/*

 * Copyright (c) 1999, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

 *

 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as

 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this

 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided

 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.

 *

 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that

 * accompanied this code).

 *

 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

 *

 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA

 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any

 * questions.

 */

package org.apidesign.bck2brwsr.emul.reflect;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;

import java.io.DataOutputStream;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.OutputStream;

import java.lang.ref.Reference;

import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;

import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.Arrays;

import java.util.Collections;

import java.util.HashMap;

import java.util.HashSet;

import java.util.LinkedList;

import java.util.Map;

import java.util.Set;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.ListIterator;

import java.util.WeakHashMap;

import org.apidesign.bck2brwsr.core.JavaScriptBody;

import org.apidesign.bck2brwsr.emul.reflect.MethodImpl;

import org.apidesign.vm4brwsr.api.VM;

/**

 * {@code Proxy} provides static methods for creating dynamic proxy

 * classes and instances, and it is also the superclass of all

 * dynamic proxy classes created by those methods.

 *

 * <p>To create a proxy for some interface {@code Foo}:

 * <pre>

 *     InvocationHandler handler = new MyInvocationHandler(...);

 *     Class proxyClass = Proxy.getProxyClass(

 *         Foo.class.getClassLoader(), new Class[] { Foo.class });

 *     Foo f = (Foo) proxyClass.

 *         getConstructor(new Class[] { InvocationHandler.class }).

 *         newInstance(new Object[] { handler });

 * </pre>

 * or more simply:

 * <pre>

 *     Foo f = (Foo) Proxy.newProxyInstance(Foo.class.getClassLoader(),

 *                                          new Class[] { Foo.class },

 *                                          handler);

 * </pre>

 *

 * <p>A <i>dynamic proxy class</i> (simply referred to as a <i>proxy

 * class</i> below) is a class that implements a list of interfaces

 * specified at runtime when the class is created, with behavior as

 * described below.

 *

 * A <i>proxy interface</i> is such an interface that is implemented

 * by a proxy class.

 *

 * A <i>proxy instance</i> is an instance of a proxy class.

 *

 * Each proxy instance has an associated <i>invocation handler</i>

 * object, which implements the interface {@link InvocationHandler}.

 * A method invocation on a proxy instance through one of its proxy

 * interfaces will be dispatched to the {@link InvocationHandler#invoke

 * invoke} method of the instance's invocation handler, passing the proxy

 * instance, a {@code java.lang.reflect.Method} object identifying

 * the method that was invoked, and an array of type {@code Object}

 * containing the arguments.  The invocation handler processes the

 * encoded method invocation as appropriate and the result that it

 * returns will be returned as the result of the method invocation on

 * the proxy instance.

 *

 * <p>A proxy class has the following properties:

 *

 * <ul>

 * <li>Proxy classes are public, final, and not abstract.

 *

 * <li>The unqualified name of a proxy class is unspecified.  The space

 * of class names that begin with the string {@code "$Proxy"}

 * should be, however, reserved for proxy classes.

 *

 * <li>A proxy class extends {@code java.lang.reflect.Proxy}.

 *

 * <li>A proxy class implements exactly the interfaces specified at its

 * creation, in the same order.

 *

 * <li>If a proxy class implements a non-public interface, then it will

 * be defined in the same package as that interface.  Otherwise, the

 * package of a proxy class is also unspecified.  Note that package

 * sealing will not prevent a proxy class from being successfully defined

 * in a particular package at runtime, and neither will classes already

 * defined by the same class loader and the same package with particular

 * signers.

 *

 * <li>Since a proxy class implements all of the interfaces specified at

 * its creation, invoking {@code getInterfaces} on its

 * {@code Class} object will return an array containing the same

 * list of interfaces (in the order specified at its creation), invoking

 * {@code getMethods} on its {@code Class} object will return

 * an array of {@code Method} objects that include all of the

 * methods in those interfaces, and invoking {@code getMethod} will

 * find methods in the proxy interfaces as would be expected.

 *

 * <li>The {@link Proxy#isProxyClass Proxy.isProxyClass} method will

 * return true if it is passed a proxy class-- a class returned by

 * {@code Proxy.getProxyClass} or the class of an object returned by

 * {@code Proxy.newProxyInstance}-- and false otherwise.

 *

 * <li>The {@code java.security.ProtectionDomain} of a proxy class

 * is the same as that of system classes loaded by the bootstrap class

 * loader, such as {@code java.lang.Object}, because the code for a

 * proxy class is generated by trusted system code.  This protection

 * domain will typically be granted

 * {@code java.security.AllPermission}.

 *

 * <li>Each proxy class has one public constructor that takes one argument,

 * an implementation of the interface {@link InvocationHandler}, to set

 * the invocation handler for a proxy instance.  Rather than having to use

 * the reflection API to access the public constructor, a proxy instance

 * can be also be created by calling the {@link Proxy#newProxyInstance

 * Proxy.newProxyInstance} method, which combines the actions of calling

 * {@link Proxy#getProxyClass Proxy.getProxyClass} with invoking the

 * constructor with an invocation handler.

 * </ul>

 *

 * <p>A proxy instance has the following properties:

 *

 * <ul>

 * <li>Given a proxy instance {@code proxy} and one of the

 * interfaces implemented by its proxy class {@code Foo}, the

 * following expression will return true:

 * <pre>

 *     {@code proxy instanceof Foo}

 * </pre>

 * and the following cast operation will succeed (rather than throwing

 * a {@code ClassCastException}):

 * <pre>

 *     {@code (Foo) proxy}

 * </pre>

 *

 * <li>Each proxy instance has an associated invocation handler, the one

 * that was passed to its constructor.  The static

 * {@link Proxy#getInvocationHandler Proxy.getInvocationHandler} method

 * will return the invocation handler associated with the proxy instance

 * passed as its argument.

 *

 * <li>An interface method invocation on a proxy instance will be

 * encoded and dispatched to the invocation handler's {@link

 * InvocationHandler#invoke invoke} method as described in the

 * documentation for that method.

 *

 * <li>An invocation of the {@code hashCode},

 * {@code equals}, or {@code toString} methods declared in

 * {@code java.lang.Object} on a proxy instance will be encoded and

 * dispatched to the invocation handler's {@code invoke} method in

 * the same manner as interface method invocations are encoded and

 * dispatched, as described above.  The declaring class of the

 * {@code Method} object passed to {@code invoke} will be

 * {@code java.lang.Object}.  Other public methods of a proxy

 * instance inherited from {@code java.lang.Object} are not

 * overridden by a proxy class, so invocations of those methods behave

 * like they do for instances of {@code java.lang.Object}.

 * </ul>

 *

 * <h3>Methods Duplicated in Multiple Proxy Interfaces</h3>

 *

 * <p>When two or more interfaces of a proxy class contain a method with

 * the same name and parameter signature, the order of the proxy class's

 * interfaces becomes significant.  When such a <i>duplicate method</i>

 * is invoked on a proxy instance, the {@code Method} object passed

 * to the invocation handler will not necessarily be the one whose

 * declaring class is assignable from the reference type of the interface

 * that the proxy's method was invoked through.  This limitation exists

 * because the corresponding method implementation in the generated proxy

 * class cannot determine which interface it was invoked through.

 * Therefore, when a duplicate method is invoked on a proxy instance,

 * the {@code Method} object for the method in the foremost interface

 * that contains the method (either directly or inherited through a

 * superinterface) in the proxy class's list of interfaces is passed to

 * the invocation handler's {@code invoke} method, regardless of the

 * reference type through which the method invocation occurred.

 *

 * <p>If a proxy interface contains a method with the same name and

 * parameter signature as the {@code hashCode}, {@code equals},

 * or {@code toString} methods of {@code java.lang.Object},

 * when such a method is invoked on a proxy instance, the

 * {@code Method} object passed to the invocation handler will have

 * {@code java.lang.Object} as its declaring class.  In other words,

 * the public, non-final methods of {@code java.lang.Object}

 * logically precede all of the proxy interfaces for the determination of

 * which {@code Method} object to pass to the invocation handler.

 *

 * <p>Note also that when a duplicate method is dispatched to an

 * invocation handler, the {@code invoke} method may only throw

 * checked exception types that are assignable to one of the exception

 * types in the {@code throws} clause of the method in <i>all</i> of

 * the proxy interfaces that it can be invoked through.  If the

 * {@code invoke} method throws a checked exception that is not

 * assignable to any of the exception types declared by the method in one

 * of the proxy interfaces that it can be invoked through, then an

 * unchecked {@code UndeclaredThrowableException} will be thrown by

 * the invocation on the proxy instance.  This restriction means that not

 * all of the exception types returned by invoking

 * {@code getExceptionTypes} on the {@code Method} object

 * passed to the {@code invoke} method can necessarily be thrown

 * successfully by the {@code invoke} method.

 *

 * @author      Peter Jones

 * @see         InvocationHandler

 * @since       1.3

 */

public final class ProxyImpl implements java.io.Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -2222568056686623797L;

    /** prefix for all proxy class names */

    private final static String proxyClassNamePrefix = "$Proxy";

    /** parameter types of a proxy class constructor */

    private final static Class[] constructorParams =

        { InvocationHandler.class };

    /** maps a class loader to the proxy class cache for that loader */

    private static Map<ClassLoader, Map<List<String>, Object>> loaderToCache

        = new WeakHashMap<>();

    /** marks that a particular proxy class is currently being generated */

    private static Object pendingGenerationMarker = new Object();

    /** next number to use for generation of unique proxy class names */

    private static long nextUniqueNumber = 0;

    private static Object nextUniqueNumberLock = new Object();

    /** set of all generated proxy classes, for isProxyClass implementation */

    private static Map<Class<?>, Void> proxyClasses =

        Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Class<?>, Void>());

    /**

     * the invocation handler for this proxy instance.

     * @serial

     */

    protected InvocationHandler h;

    /**

     * Prohibits instantiation.

     */

    private ProxyImpl() {

    }

    /**

     * Constructs a new {@code Proxy} instance from a subclass

     * (typically, a dynamic proxy class) with the specified value

     * for its invocation handler.

     *

     * @param   h the invocation handler for this proxy instance

     */

    protected ProxyImpl(InvocationHandler h) {

        this.h = h;

    }

    /**

     * Returns the {@code java.lang.Class} object for a proxy class

     * given a class loader and an array of interfaces.  The proxy class

     * will be defined by the specified class loader and will implement

     * all of the supplied interfaces.  If a proxy class for the same

     * permutation of interfaces has already been defined by the class

     * loader, then the existing proxy class will be returned; otherwise,

     * a proxy class for those interfaces will be generated dynamically

     * and defined by the class loader.

     *

     * <p>There are several restrictions on the parameters that may be

     * passed to {@code Proxy.getProxyClass}:

     *

     * <ul>

     * <li>All of the {@code Class} objects in the

     * {@code interfaces} array must represent interfaces, not

     * classes or primitive types.

     *

     * <li>No two elements in the {@code interfaces} array may

     * refer to identical {@code Class} objects.

     *

     * <li>All of the interface types must be visible by name through the

     * specified class loader.  In other words, for class loader

     * {@code cl} and every interface {@code i}, the following

     * expression must be true:

     * <pre>

     *     Class.forName(i.getName(), false, cl) == i

     * </pre>

     *

     * <li>All non-public interfaces must be in the same package;

     * otherwise, it would not be possible for the proxy class to

     * implement all of the interfaces, regardless of what package it is

     * defined in.

     *

     * <li>For any set of member methods of the specified interfaces

     * that have the same signature:

     * <ul>

     * <li>If the return type of any of the methods is a primitive

     * type or void, then all of the methods must have that same

     * return type.

     * <li>Otherwise, one of the methods must have a return type that

     * is assignable to all of the return types of the rest of the

     * methods.

     * </ul>

     *

     * <li>The resulting proxy class must not exceed any limits imposed

     * on classes by the virtual machine.  For example, the VM may limit

     * the number of interfaces that a class may implement to 65535; in

     * that case, the size of the {@code interfaces} array must not

     * exceed 65535.

     * </ul>

     *

     * <p>If any of these restrictions are violated,

     * {@code Proxy.getProxyClass} will throw an

     * {@code IllegalArgumentException}.  If the {@code interfaces}

     * array argument or any of its elements are {@code null}, a

     * {@code NullPointerException} will be thrown.

     *

     * <p>Note that the order of the specified proxy interfaces is

     * significant: two requests for a proxy class with the same combination

     * of interfaces but in a different order will result in two distinct

     * proxy classes.

     *

     * @param   loader the class loader to define the proxy class

     * @param   interfaces the list of interfaces for the proxy class

     *          to implement

     * @return  a proxy class that is defined in the specified class loader

     *          and that implements the specified interfaces

     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException if any of the restrictions on the

     *          parameters that may be passed to {@code getProxyClass}

     *          are violated

     * @throws  NullPointerException if the {@code interfaces} array

     *          argument or any of its elements are {@code null}

     */

    public static Class<?> getProxyClass(ClassLoader loader,

                                         Class<?>... interfaces)

        throws IllegalArgumentException

    {

        if (interfaces.length > 65535) {

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("interface limit exceeded");

        }

        Class<?> proxyClass = null;

        /* collect interface names to use as key for proxy class cache */

        String[] interfaceNames = new String[interfaces.length];

        // for detecting duplicates

        Set<Class<?>> interfaceSet = new HashSet<>();

        for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {

            /*

             * Verify that the class loader resolves the name of this

             * interface to the same Class object.

             */

            String interfaceName = interfaces[i].getName();

            Class<?> interfaceClass = null;

            try {

                interfaceClass = Class.forName(interfaceName, false, loader);

            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {

            }

            if (interfaceClass != interfaces[i]) {

                throw new IllegalArgumentException(

                    interfaces[i] + " is not visible from class loader");

            }

            /*

             * Verify that the Class object actually represents an

             * interface.

             */

            if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) {

                throw new IllegalArgumentException(

                    interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface");

            }

            /*

             * Verify that this interface is not a duplicate.

             */

            if (interfaceSet.contains(interfaceClass)) {

                throw new IllegalArgumentException(

                    "repeated interface: " + interfaceClass.getName());

            }

            interfaceSet.add(interfaceClass);

            interfaceNames[i] = interfaceName;

        }

        /*

         * Using string representations of the proxy interfaces as

         * keys in the proxy class cache (instead of their Class

         * objects) is sufficient because we require the proxy

         * interfaces to be resolvable by name through the supplied

         * class loader, and it has the advantage that using a string

         * representation of a class makes for an implicit weak

         * reference to the class.

         */

        List<String> key = Arrays.asList(interfaceNames);

        /*

         * Find or create the proxy class cache for the class loader.

         */

        Map<List<String>, Object> cache;

        synchronized (loaderToCache) {

            cache = loaderToCache.get(loader);

            if (cache == null) {

                cache = new HashMap<>();

                loaderToCache.put(loader, cache);

            }

            /*

             * This mapping will remain valid for the duration of this

             * method, without further synchronization, because the mapping

             * will only be removed if the class loader becomes unreachable.

             */

        }

        /*

         * Look up the list of interfaces in the proxy class cache using

         * the key.  This lookup will result in one of three possible

         * kinds of values:

         *     null, if there is currently no proxy class for the list of

         *         interfaces in the class loader,

         *     the pendingGenerationMarker object, if a proxy class for the

         *         list of interfaces is currently being generated,

         *     or a weak reference to a Class object, if a proxy class for

         *         the list of interfaces has already been generated.

         */

        synchronized (cache) {

            /*

             * Note that we need not worry about reaping the cache for

             * entries with cleared weak references because if a proxy class

             * has been garbage collected, its class loader will have been

             * garbage collected as well, so the entire cache will be reaped

             * from the loaderToCache map.

             */

            do {

                Object value = cache.get(key);

                if (value instanceof Reference) {

                    proxyClass = (Class<?>) ((Reference) value).get();

                }

                if (proxyClass != null) {

                    // proxy class already generated: return it

                    return proxyClass;

                } else if (value == pendingGenerationMarker) {

                    // proxy class being generated: wait for it

                    try {

                        cache.wait();

                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {

                        /*

                         * The class generation that we are waiting for should

                         * take a small, bounded time, so we can safely ignore

                         * thread interrupts here.

                         */

                    }

                    continue;

                } else {

                    /*

                     * No proxy class for this list of interfaces has been

                     * generated or is being generated, so we will go and

                     * generate it now.  Mark it as pending generation.

                     */

                    cache.put(key, pendingGenerationMarker);

                    break;

                }

            } while (true);

        }

        try {

            String proxyPkg = null;     // package to define proxy class in

            /*

             * Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the

             * proxy class will be defined in the same package.  Verify that

             * all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package.

             */

            for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {

                int flags = interfaces[i].getModifiers();

                if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) {

                    String name = interfaces[i].getName();

                    int n = name.lastIndexOf('.');

                    String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1));

                    if (proxyPkg == null) {

                        proxyPkg = pkg;

                    } else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) {

                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(

                            "non-public interfaces from different packages");

                    }

                }

            }

            if (proxyPkg == null) {     // if no non-public proxy interfaces,

                proxyPkg = "";          // use the unnamed package

            }

            {

                /*

                 * Choose a name for the proxy class to generate.

                 */

                long num;

                synchronized (nextUniqueNumberLock) {

                    num = nextUniqueNumber++;

                }

                String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num;

                /*

                 * Verify that the class loader hasn't already

                 * defined a class with the chosen name.

                 */

                /*

                 * Generate the specified proxy class.

                 */

                Generator gen = new Generator(proxyName, interfaces);

                final byte[] proxyClassFile = gen.generateClassFile();

                try {

                    proxyClass = defineClass0(loader, proxyName,

                        proxyClassFile);

                } catch (ClassFormatError e) {

                    /*

                     * A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the

                     * proxy class generation code) there was some other

                     * invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy

                     * class creation (such as virtual machine limitations

                     * exceeded).

                     */

                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());

                }

                gen.fillInMethods(proxyClass);

            }

            // add to set of all generated proxy classes, for isProxyClass

            proxyClasses.put(proxyClass, null);

        } finally {

            /*

             * We must clean up the "pending generation" state of the proxy

             * class cache entry somehow.  If a proxy class was successfully

             * generated, store it in the cache (with a weak reference);

             * otherwise, remove the reserved entry.  In all cases, notify

             * all waiters on reserved entries in this cache.

             */

            synchronized (cache) {

                if (proxyClass != null) {

                    cache.put(key, new WeakReference<Class<?>>(proxyClass));

                } else {

                    cache.remove(key);

                }

                cache.notifyAll();

            }

        }

        return proxyClass;

    }

    /**

     * Returns an instance of a proxy class for the specified interfaces

     * that dispatches method invocations to the specified invocation

     * handler.  This method is equivalent to:

     * <pre>

     *     Proxy.getProxyClass(loader, interfaces).

     *         getConstructor(new Class[] { InvocationHandler.class }).

     *         newInstance(new Object[] { handler });

     * </pre>

     *

     * <p>{@code Proxy.newProxyInstance} throws

     * {@code IllegalArgumentException} for the same reasons that

     * {@code Proxy.getProxyClass} does.

     *

     * @param   loader the class loader to define the proxy class

     * @param   interfaces the list of interfaces for the proxy class

     *          to implement

     * @param   h the invocation handler to dispatch method invocations to

     * @return  a proxy instance with the specified invocation handler of a

     *          proxy class that is defined by the specified class loader

     *          and that implements the specified interfaces

     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException if any of the restrictions on the

     *          parameters that may be passed to {@code getProxyClass}

     *          are violated

     * @throws  NullPointerException if the {@code interfaces} array

     *          argument or any of its elements are {@code null}, or

     *          if the invocation handler, {@code h}, is

     *          {@code null}

     */

    public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,

                                          Class<?>[] interfaces,

                                          InvocationHandler h)

        throws IllegalArgumentException

    {

        if (h == null) {

            throw new NullPointerException();

        }

        /*

         * Look up or generate the designated proxy class.

         */

        Class<?> cl = getProxyClass(loader, interfaces);

        /*

         * Invoke its constructor with the designated invocation handler.

         */

        try {

            Constructor cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams);

            return cons.newInstance(new Object[] { h });

        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {

            throw new InternalError(e.toString());

        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {

            throw new InternalError(e.toString());

        } catch (InstantiationException e) {

            throw new InternalError(e.toString());

        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {

            throw new InternalError(e.toString());

        }

    }

    /**

     * Returns true if and only if the specified class was dynamically

     * generated to be a proxy class using the {@code getProxyClass}

     * method or the {@code newProxyInstance} method.

     *

     * <p>The reliability of this method is important for the ability

     * to use it to make security decisions, so its implementation should

     * not just test if the class in question extends {@code Proxy}.

     *

     * @param   cl the class to test

     * @return  {@code true} if the class is a proxy class and

     *          {@code false} otherwise

     * @throws  NullPointerException if {@code cl} is {@code null}

     */

    public static boolean isProxyClass(Class<?> cl) {

        if (cl == null) {

            throw new NullPointerException();

        }

        return proxyClasses.containsKey(cl);

    }

    /**

     * Returns the invocation handler for the specified proxy instance.

     *

     * @param   proxy the proxy instance to return the invocation handler for

     * @return  the invocation handler for the proxy instance

     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException if the argument is not a

     *          proxy instance

     */

    public static InvocationHandler getInvocationHandler(Object proxy)

        throws IllegalArgumentException

    {

        /*

         * Verify that the object is actually a proxy instance.

         */

        if (!isProxyClass(proxy.getClass())) {

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a proxy instance");

        }

        ProxyImpl p = (ProxyImpl) proxy;

        return p.h;

    }

    @JavaScriptBody(args = { "ignore", "name", "byteCode" }, 

        body = 

            "var r = vm._reload;"

          + "if (!r) r = exports._reload;"

          + "return r(name, byteCode).constructor.$class;"

    )

    private static native Class defineClass0(

        ClassLoader loader, String name, byte[] b

    );

    private static class Generator {

        /*

         * In the comments below, "JVMS" refers to The Java Virtual Machine

         * Specification Second Edition and "JLS" refers to the original

         * version of The Java Language Specification, unless otherwise

         * specified.

         */

        /* need 1.6 bytecode */

        private static final int CLASSFILE_MAJOR_VERSION = 50;

        private static final int CLASSFILE_MINOR_VERSION = 0;

        /*

         * beginning of constants copied from

         * sun.tools.java.RuntimeConstants (which no longer exists):

         */

        /* constant pool tags */

        private static final int CONSTANT_UTF8 = 1;

        private static final int CONSTANT_UNICODE = 2;

        private static final int CONSTANT_INTEGER = 3;

        private static final int CONSTANT_FLOAT = 4;

        private static final int CONSTANT_LONG = 5;

        private static final int CONSTANT_DOUBLE = 6;

        private static final int CONSTANT_CLASS = 7;

        private static final int CONSTANT_STRING = 8;

        private static final int CONSTANT_FIELD = 9;

        private static final int CONSTANT_METHOD = 10;

        private static final int CONSTANT_INTERFACEMETHOD = 11;

        private static final int CONSTANT_NAMEANDTYPE = 12;

        /* access and modifier flags */

        private static final int ACC_PUBLIC = 0x00000001;

        private static final int ACC_FINAL = 0x00000010;

        private static final int ACC_SUPER = 0x00000020;

    // end of constants copied from sun.tools.java.RuntimeConstants

        /**

         * name of the superclass of proxy classes

         */

        private final static String superclassName = "java/lang/reflect/Proxy";

        /**

         * name of field for storing a proxy instance's invocation handler

         */

        private final static String handlerFieldName = "h";

        /* preloaded Method objects for methods in java.lang.Object */

        private static Method hashCodeMethod;

        private static Method equalsMethod;

        private static Method toStringMethod;

        static {

            try {

                hashCodeMethod = Object.class.getMethod("hashCode");

                equalsMethod

                    = Object.class.getMethod("equals", new Class[]{Object.class});

                toStringMethod = Object.class.getMethod("toString");

            } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {

                throw new IllegalStateException(e.getMessage());

            }

        }

        /**

         * name of proxy class

         */

        private String className;

        /**

         * proxy interfaces

         */

        private Class[] interfaces;

        /**

         * constant pool of class being generated

         */

        private ConstantPool cp = new ConstantPool();

        /**

         * maps method signature string to list of ProxyMethod objects for proxy

         * methods with that signature

         */

        private Map<String, List<ProxyMethod>> proxyMethods

            = new HashMap<String, List<ProxyMethod>>();

        /**

         * count of ProxyMethod objects added to proxyMethods

         */

        private int proxyMethodCount = 0;

        /**

         * Construct a ProxyGenerator to generate a proxy class with the

         * specified name and for the given interfaces.

         *

         * A ProxyGenerator object contains the state for the ongoing generation

         * of a particular proxy class.

         */

        private Generator(String className, Class[] interfaces) {

            this.className = className;

            this.interfaces = interfaces;

        }

        /**

         * Generate a class file for the proxy class. This method drives the

         * class file generation process.

         */

        private byte[] generateClassFile() {

            /* ============================================================

             * Step 1: Assemble ProxyMethod objects for all methods to

             * generate proxy dispatching code for.

             */

            /*

             * Record that proxy methods are needed for the hashCode, equals,

             * and toString methods of java.lang.Object.  This is done before

             * the methods from the proxy interfaces so that the methods from

             * java.lang.Object take precedence over duplicate methods in the

             * proxy interfaces.

             */

            addProxyMethod(hashCodeMethod, Object.class);

            addProxyMethod(equalsMethod, Object.class);

            addProxyMethod(toStringMethod, Object.class);

            /*

             * Now record all of the methods from the proxy interfaces, giving

             * earlier interfaces precedence over later ones with duplicate

             * methods.

             */

            for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {

                Method[] methods = interfaces[i].getMethods();

                for (int j = 0; j < methods.length; j++) {

                    addProxyMethod(methods[j], interfaces[i]);

                }

            }

            /*

             * For each set of proxy methods with the same signature,

             * verify that the methods' return types are compatible.

             */

            for (List<ProxyMethod> sigmethods : proxyMethods.values()) {

                checkReturnTypes(sigmethods);

            }

            /* ============================================================

             * Step 2: Assemble FieldInfo and MethodInfo structs for all of

             * fields and methods in the class we are generating.

             */

            // will be done in fillInMethods

            /* ============================================================

             * Step 3: Write the final class file.

             */

            /*

             * Make sure that constant pool indexes are reserved for the

             * following items before starting to write the final class file.

             */

            cp.getClass(dotToSlash(className));

            cp.getClass(superclassName);

            for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {

                cp.getClass(dotToSlash(interfaces[i].getName()));

            }

            /*

             * Disallow new constant pool additions beyond this point, since

             * we are about to write the final constant pool table.

             */

            cp.setReadOnly();

            ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

            DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(bout);

            try {

                /*

                 * Write all the items of the "ClassFile" structure.

                 * See JVMS section 4.1.

                 */

                // u4 magic;

                dout.writeInt(0xCAFEBABE);

                // u2 minor_version;

                dout.writeShort(CLASSFILE_MINOR_VERSION);

                // u2 major_version;

                dout.writeShort(CLASSFILE_MAJOR_VERSION);

                cp.write(dout);             // (write constant pool)

                // u2 access_flags;

                dout.writeShort(ACC_PUBLIC | ACC_FINAL | ACC_SUPER);

                // u2 this_class;

                dout.writeShort(cp.getClass(dotToSlash(className)));

                // u2 super_class;

                dout.writeShort(cp.getClass(superclassName));

                // u2 interfaces_count;

                dout.writeShort(interfaces.length);

                // u2 interfaces[interfaces_count];

                for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {

                    dout.writeShort(cp.getClass(

                        dotToSlash(interfaces[i].getName())));

                }

                // u2 fields_count;

                dout.writeShort(0);

                // u2 methods_count;

                dout.writeShort(0);

                // u2 attributes_count;

                dout.writeShort(0); // (no ClassFile attributes for proxy classes)

            } catch (IOException e) {

                throw new InternalError("unexpected I/O Exception");

            }

            return bout.toByteArray();

        }

        @JavaScriptBody(args = { "c", "sig", "method", "primitive" }, body = 

            "var p = c.cnstr.prototype;\n" +

            "p[sig] = function() {\n" +

            "  var h = this._h();\n" +

            "  var res = h.invoke__Ljava_lang_Object_2Ljava_lang_Object_2Ljava_lang_reflect_Method_2_3Ljava_lang_Object_2(this, method, arguments);\n" +

            "  \n" +

            "  \n" +

            "  return res;\n" +

            "};"

        )

        private static native void defineMethod(Class<?> proxyClass, String sig, Method method, boolean primitive);

        @JavaScriptBody(args = "c", body = 

              "var h = c.cnstr.cons__VLjava_lang_reflect_InvocationHandler_2 = function(h) {\n"

            + "  c.superclass.cnstr.cons__VLjava_lang_reflect_InvocationHandler_2.call(this, h);\n"

            + "}\n"

            + "h.cls = c.cnstr;\n"

        )

        private static native void defineConstructor(Class<?> proxyClass);

        final void fillInMethods(Class<?> proxyClass) {

            for (List<ProxyMethod> sigmethods : proxyMethods.values()) {

                for (ProxyMethod pm : sigmethods) {

                    String sig = MethodImpl.toSignature(pm.method);

                    defineMethod(proxyClass, sig, pm.method, pm.method.getReturnType().isPrimitive());

                }

            }

            defineConstructor(proxyClass);

        }

        /**

         * Add another method to be proxied, either by creating a new

         * ProxyMethod object or augmenting an old one for a duplicate method.

         *

         * "fromClass" indicates the proxy interface that the method was found

         * through, which may be different from (a subinterface of) the method's

         * "declaring class". Note that the first Method object passed for a

         * given name and descriptor identifies the Method object (and thus the

         * declaring class) that will be passed to the invocation handler's

         * "invoke" method for a given set of duplicate methods.

         */

        private void addProxyMethod(Method m, Class fromClass) {

            String name = m.getName();

            Class[] parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();

            Class returnType = m.getReturnType();

            Class[] exceptionTypes = m.getExceptionTypes();

            String sig = MethodImpl.toSignature(m);

            List<ProxyMethod> sigmethods = proxyMethods.get(sig);

            if (sigmethods != null) {

                for (ProxyMethod pm : sigmethods) {

                    if (returnType == pm.returnType) {

                        /*

                         * Found a match: reduce exception types to the

                         * greatest set of exceptions that can thrown

                         * compatibly with the throws clauses of both

                         * overridden methods.

                         */

                        List<Class<?>> legalExceptions = new ArrayList<Class<?>>();

                        collectCompatibleTypes(

                            exceptionTypes, pm.exceptionTypes, legalExceptions);

                        collectCompatibleTypes(

                            pm.exceptionTypes, exceptionTypes, legalExceptions);

                        pm.exceptionTypes = new Class[legalExceptions.size()];

                        pm.exceptionTypes

                            = legalExceptions.toArray(pm.exceptionTypes);

                        return;

                    }

                }

            } else {

                sigmethods = new ArrayList<ProxyMethod>(3);

                proxyMethods.put(sig, sigmethods);

            }

            sigmethods.add(new ProxyMethod(m, name, parameterTypes, returnType,

                exceptionTypes, fromClass));

        }

        /**

         * For a given set of proxy methods with the same signature, check that

         * their return types are compatible according to the Proxy

         * specification.

         *

         * Specifically, if there is more than one such method, then all of the

         * return types must be reference types, and there must be one return

         * type that is assignable to each of the rest of them.