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/*
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* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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*
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* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
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* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
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* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
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* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
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*
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* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
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* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
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* accompanied this code).
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*
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* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
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* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
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*
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* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
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* questions.
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*/
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/*
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* This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
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* License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
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* However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
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* file:
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*
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* Written by Doug Lea, Bill Scherer, and Michael Scott with
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* assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 Expert Group and released to
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* the public domain, as explained at
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* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
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*/
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package java.util.concurrent;
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import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
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import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
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/**
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* A synchronization point at which threads can pair and swap elements
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* within pairs. Each thread presents some object on entry to the
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* {@link #exchange exchange} method, matches with a partner thread,
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* and receives its partner's object on return. An Exchanger may be
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* viewed as a bidirectional form of a {@link SynchronousQueue}.
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* Exchangers may be useful in applications such as genetic algorithms
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* and pipeline designs.
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*
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* <p><b>Sample Usage:</b>
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* Here are the highlights of a class that uses an {@code Exchanger}
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* to swap buffers between threads so that the thread filling the
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* buffer gets a freshly emptied one when it needs it, handing off the
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* filled one to the thread emptying the buffer.
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* <pre>{@code
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* class FillAndEmpty {
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* Exchanger<DataBuffer> exchanger = new Exchanger<DataBuffer>();
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* DataBuffer initialEmptyBuffer = ... a made-up type
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* DataBuffer initialFullBuffer = ...
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*
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* class FillingLoop implements Runnable {
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* public void run() {
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* DataBuffer currentBuffer = initialEmptyBuffer;
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* try {
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* while (currentBuffer != null) {
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* addToBuffer(currentBuffer);
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* if (currentBuffer.isFull())
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* currentBuffer = exchanger.exchange(currentBuffer);
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* }
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* } catch (InterruptedException ex) { ... handle ... }
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* }
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* }
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*
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* class EmptyingLoop implements Runnable {
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* public void run() {
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* DataBuffer currentBuffer = initialFullBuffer;
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* try {
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* while (currentBuffer != null) {
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* takeFromBuffer(currentBuffer);
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* if (currentBuffer.isEmpty())
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* currentBuffer = exchanger.exchange(currentBuffer);
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* }
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* } catch (InterruptedException ex) { ... handle ...}
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* }
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* }
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*
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* void start() {
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* new Thread(new FillingLoop()).start();
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* new Thread(new EmptyingLoop()).start();
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* }
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* }
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* }</pre>
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*
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* <p>Memory consistency effects: For each pair of threads that
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* successfully exchange objects via an {@code Exchanger}, actions
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* prior to the {@code exchange()} in each thread
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* <a href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>
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* those subsequent to a return from the corresponding {@code exchange()}
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* in the other thread.
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*
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* @since 1.5
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* @author Doug Lea and Bill Scherer and Michael Scott
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* @param <V> The type of objects that may be exchanged
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*/
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public class Exchanger<V> {
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/*
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* Algorithm Description:
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*
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* The basic idea is to maintain a "slot", which is a reference to
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* a Node containing both an Item to offer and a "hole" waiting to
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* get filled in. If an incoming "occupying" thread sees that the
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* slot is null, it CAS'es (compareAndSets) a Node there and waits
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* for another to invoke exchange. That second "fulfilling" thread
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* sees that the slot is non-null, and so CASes it back to null,
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* also exchanging items by CASing the hole, plus waking up the
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* occupying thread if it is blocked. In each case CAS'es may
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* fail because a slot at first appears non-null but is null upon
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* CAS, or vice-versa. So threads may need to retry these
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* actions.
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*
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* This simple approach works great when there are only a few
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* threads using an Exchanger, but performance rapidly
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* deteriorates due to CAS contention on the single slot when
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* there are lots of threads using an exchanger. So instead we use
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* an "arena"; basically a kind of hash table with a dynamically
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* varying number of slots, any one of which can be used by
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* threads performing an exchange. Incoming threads pick slots
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* based on a hash of their Thread ids. If an incoming thread
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* fails to CAS in its chosen slot, it picks an alternative slot
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* instead. And similarly from there. If a thread successfully
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* CASes into a slot but no other thread arrives, it tries
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* another, heading toward the zero slot, which always exists even
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* if the table shrinks. The particular mechanics controlling this
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* are as follows:
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*
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* Waiting: Slot zero is special in that it is the only slot that
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* exists when there is no contention. A thread occupying slot
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* zero will block if no thread fulfills it after a short spin.
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* In other cases, occupying threads eventually give up and try
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* another slot. Waiting threads spin for a while (a period that
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* should be a little less than a typical context-switch time)
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* before either blocking (if slot zero) or giving up (if other
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* slots) and restarting. There is no reason for threads to block
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* unless there are unlikely to be any other threads present.
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* Occupants are mainly avoiding memory contention so sit there
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* quietly polling for a shorter period than it would take to
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* block and then unblock them. Non-slot-zero waits that elapse
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* because of lack of other threads waste around one extra
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* context-switch time per try, which is still on average much
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* faster than alternative approaches.
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*
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* Sizing: Usually, using only a few slots suffices to reduce
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* contention. Especially with small numbers of threads, using
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* too many slots can lead to just as poor performance as using
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* too few of them, and there's not much room for error. The
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* variable "max" maintains the number of slots actually in
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* use. It is increased when a thread sees too many CAS
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* failures. (This is analogous to resizing a regular hash table
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* based on a target load factor, except here, growth steps are
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* just one-by-one rather than proportional.) Growth requires
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* contention failures in each of three tried slots. Requiring
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* multiple failures for expansion copes with the fact that some
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* failed CASes are not due to contention but instead to simple
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* races between two threads or thread pre-emptions occurring
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* between reading and CASing. Also, very transient peak
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* contention can be much higher than the average sustainable
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* levels. An attempt to decrease the max limit is usually made
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* when a non-slot-zero wait elapses without being fulfilled.
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* Threads experiencing elapsed waits move closer to zero, so
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* eventually find existing (or future) threads even if the table
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* has been shrunk due to inactivity. The chosen mechanics and
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* thresholds for growing and shrinking are intrinsically
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* entangled with indexing and hashing inside the exchange code,
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* and can't be nicely abstracted out.
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*
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* Hashing: Each thread picks its initial slot to use in accord
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* with a simple hashcode. The sequence is the same on each
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* encounter by any given thread, but effectively random across
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* threads. Using arenas encounters the classic cost vs quality
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* tradeoffs of all hash tables. Here, we use a one-step FNV-1a
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* hash code based on the current thread's Thread.getId(), along
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* with a cheap approximation to a mod operation to select an
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* index. The downside of optimizing index selection in this way
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* is that the code is hardwired to use a maximum table size of
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* 32. But this value more than suffices for known platforms and
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* applications.
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*
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* Probing: On sensed contention of a selected slot, we probe
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* sequentially through the table, analogously to linear probing
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* after collision in a hash table. (We move circularly, in
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* reverse order, to mesh best with table growth and shrinkage
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* rules.) Except that to minimize the effects of false-alarms
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* and cache thrashing, we try the first selected slot twice
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* before moving.
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*
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* Padding: Even with contention management, slots are heavily
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* contended, so use cache-padding to avoid poor memory
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* performance. Because of this, slots are lazily constructed
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* only when used, to avoid wasting this space unnecessarily.
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* While isolation of locations is not much of an issue at first
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* in an application, as time goes on and garbage-collectors
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* perform compaction, slots are very likely to be moved adjacent
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* to each other, which can cause much thrashing of cache lines on
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* MPs unless padding is employed.
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*
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* This is an improvement of the algorithm described in the paper
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* "A Scalable Elimination-based Exchange Channel" by William
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* Scherer, Doug Lea, and Michael Scott in Proceedings of SCOOL05
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* workshop. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1802/2104
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*/
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/** The number of CPUs, for sizing and spin control */
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private static final int NCPU = 1;
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/**
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* The capacity of the arena. Set to a value that provides more
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* than enough space to handle contention. On small machines
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* most slots won't be used, but it is still not wasted because
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* the extra space provides some machine-level address padding
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* to minimize interference with heavily CAS'ed Slot locations.
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* And on very large machines, performance eventually becomes
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* bounded by memory bandwidth, not numbers of threads/CPUs.
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* This constant cannot be changed without also modifying
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* indexing and hashing algorithms.
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*/
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private static final int CAPACITY = 32;
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/**
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* The value of "max" that will hold all threads without
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* contention. When this value is less than CAPACITY, some
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* otherwise wasted expansion can be avoided.
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*/
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private static final int FULL =
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Math.max(0, Math.min(CAPACITY, NCPU / 2) - 1);
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/**
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* The number of times to spin (doing nothing except polling a
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* memory location) before blocking or giving up while waiting to
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* be fulfilled. Should be zero on uniprocessors. On
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* multiprocessors, this value should be large enough so that two
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* threads exchanging items as fast as possible block only when
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* one of them is stalled (due to GC or preemption), but not much
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* longer, to avoid wasting CPU resources. Seen differently, this
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* value is a little over half the number of cycles of an average
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* context switch time on most systems. The value here is
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* approximately the average of those across a range of tested
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* systems.
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*/
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private static final int SPINS = (NCPU == 1) ? 0 : 2000;
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/**
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* The number of times to spin before blocking in timed waits.
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* Timed waits spin more slowly because checking the time takes
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* time. The best value relies mainly on the relative rate of
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* System.nanoTime vs memory accesses. The value is empirically
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* derived to work well across a variety of systems.
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*/
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private static final int TIMED_SPINS = SPINS / 20;
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/**
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* Sentinel item representing cancellation of a wait due to
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* interruption, timeout, or elapsed spin-waits. This value is
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* placed in holes on cancellation, and used as a return value
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* from waiting methods to indicate failure to set or get hole.
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*/
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private static final Object CANCEL = new Object();
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/**
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* Value representing null arguments/returns from public
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* methods. This disambiguates from internal requirement that
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* holes start out as null to mean they are not yet set.
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*/
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private static final Object NULL_ITEM = new Object();
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/**
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* Nodes hold partially exchanged data. This class
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* opportunistically subclasses AtomicReference to represent the
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* hole. So get() returns hole, and compareAndSet CAS'es value
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* into hole. This class cannot be parameterized as "V" because
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* of the use of non-V CANCEL sentinels.
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*/
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private static final class Node extends AtomicReference<Object> {
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/** The element offered by the Thread creating this node. */
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public final Object item;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
285 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
286 |
/** The Thread waiting to be signalled; null until waiting. */
|
jaroslav@1890
|
287 |
public volatile Thread waiter;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
288 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
289 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
290 |
* Creates node with given item and empty hole.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
291 |
* @param item the item
|
jaroslav@1890
|
292 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
293 |
public Node(Object item) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
294 |
this.item = item;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
295 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
296 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
297 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
298 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
299 |
* A Slot is an AtomicReference with heuristic padding to lessen
|
jaroslav@1890
|
300 |
* cache effects of this heavily CAS'ed location. While the
|
jaroslav@1890
|
301 |
* padding adds noticeable space, all slots are created only on
|
jaroslav@1890
|
302 |
* demand, and there will be more than one of them only when it
|
jaroslav@1890
|
303 |
* would improve throughput more than enough to outweigh using
|
jaroslav@1890
|
304 |
* extra space.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
305 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
306 |
private static final class Slot extends AtomicReference<Object> {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
307 |
// Improve likelihood of isolation on <= 64 byte cache lines
|
jaroslav@1890
|
308 |
long q0, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6, q7, q8, q9, qa, qb, qc, qd, qe;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
309 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
310 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
311 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
312 |
* Slot array. Elements are lazily initialized when needed.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
313 |
* Declared volatile to enable double-checked lazy construction.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
314 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
315 |
private volatile Slot[] arena = new Slot[CAPACITY];
|
jaroslav@1890
|
316 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
317 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
318 |
* The maximum slot index being used. The value sometimes
|
jaroslav@1890
|
319 |
* increases when a thread experiences too many CAS contentions,
|
jaroslav@1890
|
320 |
* and sometimes decreases when a spin-wait elapses. Changes
|
jaroslav@1890
|
321 |
* are performed only via compareAndSet, to avoid stale values
|
jaroslav@1890
|
322 |
* when a thread happens to stall right before setting.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
323 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
324 |
private final AtomicInteger max = new AtomicInteger();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
325 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
326 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
327 |
* Main exchange function, handling the different policy variants.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
328 |
* Uses Object, not "V" as argument and return value to simplify
|
jaroslav@1890
|
329 |
* handling of sentinel values. Callers from public methods decode
|
jaroslav@1890
|
330 |
* and cast accordingly.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
331 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
332 |
* @param item the (non-null) item to exchange
|
jaroslav@1890
|
333 |
* @param timed true if the wait is timed
|
jaroslav@1890
|
334 |
* @param nanos if timed, the maximum wait time
|
jaroslav@1890
|
335 |
* @return the other thread's item, or CANCEL if interrupted or timed out
|
jaroslav@1890
|
336 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
337 |
private Object doExchange(Object item, boolean timed, long nanos) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
338 |
Node me = new Node(item); // Create in case occupying
|
jaroslav@1890
|
339 |
int index = hashIndex(); // Index of current slot
|
jaroslav@1890
|
340 |
int fails = 0; // Number of CAS failures
|
jaroslav@1890
|
341 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
342 |
for (;;) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
343 |
Object y; // Contents of current slot
|
jaroslav@1890
|
344 |
Slot slot = arena[index];
|
jaroslav@1890
|
345 |
if (slot == null) // Lazily initialize slots
|
jaroslav@1890
|
346 |
createSlot(index); // Continue loop to reread
|
jaroslav@1890
|
347 |
else if ((y = slot.get()) != null && // Try to fulfill
|
jaroslav@1890
|
348 |
slot.compareAndSet(y, null)) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
349 |
Node you = (Node)y; // Transfer item
|
jaroslav@1890
|
350 |
if (you.compareAndSet(null, item)) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
351 |
LockSupport.unpark(you.waiter);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
352 |
return you.item;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
353 |
} // Else cancelled; continue
|
jaroslav@1890
|
354 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
355 |
else if (y == null && // Try to occupy
|
jaroslav@1890
|
356 |
slot.compareAndSet(null, me)) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
357 |
if (index == 0) // Blocking wait for slot 0
|
jaroslav@1890
|
358 |
return timed ?
|
jaroslav@1890
|
359 |
awaitNanos(me, slot, nanos) :
|
jaroslav@1890
|
360 |
await(me, slot);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
361 |
Object v = spinWait(me, slot); // Spin wait for non-0
|
jaroslav@1890
|
362 |
if (v != CANCEL)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
363 |
return v;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
364 |
me = new Node(item); // Throw away cancelled node
|
jaroslav@1890
|
365 |
int m = max.get();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
366 |
if (m > (index >>>= 1)) // Decrease index
|
jaroslav@1890
|
367 |
max.compareAndSet(m, m - 1); // Maybe shrink table
|
jaroslav@1890
|
368 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
369 |
else if (++fails > 1) { // Allow 2 fails on 1st slot
|
jaroslav@1890
|
370 |
int m = max.get();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
371 |
if (fails > 3 && m < FULL && max.compareAndSet(m, m + 1))
|
jaroslav@1890
|
372 |
index = m + 1; // Grow on 3rd failed slot
|
jaroslav@1890
|
373 |
else if (--index < 0)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
374 |
index = m; // Circularly traverse
|
jaroslav@1890
|
375 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
376 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
377 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
378 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
379 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
380 |
* Returns a hash index for the current thread. Uses a one-step
|
jaroslav@1890
|
381 |
* FNV-1a hash code (http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
382 |
* based on the current thread's Thread.getId(). These hash codes
|
jaroslav@1890
|
383 |
* have more uniform distribution properties with respect to small
|
jaroslav@1890
|
384 |
* moduli (here 1-31) than do other simple hashing functions.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
385 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
386 |
* <p>To return an index between 0 and max, we use a cheap
|
jaroslav@1890
|
387 |
* approximation to a mod operation, that also corrects for bias
|
jaroslav@1890
|
388 |
* due to non-power-of-2 remaindering (see {@link
|
jaroslav@1890
|
389 |
* java.util.Random#nextInt}). Bits of the hashcode are masked
|
jaroslav@1890
|
390 |
* with "nbits", the ceiling power of two of table size (looked up
|
jaroslav@1890
|
391 |
* in a table packed into three ints). If too large, this is
|
jaroslav@1890
|
392 |
* retried after rotating the hash by nbits bits, while forcing new
|
jaroslav@1890
|
393 |
* top bit to 0, which guarantees eventual termination (although
|
jaroslav@1890
|
394 |
* with a non-random-bias). This requires an average of less than
|
jaroslav@1890
|
395 |
* 2 tries for all table sizes, and has a maximum 2% difference
|
jaroslav@1890
|
396 |
* from perfectly uniform slot probabilities when applied to all
|
jaroslav@1890
|
397 |
* possible hash codes for sizes less than 32.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
398 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
399 |
* @return a per-thread-random index, 0 <= index < max
|
jaroslav@1890
|
400 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
401 |
private final int hashIndex() {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
402 |
long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
403 |
int hash = (((int)(id ^ (id >>> 32))) ^ 0x811c9dc5) * 0x01000193;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
404 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
405 |
int m = max.get();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
406 |
int nbits = (((0xfffffc00 >> m) & 4) | // Compute ceil(log2(m+1))
|
jaroslav@1890
|
407 |
((0x000001f8 >>> m) & 2) | // The constants hold
|
jaroslav@1890
|
408 |
((0xffff00f2 >>> m) & 1)); // a lookup table
|
jaroslav@1890
|
409 |
int index;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
410 |
while ((index = hash & ((1 << nbits) - 1)) > m) // May retry on
|
jaroslav@1890
|
411 |
hash = (hash >>> nbits) | (hash << (33 - nbits)); // non-power-2 m
|
jaroslav@1890
|
412 |
return index;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
413 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
414 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
415 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
416 |
* Creates a new slot at given index. Called only when the slot
|
jaroslav@1890
|
417 |
* appears to be null. Relies on double-check using builtin
|
jaroslav@1890
|
418 |
* locks, since they rarely contend. This in turn relies on the
|
jaroslav@1890
|
419 |
* arena array being declared volatile.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
420 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
421 |
* @param index the index to add slot at
|
jaroslav@1890
|
422 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
423 |
private void createSlot(int index) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
424 |
// Create slot outside of lock to narrow sync region
|
jaroslav@1890
|
425 |
Slot newSlot = new Slot();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
426 |
Slot[] a = arena;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
427 |
synchronized (a) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
428 |
if (a[index] == null)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
429 |
a[index] = newSlot;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
430 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
431 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
432 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
433 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
434 |
* Tries to cancel a wait for the given node waiting in the given
|
jaroslav@1890
|
435 |
* slot, if so, helping clear the node from its slot to avoid
|
jaroslav@1890
|
436 |
* garbage retention.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
437 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
438 |
* @param node the waiting node
|
jaroslav@1890
|
439 |
* @param the slot it is waiting in
|
jaroslav@1890
|
440 |
* @return true if successfully cancelled
|
jaroslav@1890
|
441 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
442 |
private static boolean tryCancel(Node node, Slot slot) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
443 |
if (!node.compareAndSet(null, CANCEL))
|
jaroslav@1890
|
444 |
return false;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
445 |
if (slot.get() == node) // pre-check to minimize contention
|
jaroslav@1890
|
446 |
slot.compareAndSet(node, null);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
447 |
return true;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
448 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
449 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
450 |
// Three forms of waiting. Each just different enough not to merge
|
jaroslav@1890
|
451 |
// code with others.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
452 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
453 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
454 |
* Spin-waits for hole for a non-0 slot. Fails if spin elapses
|
jaroslav@1890
|
455 |
* before hole filled. Does not check interrupt, relying on check
|
jaroslav@1890
|
456 |
* in public exchange method to abort if interrupted on entry.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
457 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
458 |
* @param node the waiting node
|
jaroslav@1890
|
459 |
* @return on success, the hole; on failure, CANCEL
|
jaroslav@1890
|
460 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
461 |
private static Object spinWait(Node node, Slot slot) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
462 |
int spins = SPINS;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
463 |
for (;;) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
464 |
Object v = node.get();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
465 |
if (v != null)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
466 |
return v;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
467 |
else if (spins > 0)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
468 |
--spins;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
469 |
else
|
jaroslav@1890
|
470 |
tryCancel(node, slot);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
471 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
472 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
473 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
474 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
475 |
* Waits for (by spinning and/or blocking) and gets the hole
|
jaroslav@1890
|
476 |
* filled in by another thread. Fails if interrupted before
|
jaroslav@1890
|
477 |
* hole filled.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
478 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
479 |
* When a node/thread is about to block, it sets its waiter field
|
jaroslav@1890
|
480 |
* and then rechecks state at least one more time before actually
|
jaroslav@1890
|
481 |
* parking, thus covering race vs fulfiller noticing that waiter
|
jaroslav@1890
|
482 |
* is non-null so should be woken.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
483 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
484 |
* Thread interruption status is checked only surrounding calls to
|
jaroslav@1890
|
485 |
* park. The caller is assumed to have checked interrupt status
|
jaroslav@1890
|
486 |
* on entry.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
487 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
488 |
* @param node the waiting node
|
jaroslav@1890
|
489 |
* @return on success, the hole; on failure, CANCEL
|
jaroslav@1890
|
490 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
491 |
private static Object await(Node node, Slot slot) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
492 |
Thread w = Thread.currentThread();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
493 |
int spins = SPINS;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
494 |
for (;;) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
495 |
Object v = node.get();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
496 |
if (v != null)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
497 |
return v;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
498 |
else if (spins > 0) // Spin-wait phase
|
jaroslav@1890
|
499 |
--spins;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
500 |
else if (node.waiter == null) // Set up to block next
|
jaroslav@1890
|
501 |
node.waiter = w;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
502 |
else if (w.isInterrupted()) // Abort on interrupt
|
jaroslav@1890
|
503 |
tryCancel(node, slot);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
504 |
else // Block
|
jaroslav@1890
|
505 |
LockSupport.park(node);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
506 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
507 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
508 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
509 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
510 |
* Waits for (at index 0) and gets the hole filled in by another
|
jaroslav@1890
|
511 |
* thread. Fails if timed out or interrupted before hole filled.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
512 |
* Same basic logic as untimed version, but a bit messier.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
513 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
514 |
* @param node the waiting node
|
jaroslav@1890
|
515 |
* @param nanos the wait time
|
jaroslav@1890
|
516 |
* @return on success, the hole; on failure, CANCEL
|
jaroslav@1890
|
517 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
518 |
private Object awaitNanos(Node node, Slot slot, long nanos) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
519 |
int spins = TIMED_SPINS;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
520 |
long lastTime = 0;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
521 |
Thread w = null;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
522 |
for (;;) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
523 |
Object v = node.get();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
524 |
if (v != null)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
525 |
return v;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
526 |
long now = System.nanoTime();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
527 |
if (w == null)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
528 |
w = Thread.currentThread();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
529 |
else
|
jaroslav@1890
|
530 |
nanos -= now - lastTime;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
531 |
lastTime = now;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
532 |
if (nanos > 0) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
533 |
if (spins > 0)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
534 |
--spins;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
535 |
else if (node.waiter == null)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
536 |
node.waiter = w;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
537 |
else if (w.isInterrupted())
|
jaroslav@1890
|
538 |
tryCancel(node, slot);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
539 |
else
|
jaroslav@1890
|
540 |
LockSupport.parkNanos(node, nanos);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
541 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
542 |
else if (tryCancel(node, slot) && !w.isInterrupted())
|
jaroslav@1890
|
543 |
return scanOnTimeout(node);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
544 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
545 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
546 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
547 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
548 |
* Sweeps through arena checking for any waiting threads. Called
|
jaroslav@1890
|
549 |
* only upon return from timeout while waiting in slot 0. When a
|
jaroslav@1890
|
550 |
* thread gives up on a timed wait, it is possible that a
|
jaroslav@1890
|
551 |
* previously-entered thread is still waiting in some other
|
jaroslav@1890
|
552 |
* slot. So we scan to check for any. This is almost always
|
jaroslav@1890
|
553 |
* overkill, but decreases the likelihood of timeouts when there
|
jaroslav@1890
|
554 |
* are other threads present to far less than that in lock-based
|
jaroslav@1890
|
555 |
* exchangers in which earlier-arriving threads may still be
|
jaroslav@1890
|
556 |
* waiting on entry locks.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
557 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
558 |
* @param node the waiting node
|
jaroslav@1890
|
559 |
* @return another thread's item, or CANCEL
|
jaroslav@1890
|
560 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
561 |
private Object scanOnTimeout(Node node) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
562 |
Object y;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
563 |
for (int j = arena.length - 1; j >= 0; --j) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
564 |
Slot slot = arena[j];
|
jaroslav@1890
|
565 |
if (slot != null) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
566 |
while ((y = slot.get()) != null) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
567 |
if (slot.compareAndSet(y, null)) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
568 |
Node you = (Node)y;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
569 |
if (you.compareAndSet(null, node.item)) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
570 |
LockSupport.unpark(you.waiter);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
571 |
return you.item;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
572 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
573 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
574 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
575 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
576 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
577 |
return CANCEL;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
578 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
579 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
580 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
581 |
* Creates a new Exchanger.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
582 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
583 |
public Exchanger() {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
584 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
585 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
586 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
587 |
* Waits for another thread to arrive at this exchange point (unless
|
jaroslav@1890
|
588 |
* the current thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}),
|
jaroslav@1890
|
589 |
* and then transfers the given object to it, receiving its object
|
jaroslav@1890
|
590 |
* in return.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
591 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
592 |
* <p>If another thread is already waiting at the exchange point then
|
jaroslav@1890
|
593 |
* it is resumed for thread scheduling purposes and receives the object
|
jaroslav@1890
|
594 |
* passed in by the current thread. The current thread returns immediately,
|
jaroslav@1890
|
595 |
* receiving the object passed to the exchange by that other thread.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
596 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
597 |
* <p>If no other thread is already waiting at the exchange then the
|
jaroslav@1890
|
598 |
* current thread is disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies
|
jaroslav@1890
|
599 |
* dormant until one of two things happens:
|
jaroslav@1890
|
600 |
* <ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
601 |
* <li>Some other thread enters the exchange; or
|
jaroslav@1890
|
602 |
* <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
603 |
* the current thread.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
604 |
* </ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
605 |
* <p>If the current thread:
|
jaroslav@1890
|
606 |
* <ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
607 |
* <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
|
jaroslav@1890
|
608 |
* <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
|
jaroslav@1890
|
609 |
* for the exchange,
|
jaroslav@1890
|
610 |
* </ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
611 |
* then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
|
jaroslav@1890
|
612 |
* interrupted status is cleared.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
613 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
614 |
* @param x the object to exchange
|
jaroslav@1890
|
615 |
* @return the object provided by the other thread
|
jaroslav@1890
|
616 |
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was
|
jaroslav@1890
|
617 |
* interrupted while waiting
|
jaroslav@1890
|
618 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
619 |
public V exchange(V x) throws InterruptedException {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
620 |
if (!Thread.interrupted()) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
621 |
Object v = doExchange((x == null) ? NULL_ITEM : x, false, 0);
|
jaroslav@1890
|
622 |
if (v == NULL_ITEM)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
623 |
return null;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
624 |
if (v != CANCEL)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
625 |
return (V)v;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
626 |
Thread.interrupted(); // Clear interrupt status on IE throw
|
jaroslav@1890
|
627 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
628 |
throw new InterruptedException();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
629 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
630 |
|
jaroslav@1890
|
631 |
/**
|
jaroslav@1890
|
632 |
* Waits for another thread to arrive at this exchange point (unless
|
jaroslav@1890
|
633 |
* the current thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} or
|
jaroslav@1890
|
634 |
* the specified waiting time elapses), and then transfers the given
|
jaroslav@1890
|
635 |
* object to it, receiving its object in return.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
636 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
637 |
* <p>If another thread is already waiting at the exchange point then
|
jaroslav@1890
|
638 |
* it is resumed for thread scheduling purposes and receives the object
|
jaroslav@1890
|
639 |
* passed in by the current thread. The current thread returns immediately,
|
jaroslav@1890
|
640 |
* receiving the object passed to the exchange by that other thread.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
641 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
642 |
* <p>If no other thread is already waiting at the exchange then the
|
jaroslav@1890
|
643 |
* current thread is disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies
|
jaroslav@1890
|
644 |
* dormant until one of three things happens:
|
jaroslav@1890
|
645 |
* <ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
646 |
* <li>Some other thread enters the exchange; or
|
jaroslav@1890
|
647 |
* <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
648 |
* the current thread; or
|
jaroslav@1890
|
649 |
* <li>The specified waiting time elapses.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
650 |
* </ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
651 |
* <p>If the current thread:
|
jaroslav@1890
|
652 |
* <ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
653 |
* <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
|
jaroslav@1890
|
654 |
* <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
|
jaroslav@1890
|
655 |
* for the exchange,
|
jaroslav@1890
|
656 |
* </ul>
|
jaroslav@1890
|
657 |
* then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
|
jaroslav@1890
|
658 |
* interrupted status is cleared.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
659 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
660 |
* <p>If the specified waiting time elapses then {@link
|
jaroslav@1890
|
661 |
* TimeoutException} is thrown. If the time is less than or equal
|
jaroslav@1890
|
662 |
* to zero, the method will not wait at all.
|
jaroslav@1890
|
663 |
*
|
jaroslav@1890
|
664 |
* @param x the object to exchange
|
jaroslav@1890
|
665 |
* @param timeout the maximum time to wait
|
jaroslav@1890
|
666 |
* @param unit the time unit of the <tt>timeout</tt> argument
|
jaroslav@1890
|
667 |
* @return the object provided by the other thread
|
jaroslav@1890
|
668 |
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was
|
jaroslav@1890
|
669 |
* interrupted while waiting
|
jaroslav@1890
|
670 |
* @throws TimeoutException if the specified waiting time elapses
|
jaroslav@1890
|
671 |
* before another thread enters the exchange
|
jaroslav@1890
|
672 |
*/
|
jaroslav@1890
|
673 |
public V exchange(V x, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
674 |
throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
675 |
if (!Thread.interrupted()) {
|
jaroslav@1890
|
676 |
Object v = doExchange((x == null) ? NULL_ITEM : x,
|
jaroslav@1890
|
677 |
true, unit.toNanos(timeout));
|
jaroslav@1890
|
678 |
if (v == NULL_ITEM)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
679 |
return null;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
680 |
if (v != CANCEL)
|
jaroslav@1890
|
681 |
return (V)v;
|
jaroslav@1890
|
682 |
if (!Thread.interrupted())
|
jaroslav@1890
|
683 |
throw new TimeoutException();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
684 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
685 |
throw new InterruptedException();
|
jaroslav@1890
|
686 |
}
|
jaroslav@1890
|
687 |
}
|