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<!--
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DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS HEADER.
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Copyright 2013-2014 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
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Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
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The contents of this file are subject to the terms of either the GNU
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General Public License Version 2 only ("GPL") or the Common
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Development and Distribution License("CDDL") (collectively, the
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"License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the
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License. You can obtain a copy of the License at
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http://www.netbeans.org/cddl-gplv2.html
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or nbbuild/licenses/CDDL-GPL-2-CP. See the License for the
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specific language governing permissions and limitations under the
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License. When distributing the software, include this License Header
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Notice in each file and include the License file at
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nbbuild/licenses/CDDL-GPL-2-CP. Oracle designates this
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particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
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by Oracle in the GPL Version 2 section of the License file that
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accompanied this code. If applicable, add the following below the
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License Header, with the fields enclosed by brackets [] replaced by
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your own identifying information:
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"Portions Copyrighted [year] [name of copyright owner]"
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Contributor(s):
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The Original Software is NetBeans. The Initial Developer of the Original
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Software is Oracle. Portions Copyright 2013-2014 Oracle. All Rights Reserved.
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If you wish your version of this file to be governed by only the CDDL
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or only the GPL Version 2, indicate your decision by adding
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"[Contributor] elects to include this software in this distribution
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under the [CDDL or GPL Version 2] license." If you do not indicate a
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single choice of license, a recipient has the option to distribute
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your version of this file under either the CDDL, the GPL Version 2 or
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to extend the choice of license to its licensees as provided above.
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However, if you add GPL Version 2 code and therefore, elected the GPL
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Version 2 license, then the option applies only if the new code is
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made subject to such option by the copyright holder.
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-->
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<body>
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<div>Essential support for those who write <em>native</em> methods communicating directly with JavaScript.</div>
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Mix your Java and JavaScript code seamlessly - perform calls from Java
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to JavaScript and back with as much freedom as JavaScript gives you
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and as much type safety you can get from Java. Execute your code
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in a headless testing environment or in a
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<a href="http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/FXBrwsr">JavaFX WebView</a>.
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When done, deploy to <a href="http://bck2brwsr.apidesign.org">real browsers</a>.
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<h3>Simple Meaning of World</h3>
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The whole support is build around @<a href="JavaScriptBody.html">JavaScriptBody</a>
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annotation. Use it to create parametrised JavaScript snippet easily
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accessible from Java:
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<pre>
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{@code @}{@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}(args = {"x", "y"}, body = "return x + y;")
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<b>private static native int</b> meaning(<b>int</b> x, <b>int</b> y);
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</pre>
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The above defines method <em>meaning</em> which sums two JavaScript
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objects together (being invoked inside of a JavaScript interpreter).
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The <em>meaning</em> method now becomes a properly typed Java
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surface to your JavaScript code which can be directly
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called from the rest of your Java code:
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<pre>
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<b>public static void</b> main(String... args) {
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<b>assert</b> 42 == meaning(40, 2) : <em>"Meaning of World should be 42!"</em>;
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}
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</pre>
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<em>Real code tip:</em> real classes using this technique are
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available online:
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<a target="top" href="http://hg.netbeans.org/html4j/file/release-0.7/boot/src/test/java/org/netbeans/html/boot/impl/JsMethods.java">JsMethods</a> and
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<a target="top" href="http://hg.netbeans.org/html4j/file/release-0.7/json-tck/src/main/java/net/java/html/js/tests/Bodies.java">Bodies</a>.
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<p></p>
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<em>Editing hint:</em> one can see the list of arguments of the
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<em>meaning</em> is now duplicated - it is once specified in Java,
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and once inside of the {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}
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array of <code>args</code>. This is necessary to keep the names of
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arguments accessible during runtime. However don't despair - there
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is a code completion for the value of <code>args</code> attribute!
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Just type the Java signature first and then press Ctrl+Space and the
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right parameter names will be inserted for you.
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<a name="#library"><h3>Including JavaScript Libraries</h3></a>
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Large amount of JavaScript code is easier to be delivered in whole
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files rather than {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody small code snippets} -
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that is also possible thanks to {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptResource}
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annotation. Imagine file <code>mul.js</code> with following content:
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<pre>
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<b>function</b> <em>mul</em>(x, y) { <b>return</b> x * y; }
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</pre>
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Place the file next to your class and reference it with
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{@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptResource the annotation}:
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<pre>
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{@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptResource}("mul.js") <b>class</b> Mul {
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{@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}(args = { "x", "y" }, body = "return <b>mul</b>(x, y);")
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<b>public static native int</b> multiply(int x, int y);
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<b>public static void</b> main(String... args) {
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<b>assert</b> 42 == multiply(6, 7) : <em>"Meaning of World should be 42!"</em>;
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}
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}
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</pre>
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All the Java methods annotated {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}
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can now reference everything that is in the <code>mul.js</code> file -
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e.g. the body of the <code>multiply</code> method can reference the
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function <code>mul</code> and use it.
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<p></p>
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<em>Real code tip:</em>
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<a href="http://hg.netbeans.org/html4j/file/release-0.7/ko4j/src/main/java/org/netbeans/html/ko4j/Knockout.java">this</a>
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is the way
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the <a href="http://knockoutjs.com">knockout.js</a> library
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is included in its <em>ko4j</em> library.
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<h3>Callback to Java</h3>
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Often JavaScript code needs to call back into the Java classes.
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For example when a button in a browser is pressed and your code would
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like to invoke a runnable to handle such situation:
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<pre>
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{@code @}{@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}(args = {"id", "r"}, {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody#javacall() javacall} = true, body = "\n" +
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" document.getElementById(id).onclick = function() {\n" +
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" r.<em>{@code @}java.lang.Runnable::run()</em>();\n" +
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" };\n" +
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" ")
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<b>public static native void</b> onClick(String id, Runnable r);
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</pre>
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As can be seen, there is a special syntax (starting with <b>@</b>) to
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properly identify the right Java method to call on a Java object passed
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into the JavaScript interpreter. The syntax starts with a fully
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qualified name of the class, followed by <b>::</b> and name of the
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method including signature of its parameters. In case of runnable,
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this is just <em>()</em> as the method has no parameters, but the
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signature can be more complicated. For example in case of following method
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<pre><b>static int</b> compare(<b>int</b> i1, String s1, <b>int</b> i2, String s2)
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</pre>
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it would be <em>(ILjava/lang/String;ILjava/lang/String;)</em> (btw. the
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return type is not included in the signature). The actual parameters
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then follows. The JavaScript call to such compare method would then
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look like:
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<pre>{@code @}the.pkg.Clazz::compare(ILjava/lang/String;ILjava/lang/String;)(1, 'One', 2, 'Two');
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</pre>
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This syntax gives enough flexibility, helps to properly select one
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of overloaded methods and follows the tradition of previous attempts to
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provide JavaScript to Java calling conventions.
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<p></p>
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Please note that to turn the special Java callback syntax on, one
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needs to set the {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody#javacall()}
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attribute to <b>true</b>.
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<p></p>
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<em>Editing hint:</em> there is an associated annotation processor
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that checks the syntax and verifies the referenced class and
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method of the right signature exist. If they do not, the
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compilation fails. Thus don't despair seeing the syntax, you'll get early
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warnings when there is a typo.
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<h3>Arrays by Copy</h3>
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It is possible to exchange arrays between Java and JavaScript. Some
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implementations can pass arrays by reference, however in some systems
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this is hard to achieve. To choose the least common denominator,
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the TCK for behavior of {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody} requires
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the arrays to be always transfered by a copy. As such following code:
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<pre>
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{@code @}{@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}(args = {"arr"}, body = "arr[0] = null;")
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<b>private static native void</b> uselessModify(String[] arr);
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<b>public static void</b> main(String... args) {
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String[] hello = { "Hello", "World!" };
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uselessModify(arr);
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System.out.println(arr[0] + " " + arr[1]);
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}
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</pre>
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will still print <em>Hello World!</em> in spite the JavaScript code
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sets the 0-th array element to <code>null</code>. Because the array
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is passed as a copy, such assignment has no effect on the Java array.
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<p></p>
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In case one needs to modify an array in a JavaScript and use its
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values in Java, one has to return the array back as a return value:
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<pre>
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{@code @}{@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}(args = {"arr"}, body = "arr[0] = 'Ahoy'; return arr;")
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<b>private static native</b> Object[] usefulModify(String[] arr);
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<b>public static void</b> main(String... args) {
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String[] hello = { "Hello", "World!" };
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Object[] ret = usefulModify(arr);
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System.out.println(ret[0] + " " + ret[1]);
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}
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</pre>
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now the program prints <em>Ahoy World!</em> as the modified array
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is returned back and converted (by a copy) into a Java <code>Object[]</code>
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(but of course the <code>ret != hello</code>). Usually the copy based
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passing of arrays works OK. It is however good to keep it in mind to
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avoid unwanted surprises.
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<h3>Post Process Classes</h3>
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Classes with {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody} annotated methods need to
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be post processed before they can be used - e.g. their <code>native</code>
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body needs to be generated to call into JavaScript (btw. the code is performed
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via {@link org.apidesign.html.boot.spi.Fn}). There are three ways
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such post processing can happen.
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<p></p>
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<b>Compile time</b> processing - this is the preferred method that
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most of the <a href="http://html.java.net">Html Java APIs</a> are using.
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Just include following plugin configuration into your <code>pom.xml</code>
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and your classes will be ready for execution as soon as <em>process-classes</em>
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<a href="http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/Maven">Maven</a> phase is over:
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<pre>
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<plugin>
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<groupId>org.netbeans.html</groupId>
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<artifactId>html4j-maven-plugin</artifactId>
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<version>${net.java.html.version}</version>
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<executions>
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<execution>
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<id>js-classes</id>
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<goals>
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<goal>process-js-annotations</goal>
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</goals>
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</execution>
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</executions>
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</plugin>
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</pre>
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This plugin works in orchestration with
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<a href="http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/AnnotationProcessor">annotation
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processor</a> associated with {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptBody}
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and {@link net.java.html.js.JavaScriptResource} - the processor creates
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list of files that need post-processing. The
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<a href="http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/Maven">Maven</a>
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plugin reads these files, processes classes mentioned in them and
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modifies (and deletes at the end) the files to not include classes
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already processed.
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<p></p>
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<b>Instrumentation Agent</b> - one can do processing in runtime
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using JDK's {@link java.lang.instrument.ClassFileTransformer instrumentation}
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abilities. The JAR artifact of <code>org.netbeans.html:net.java.html.boot</code>
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contains an <code>Agent-Class</code> and <code>Premain-Class</code>
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definitions in its manifest. As such one can launch the Java virtual
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machine with
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<pre>
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$ java -javaagent:jarpath=net.java.html.boot-x.y.jar
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</pre>
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and the runtime will take care of processing bytecode of classes
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not yet processed in compile time before they are loaded into the
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virtual machine.
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<p></p>
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<b>Special classloading</b> - when booting your application with
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{@link net.java.html.boot.BrowserBuilder} there is a 3rd option of
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processing the classes. If there are some classes not yet processed
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(remember the files listing them generated by the
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<a href="http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/AnnotationProcessor">annotation
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processor</a>), the {@link net.java.html.boot.BrowserBuilder#showAndWait() launching method}
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will create a special classloader to that does the processing before
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loading the bytecode into the virtual machine.
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<p></p>
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The options are rich, however to avoid any troubles, it is recommended
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to perform the <b>compile time</b> processing.
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<h3>Getting Started</h3>
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There are many ways to start developing
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<a href="http://html.java.net">Html for Java</a> application.
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However to be sure one chooses the most recent setup, it is recommended
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to switch to good old command line and use a
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<a href="http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/Knockout4Java">Maven archetype</a>
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associated with every version of this project. Just type:
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<pre>
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$ mvn archetype:generate \
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-DarchetypeGroupId=org.apidesign.html \
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-DarchetypeArtifactId=knockout4j-archetype \
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-DarchetypeVersion=x.y
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</pre>
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Answer few questions (for example choose myfirstbrwsrpage as artifactId) and then you can:
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<pre>
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$ cd myfirstbrwsrpage
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$ mvn process-classes exec:java
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</pre>
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In a few seconds (or minutes if
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<a href="http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/Maven">Maven</a>
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decides to download the whole Internet of dependencies) you should
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see a sample Hello World application. It is basically composed from one
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Java and one HTML file:
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<pre>
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$ ls src/main/java/**/DataModel.java
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$ ls src/main/webapp/pages/index.html
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</pre>
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Play with them, modify them and enjoy
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<a href="http://html.java.net">Html for Java</a>!
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</body>
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</html>
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