specified radix (as
+     * determined by whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char,
+     * int)} returns a nonnegative value) except that the first
+     * character may be an ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) to indicate a negative value or an
+     * ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) to
+     * indicate a positive value.  The resulting {@code short} value
+     * is returned.
+     *
+     * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
+     * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li> The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
+     * length zero.
+     *
+     * <li> The radix is either smaller than {@link
+     * java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or larger than {@link
+     * java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
+     *
+     * <li> Any character of the string is not a digit of the
+     * specified radix, except that the first character may be a minus
+     * sign {@code '-'} (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) or plus sign
+     * {@code '+'} (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) provided that the
+     * string is longer than length 1.
+     *
+     * <li> The value represented by the string is not a value of type
+     * {@code short}.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param s         the {@code String} containing the
+     *                  {@code short} representation to be parsed
+     * @param radix     the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}
+     * @return          the {@code short} represented by the string
+     *                  argument in the specified radix.
+     * @throws          NumberFormatException If the {@code String}
+     *                  does not contain a parsable {@code short}.
+     */
+    public static short parseShort(String s, int radix)
+        throws NumberFormatException {
+        int i = Integer.parseInt(s, radix);
+        if (i < MIN_VALUE || i > MAX_VALUE)
+            throw new NumberFormatException(
+                "Value out of range. Value:\"" + s + "\" Radix:" + radix);
+        return (short)i;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the string argument as a signed decimal {@code
+     * short}. The characters in the string must all be decimal
+     * digits, except that the first character may be an ASCII minus
+     * sign {@code '-'} (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) to indicate a
+     * negative value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002B'</code>) to indicate a positive value.  The
+     * resulting {@code short} value is returned, exactly as if the
+     * argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the {@link
+     * #parseShort(java.lang.String, int)} method.
+     *
+     * @param s a {@code String} containing the {@code short}
+     *          representation to be parsed
+     * @return  the {@code short} value represented by the
+     *          argument in decimal.
+     * @throws  NumberFormatException If the string does not
+     *          contain a parsable {@code short}.
+     */
+    public static short parseShort(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return parseShort(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Short} object holding the value
+     * extracted from the specified {@code String} when parsed
+     * with the radix given by the second argument. The first argument
+     * is interpreted as representing a signed {@code short} in
+     * the radix specified by the second argument, exactly as if the
+     * argument were given to the {@link #parseShort(java.lang.String,
+     * int)} method. The result is a {@code Short} object that
+     * represents the {@code short} value specified by the string.
+     *
+     * <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Short} object
+     * equal to the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code new Short(Short.parseShort(s, radix))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param s         the string to be parsed
+     * @param radix     the radix to be used in interpreting {@code s}
+     * @return          a {@code Short} object holding the value
+     *                  represented by the string argument in the
+     *                  specified radix.
+     * @throws          NumberFormatException If the {@code String} does
+     *                  not contain a parsable {@code short}.
+     */
+    public static Short valueOf(String s, int radix)
+        throws NumberFormatException {
+        return valueOf(parseShort(s, radix));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Short} object holding the
+     * value given by the specified {@code String}. The argument
+     * is interpreted as representing a signed decimal
+     * {@code short}, exactly as if the argument were given to
+     * the {@link #parseShort(java.lang.String)} method. The result is
+     * a {@code Short} object that represents the
+     * {@code short} value specified by the string.
+     *
+     * <p>In other words, this method returns a {@code Short} object
+     * equal to the value of:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code new Short(Short.parseShort(s))}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param s the string to be parsed
+     * @return  a {@code Short} object holding the value
+     *          represented by the string argument
+     * @throws  NumberFormatException If the {@code String} does
+     *          not contain a parsable {@code short}.
+     */
+    public static Short valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        return valueOf(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    private static class ShortCache {
+        private ShortCache(){}
+
+        static final Short cache[] = new Short[-(-128) + 127 + 1];
+
+        static {
+            for(int i = 0; i < cache.length; i++)
+                cache[i] = new Short((short)(i - 128));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Short} instance representing the specified
+     * {@code short} value.
+     * If a new {@code Short} instance is not required, this method
+     * should generally be used in preference to the constructor
+     * {@link #Short(short)}, as this method is likely to yield
+     * significantly better space and time performance by caching
+     * frequently requested values.
+     *
+     * This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127,
+     * inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range.
+     *
+     * @param  s a short value.
+     * @return a {@code Short} instance representing {@code s}.
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    public static Short valueOf(short s) {
+        final int offset = 128;
+        int sAsInt = s;
+        if (sAsInt >= -128 && sAsInt <= 127) { // must cache
+            return ShortCache.cache[sAsInt + offset];
+        }
+        return new Short(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes a {@code String} into a {@code Short}.
+     * Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by
+     * the following grammar:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><i>DecodableString:</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> DecimalNumeral</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0x} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0X} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code #} <i>HexDigits</i>
+     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0} <i>OctalDigits</i>
+     * <p>
+     * <dt><i>Sign:</i>
+     * <dd>{@code -}
+     * <dd>{@code +}
+     * </dl>
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <i>DecimalNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, and <i>OctalDigits</i>
+     * are as defined in section 3.10.1 of
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
+     * except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
+     *
+     * <p>The sequence of characters following an optional
+     * sign and/or radix specifier ("{@code 0x}", "{@code 0X}",
+     * "{@code #}", or leading zero) is parsed as by the {@code
+     * Short.parseShort} method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or
+     * 8).  This sequence of characters must represent a positive
+     * value or a {@link NumberFormatException} will be thrown.  The
+     * result is negated if first character of the specified {@code
+     * String} is the minus sign.  No whitespace characters are
+     * permitted in the {@code String}.
+     *
+     * @param     nm the {@code String} to decode.
+     * @return    a {@code Short} object holding the {@code short}
+     *            value represented by {@code nm}
+     * @throws    NumberFormatException  if the {@code String} does not
+     *            contain a parsable {@code short}.
+     * @see java.lang.Short#parseShort(java.lang.String, int)
+     */
+    public static Short decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException {
+        int i = Integer.decode(nm);
+        if (i < MIN_VALUE || i > MAX_VALUE)
+            throw new NumberFormatException(
+                    "Value " + i + " out of range from input " + nm);
+        return valueOf((short)i);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the {@code Short}.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private final short value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Short} object that
+     * represents the specified {@code short} value.
+     *
+     * @param value     the value to be represented by the
+     *                  {@code Short}.
+     */
+    public Short(short value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Short} object that
+     * represents the {@code short} value indicated by the
+     * {@code String} parameter. The string is converted to a
+     * {@code short} value in exactly the manner used by the
+     * {@code parseShort} method for radix 10.
+     *
+     * @param s the {@code String} to be converted to a
+     *          {@code Short}
+     * @throws  NumberFormatException If the {@code String}
+     *          does not contain a parsable {@code short}.
+     * @see     java.lang.Short#parseShort(java.lang.String, int)
+     */
+    public Short(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
+        this.value = parseShort(s, 10);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Short} as a
+     * {@code byte}.
+     */
+    public byte byteValue() {
+        return (byte)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Short} as a
+     * {@code short}.
+     */
+    public short shortValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Short} as an
+     * {@code int}.
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Short} as a
+     * {@code long}.
+     */
+    public long longValue() {
+        return (long)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Short} as a
+     * {@code float}.
+     */
+    public float floatValue() {
+        return (float)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of this {@code Short} as a
+     * {@code double}.
+     */
+    public double doubleValue() {
+        return (double)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code String} object representing this
+     * {@code Short}'s value.  The value is converted to signed
+     * decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if
+     * the {@code short} value were given as an argument to the
+     * {@link java.lang.Short#toString(short)} method.
+     *
+     * @return  a string representation of the value of this object in
+     *          base&nbsp;10.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return Integer.toString((int)value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hash code for this {@code Short}; equal to the result
+     * of invoking {@code intValue()}.
+     *
+     * @return a hash code value for this {@code Short}
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return (int)value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this object to the specified object.  The result is
+     * {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
+     * {@code null} and is a {@code Short} object that
+     * contains the same {@code short} value as this object.
+     *
+     * @param obj       the object to compare with
+     * @return          {@code true} if the objects are the same;
+     *                  {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj instanceof Short) {
+            return value == ((Short)obj).shortValue();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code Short} objects numerically.
+     *
+     * @param   anotherShort   the {@code Short} to be compared.
+     * @return  the value {@code 0} if this {@code Short} is
+     *          equal to the argument {@code Short}; a value less than
+     *          {@code 0} if this {@code Short} is numerically less
+     *          than the argument {@code Short}; and a value greater than
+     *           {@code 0} if this {@code Short} is numerically
+     *           greater than the argument {@code Short} (signed
+     *           comparison).
+     * @since   1.2
+     */
+    public int compareTo(Short anotherShort) {
+        return compare(this.value, anotherShort.value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two {@code short} values numerically.
+     * The value returned is identical to what would be returned by:
+     * <pre>
+     *    Short.valueOf(x).compareTo(Short.valueOf(y))
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param  x the first {@code short} to compare
+     * @param  y the second {@code short} to compare
+     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
+     *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
+     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public static int compare(short x, short y) {
+        return x - y;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The number of bits used to represent a {@code short} value in two's
+     * complement binary form.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static final int SIZE = 16;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the
+     * two's complement representation of the specified {@code short} value.
+     *
+     * @return the value obtained by reversing (or, equivalently, swapping)
+     *     the bytes in the specified {@code short} value.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static short reverseBytes(short i) {
+        return (short) (((i & 0xFF00) >> 8) | (i << 8));
+    }
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1. for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7515723908773894738L;
+}